tu

See also: TU, ես, and Appendix:Variations of "tu"

Languages (95)

Afar • Ainu • Albanian • Aromanian • Asturian • Atong (India) • Baltic Romani • Bambara • Batuley • Bislama • Borôro • Breton • Catalan • Chilcotin • Chipewyan • Coatecas Altas Zapotec • Cornish • Czech • Drung • Ewe • Fala • Fanagalo • Fijian • French • Friulian • Gaulish • German • Iban • Ido • Interlingua • Italian • Jamaican Creole • Japanese • Kalasha • Kalo Finnish Romani • Kashubian • Khumi Chin • Ladino • Latgalian • Latin • Latvian • Lithuanian • Lower Sorbian • Lower Tanana • Malay • Mandarin • Mezquital Otomi • Middle English • Mirandese • Neapolitan • Nigerian Pidgin • North Frisian • Northern Kurdish • Norwegian Nynorsk • Occitan • Old Czech • Old English • Old Galician-Portuguese • Old Irish • Old Polish • Old Swedish • Phalura • Polish • Portuguese • Romani • Romanian • Sassarese • Savi • Scottish Gaelic • Serbo-Croatian • Sicilian • Silesian • Sinte Romani • Slovene • South Slavey • Spanish • Sranan Tongo • Sudovian • Swahili • Swedish • Tanacross • Tày • Tejalapan Zapotec • Timbe • Tocharian A • Tok Pisin • Tsuut'ina • Upper Kuskokwim • Vietnamese • Volapük • Welsh • Welsh Romani • White Hmong • Yale

Page categories

English

Particle

tu

Pronunciation spelling of to, representing African-American Vernacular English.

Afar

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtu/ [ˈtʊ]

Noun

tú f

thing

Declension

Declension of tú

absolutive

tú

predicative

tú

subjective

tú

genitive

tú

Postpositioned forms
l-case	túl
k-case	túk
t-case	tút
h-case	túh

Synonyms

ím

References

E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “tu”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[2], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Ainu

**Ainu cardinal numbers**
< 1	2	3 >
Cardinal : tu Ordinal : tu ikinne

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/

Numeral

tu (Kana spelling トゥ)

two

Albanian

Etymology

Unknown.

Noun

tu

may

Aromanian

Etymology 1

From Latin tū, from Proto-Italic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronoun

tu

you (singular)

Related terms

tini/tine
ti

Etymology 2

Compare tru.

Preposition

tu

in
into

Synonyms

tru, ãn

Asturian

Etymology

From Latin tū.

Pronoun

tu

you (singular)

Atong (India)

Etymology

From English two.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/

Numeral

tu (Bengali script তু)

two

Synonyms

References

van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary. Stated in Appendix 2.

Baltic Romani

Pronoun

tu (second person singular, nominative case)

(Litovska) you

Declension

Litovska/Lithuanian Romani personal pronouns

		singular				plural			reflexive
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
		1st person	2nd person	m	f	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Nominative		mē	tu	jou	joj	amē	tumē	jonē	-
Accusative/ Independent Oblique		man	tut	lēs	la	amēn	tumēn	lēn	pes
Dative		mange	tuke	lēske	lake	amēnge	tumēnge	lēnge	pēske
Ablative ^[1]		mandyr	tutyr	lēstyr	latyr	amēndyr	tumēndyr	lēndyr	pēstyr
Genitive	m	miro	tyro	lēskiro	lakiro	amaro	tumaro	lēngiro	pēskiro
	f	miri	tyri	lēskiri	lakiri	amari	tumari	lēngiri	pēskiri
	pl	mirē	tyrē	lēskirē	lakirē	amarē	tumarē	lēngirē	pēskirē
Locative		mandē	tutē	lēstē	latē	amēndē	tumēndē	lēndē	pēstē
Instrumental		mansa	tusa	lēsa	lasa	amēnca	tumēnca	lēnsa	pēsa
Enclitic Reflexive		man	pe	pe		amēn	pe	pe	-

^ The ablative is in decline in Lithuanian Romani

Bambara

Noun

tu

forest; thicket

Verb

tu

to spit (out)

Batuley

Etymology

Borrowed from Indonesian tua.

