오다

Jeju

Etymology

From Middle Korean 오다〮 (wò-tá). Cognate to Korean 오다 (oda)

Pronunciation

• (Morphophonemic) IPA^(key): ⫽ota⫽
• (Jeju City) IPA^(key): [oda̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [오다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	oda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	oda
Yale Romanization?	wota

Verb

오다 (oda)

1. to come

Korean

Etymology

First attested in the Jīlín lèishì (鷄林類事 / 계림유사), 1103, as Late Old Korean 烏 (Yale: wo-), perhaps from earlier <*wòn->.

In the hangul script, first attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean 오다〮 (Yale: wò-tá).

Etymological details

There is strong evidence that at some ancient stage, the root of the verb was <*wòn-> with a final nasal (cf. Vovin 2007, pp. 27—28). Consider:

• The irregular Middle Korean imperative 오〮나라〮 (Yale: wónàlá, “come!”) is traditionally analyzed as involving a suffix 나〮 (Yale: -ná-) which appears solely with this verb. But this conjugation would be regular if <*wòn-> was the root, with the conjugation simply involving the suffix 아〮 (Yale: -á-) attested for other verbs.
• The possibly dialectal Middle Korean form 오〮나도〮 (Yale: wónàtwó, “even if he comes”) is attested once, instead of expected 오〮아도〮 (Yale: wóàtwó, “even if he comes”). This is again regular if <*wòn-> was the original root.
• In western Chungcheong dialect, the infinitive form of 오다 (oda) is 오느 (oneu), 오노 (ono), 오누 (onu), or 오나 (ona), instead of expected 와 (wa).
• In Jeju, the traditional infinitive form of 오다 (oda) is 오란 (oran) instead of expected *완 (*wan), which may involve conflation of final *-n with *-l.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [o̞da̠]

  • Audio:

    (file)

• Phonetic hangul: [오다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	oda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	oda
McCune–Reischauer?	oda
Yale Romanization?	ota

Verb

오다 • (oda) (infinitive 와, sequential 오니)

1. to come (to move towards the speaker)

   Antonym: 가다 (gada, “to go”)

   파티에 와줘서 고마워. ― Pati-e wa-jwoseo gomawo. ― Thanks for coming to the party.

   어떻게 오셨어요? ― Eotteoke osyeosseo-yo? ― What brings you here?

   여기로 오는 사람들 ― yeogi-ro oneun saram-deul ― the people coming here

   오기를 잘했다 ― ogi-reul jalhaetda ― made the right choice in coming; glad that one came

2. (of rain, snow, etc.) to fall

   Synonym: 내리다 (naerida)

   비가 온다. ― Bi-ga onda. ― It's raining. (literally, “Rain comes.”)

3. (auxiliary, with 어) Marks a continuous action that stretches from the past into the present.

   Antonym: 가다 (gada)

   오랫동안 인도에 살아왔다. ― Oraetdong'an Indo-e sara-watda. ― He has lived in India for a long time.

Usage notes

• Korean equivalents of English expressions that use the verb “to come” in the present tense from the perspective of the listener, not the speaker, usually use the verb 가다 (gada, “to go”); that is, “to come” is inherently perceived as moving towards the speaker’s current position. For example, “I’m coming right now” in Korean is 나 지금 가고 있어 (na jigeum gago isseo, literally “I’m going right now”).
• 오다 (oda) has two forms for the 해라체 (haerache) imperative. The blunt form is regular: 와라 (wara, “come!”). The less blunt form is irregular: 오너라 (oneora, “(please) come!”). Other verbs with the irregular non-blunt form are 일어나다 (ireonada, “to get up”), 자라다 (jarada, “to grow”), 자다 (jada, “to sleep”), 가다 (gada, “to go”), and compound verbs ending in 가다 (-gada).

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 오다 (oda): vowel-stem, 오(o)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	온다 onda	와 wa	와요 wayo	옵니다 omnida
	Past	왔다 watda	왔어 wasseo	왔어요 wasseoyo	왔습니다 watseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	오느냐 oneunya	와 wa	와요 wayo	옵니까 omnikka
	Past	왔느냐 wanneunya	왔어 wasseo	왔어요 wasseoyo	왔습니까 watseumnikka
Hortative		오자 oja	와 wa	와요 wayo	오십시다 osipsida
Imperative		오너라, 와라 oneora, wara	와 wa	와요 wayo	옵시오 opsio
Assertive		오겠다 ogetda	오겠어 ogesseo	오겠어요 ogesseoyo	오겠습니다 ogetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		와 wa	와서 waseo	오니 oni	오니까 onikka
Contrast		오지만 ojiman	오는데 oneunde	오더니 odeoni
Conjunction		오고 ogo
Condition		오면 omyeon	와야 waya
Motive		오려고 oryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		옴 om	오기 ogi
Past-tense verbal nouns		왔음 wasseum	왔기 watgi
Determiners	Past	온 on
	Present	오는 oneun
	Future	올 ol

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	오신다 osinda	오셔 osyeo	오세요, 오셔요 oseyo, osyeoyo	오십니다 osimnida
	Past	오셨다 osyeotda	오셨어 osyeosseo	오셨어요 osyeosseoyo	오셨습니다 osyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	오시느냐 osineunya	오셔 osyeo	오세요, 오셔요 oseyo, osyeoyo	오십니까 osimnikka
	Past	오셨느냐 osyeonneunya	오셨어 osyeosseo	오셨어요 osyeosseoyo	오셨습니까 osyeotseumnikka
Imperative		오시라 osira	오셔 osyeo	오세요 oseyo	오십시오 osipsio
Assertive		오시겠다 osigetda	오시겠어 osigesseo	오시겠어요 osigesseoyo	오시겠습니다 osigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		오셔 osyeo	오셔서 osyeoseo	오시니 osini	오시니까 osinikka
Contrast		오시지만 osijiman	오시는데 osineunde	오시더니 osideoni
Conjunction		오시고 osigo
Condition		오시면 osimyeon	오셔야 osyeoya
Motive		오시려고 osiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		오심 osim	오시기 osigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		오셨음 osyeosseum	오셨기 osyeotgi
Determiners	Past	오신 osin
	Present	오시는 osineun
	Future	오실 osil

Middle Korean

Etymology

From Late Old Korean 烏 (wo-).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /o.ta/, [o.ta]

Verb

오다〮 (wò-tá)

1. to come

Descendants

• Jeju: 오다 (oda)
• Korean: 오다 (oda)