ēst

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See also: est, Est, EST, êst, -est, est., and Est.

Latvian

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Etymology

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From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēˀstei, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ed- (“to eat”). Cognates include Lithuanian ė́sti (“to eat (of animals), to swallow, to gobble”), Old Prussian īst (< *ēst), īstwei, Sudovian ezd ([ēzd]) (< *ēst), Proto-Slavic *ěsti (whence Old Church Slavonic ꙗсти (jasti), Russian есть (jestʹ), Belarusian е́сці (jésci), Ukrainian ї́сти (jísty), Bulgarian ям (jam), Czech jíst, Polish jeść), Gothic 𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (itan), 𐌰𐍆𐌴𐍄𐌾𐌰 (afētja, “eater”), Old Norse eta, German essen, English eat, Hittite [Term?] (/⁠ed-⁠/), [Term?] (/⁠ad-⁠/), Sanskrit अत्ति (atti, “he eats”) (first-person singular present tense अद्मि (admi, “I eat”)), Ancient Greek ἔδω (édō), Latin edō.[1]

Pronunciation

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Verb

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ēst (transitive, 1st conjugation, present ēdu, ēd, ēd, past ēdu)

  1. to eat (to take food into one's mouth in order to chew and swallow it)
    ēst maizi, gaļu ― to eat bread, meat
    ēst kartupeļus, zupu ― to eat potatoes, soup
    aicināt ēst ― to invite to eat
    man gribas ēst ― I want to eat (= I am hungry)
    pat saldējumu viņa ēda pavisam savādāk nekā citas meitenes ― even ice cream she ate quite differently from the other girls
    pie galda sasēdušies, visi ēda klusu ― having sat at the table, they all ate silently
  2. to eat, to have (to consume a meal)
    ēst brokastis, pusdienas ― to have breakfast, lunch
    ēst launagu ― to have a snack
    viņi varēja iet rotaļas... un pēcāk visi kopā ēst vakariņas ― they could go play... and later on all together have dinner
  3. (colloquial, of insects) to sting, to bite
    kad saules karstums kļuva neciešams, dunduri un odi ēda viņu kailās muguras ― when the sun heat became unbearable, the horseflies and mosquitoes ate their naked backs
  4. (of pests) to eat, to kill, to destroy
    dārzā spradži ēda kapostus nost ― in the garden, the flea-beetles ate the cabbages away
  5. (colloquial, of chemical or mechanical processes) to eat, to destroy; to make disappear
    rūsa ēd dzelzi ― rust eats iron
    skābe ēd metālu ― acid eats metal
    saule Bišudruvu dārzā un sētā ēda un kausēja sniegu dienās, migla siltajās naktīs ― in the garden and backyard of the Bišudruvu (family), the sun ate and melted the snow during the day, and the fog (did the same) in the warm nights
  6. (colloquial) to nag, to harass, to criticize constantly, to cause pain to
    labi, ka virtuvē nebija saimnieces; tā viņu vienmēr ēda kā par veco kannu, kā par sarūsējušo mazgājamo bļodu ― good that the landlady was not in the kitchen; she always nagged/harassed (lit ate) him like an old pot, like a rusty wash basin
    māte gan prot sabojāt garastāvokli... ko viņa mani nav ēdusi šo nelaimīgu matu dēļ! ― mother really knows how to spoil the mood... what (= how often) hasn't she nagged/harassed me about that damn hair!

Conjugation

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conjugation of ēst
INDICATIVE (īstenības izteiksme) IMPERATIVE
(pavēles izteiksme)
Present
(tagadne) 		Past
(pagātne) 		Future
(nākotne)
1st pers. sg. es ēdu ēdu ēdīšu —
2nd pers. sg. tu ēd ēdi ēdīsi ēd
3rd pers. sg. viņš, viņa ēd ēda ēdīs lai ēd
1st pers. pl. mēs ēdam ēdām ēdīsim ēdīsim
2nd pers. pl. jūs ēdat ēdāt ēdīsiet,
ēdīsit 		ēdiet
3rd pers. pl. viņi, viņas ēd ēda ēdīs lai ēd
RENARRATIVE (atstāstījuma izteiksme) PARTICIPLES (divdabji)
Present ēdot Present Active 1 (Adj.) ēdošs
Past esot ēdis Present Active 2 (Adv.) ēzdams
Future ēdīšot Present Active 3 (Adv.) ēdot
Imperative lai ēdot Present Active 4 (Obj.) ēdam
CONDITIONAL (vēlējuma izteiksme) Past Active ēdis
Present ēstu Present Passive ēdams
Past būtu ēdis Past Passive ēsts
DEBITIVE (vajadzības izteiksme) NOMINAL FORMS
Indicative (būt) jāēd Infinitive (nenoteiksme) ēst
Conjunctive 1 esot jāēd Negative Infinitive neēst
Conjunctive 2 jāēdot Verbal noun ēšana

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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prefixed verbs:
other derived terms:
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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “ēst”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎[1] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
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