Adjective

tu

old

References

Daigle (2015). Cited in: "Batuley" in Greenhill, S.J., Blust, R., & Gray, R.D. (2008). The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271–283.

Bislama

**Bislama cardinal numbers**
< 1	2	3 >
Cardinal : tu

Etymology 1

From English two.

Numeral

tu

two

Etymology 2

From English too.

Adverb

tu

too

Borôro

Verb

tu

to go

Breton

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *tʉβ, from Proto-Celtic *toibos, whence also Old Irish tóeb and Irish taobh. Cognate with Welsh tu, Cornish tu.

Noun

tu m

side

Catalan

Etymology

From Old Catalan tu, from Latin tū.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈtu]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -u

Pronoun

tu

you (singular); thou
one (singular, impersonal)

Declension

Catalan personal pronouns and clitics

	strong/subject	weak (direct object)		weak (indirect object)		possessive
singular		proclitic	enclitic	proclitic	enclitic
1st person	jo, mi³	em, m’	-me, ’m	em, m’	-me, ’m	meu
1st person majestic¹	nós	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	tu	et, t’	-te, ’t	et, t’	-te, ’t	teu
2nd person formal¹	vós	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person very formal²	vostè	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person masculine	ell	el, l’	-lo, ’l	li	-li	seu
3rd person feminine	ella	la, l’⁴	-la	li	-li	seu
3rd person neuter		ho	-ho	li	-li	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
plural
1st person	nosaltres	ens	-nos, ’ns	ens	-nos, ’ns	nostre
2nd person	vosaltres	us	-vos, -us	us	-vos, -us	vostre
2nd person formal²	vostès	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person masculine	ells	els	-los, ’ls	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person feminine	elles	les	-les	els	-los, ’ls	seu
3rd person reflexive	si	es, s’	-se, ’s	es, s’	-se, ’s	seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive		en, n’	-ne, ’n
locative		hi	-hi
¹⁾ Behaves grammatically as plural. ²⁾ Behaves grammatically as third person.			³⁾ Only as object of a preposition. ⁴⁾ Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

References

“tu” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Chilcotin

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ.

Noun

tu

water

References

Eung-Do Cook (2013) A Tsilhqút'ín Grammar

Chipewyan

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ; cognate with Hän chuu, Ahtna tuu, Deg Xinag te, Navajo tó, Gwich'in chųų, etc.

Noun

tu

water

References

Eung-Do Cook (2004) A grammar of Dëne Sųłiné (Chipewyan), page 350

Coatecas Altas Zapotec

Numeral

tu

one

References

SIL Zapotec Basic Vocabulary, page 52

Cornish

Adjective

tu

Hard mutation of du.
Mixed mutation of du.

Czech

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈtu]
Audio: (file)

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Czech tu, from Proto-Slavic *tu.

Adverb

tu

(informal or dialectal) here
Synonyms: zde, tady

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronoun

tu

feminine accusative singular of ten

Drung

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tawŋ.

Numeral

tu

thousand

References

Ross Perlin (2019) A Grammar of Trung‎^[3], Santa Barbara: University of California

Ewe

Noun

tu (plural tuwo)

gun

Verb

tu

to build
to close
to crush
to grind
to meet
to untie

Fala

Determiner

tu f sg

(Lagarteiru) Apocopic form of túa (“your”)

Usage notes

Used in Lagarteiru before a feminine singular noun as part of a noun phrase.

References

Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎^[4], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

Fanagalo

Etymology

Borrowed from English two.

Numeral

tu

two

Fijian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/

Verb

tu

to stand
to be (only in situations regarding posture or position)

French

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ty/
Audio (France): (file)
(Quebec) IPA^(key): [t͡sy], [t͡sʏ]
(Louisiana) IPA^(key): [ti], [t͡ʃy]
Homophones: tue, tues, tuent, tus, tut, tût
Rhymes: -y

Etymology 1

From Old French tu, from Latin tū, from Proto-Italic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Cognates with the exact same usage are the Italian tu, as well as du in German or ты in Russian.

Pronoun

tu (second person informal singular, plural vous, object te, emphatic toi, possessive determiner ton)

you (singular); thou

Usage notes

When more pronouns are included in the same sentence, it is considered somewhat impolite to say the pronoun moi first, etiquette says it must be the last one, and toi must be said after a third person:
- Rose, toi et moi irons là-bas., “Rose, you and I will go there.”
"Tu" is used to address one person in an informal situation. Older people tend to exclusively use it with familiar people, and do not use it with unfamiliar adults unless invited to; but younger people use this pronoun much more, using it together in any informal situation, even if they don't know each other. Using "vous" in this context will be seen as old-fashioned and distant.
"Tu" is not typically used in formal settings such as business meetings and never in court, regardless of the relationship between the speaker and the listener.
Using "vous" when "tu" would be more appropriate will come across as rigid and awkward; however, using "tu" when "vous" would be more appropriate could come over as deliberate disrespect. For this reason, as a rule of thumb, it is advised to use "vous" if in doubt, as it is "all-encompassing".
Children are always addressed using "tu" – vous would come over as comical. In elementary, middle, and high schools, teachers address students using "tu", but students address teachers using vous*. In higher education usage of vous becomes more common in both directions.
In formal written communication to any adult, use vous. Not doing so may come over as unprofessional at best, deliberately disrespectful at worst.
However, depending on the region or type of school, other norms may be more used in place. For example, in Quebec (not the rest of Canada), it is more common for students to use "tu" with their teachers.^[1]

Inflection

Nominative: tu
Emphatic: toi
Oblique: te
t’ (proclitic form, colloquial)

Derived terms

tutoyer

Related terms

vous (plural form and polite singular form)

French personal pronouns

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative (subject)	Accusative (direct complement)	Dative (indirect complement)	Locative (at)	Genitive (of)	Disjunctive (tonic)
Singular	First	—	je, j’	me, m’		—	—	moi
	Second	—	tu	te, t’		—	—	toi
	Third	Masculine	il	le, l’	lui	y	en	lui
		Feminine	elle	la, l’	lui	y	en	elle
		Indeterminate	on¹	—	—	—	—	—
		Reflexive	—	se, s’⁴		—	—	soi⁴
Plural	First	—	nous	nous		—	—	nous
	Second	—	vous²	vous²^,3		—	—	vous²
	Third	Masculine	ils³	les	leur	y	en	eux³
	Third	Feminine	elles	les	leur	y	en	elles

¹ Also used as the first person plural.

² Also used as the polite singular form.

³ Also used when a group has both men and women.

⁴ Also used as third person plural reflexive.

References

^ Brad (2015 May 16) “The use of “VOUS” versus “TU” — in CANADA – Post 2 of 2 (#269)”, in Quebec Culture Blog, retrieved 2023-06-25: “This student / teacher trend of “tutoiement” does not really apply in Canadian provinces outside of Québec.”

Etymology 2

Participle

tu (feminine tue, masculine plural tus, feminine plural tues)

past participle of taire

Etymology 3

From t-il.

Particle

tu

(Quebec, informal) question marker
C’est-tu possible ? ― Is it possible?

Anagrams

ut

Friulian

Etymology

From Latin tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronoun

tu

you

Gaulish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronoun

tū (plural suīs)

you (singular); thou

Inflection

Nominative: tū
Accusative: ti/te
Dative: toi

References

Václav Blažek (2008) “Gaulish Language”, in Sborník prací filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity / Studia minora facultatis philosophicae universitatis brunensis‎^[5], page 59

German

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tuː/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -uː

Verb

tu

singular imperative of tun

Iban

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tuʔ/
Rhymes: -tu

Determiner

tu

this (what is being indicated)

Pronoun

tu

this

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from English thou, French tu, German du, Italian tu, Spanish tú, Russian ты (ty), all ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ with +‎ -u.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/

Pronoun

tu (second person singular)

(informal, familiar) you (singular), thou
Synonym: (formal) vu

Derived terms

Interlingua

Etymology

From Latin and common Romance tu.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/

Pronoun

tu (second person singular)

you (singular); thou

Inflection

subject	tu
object	te
reflexive	te
possessive	tu, tue

Determiner

tu

(possessive) your

Italian

Etymology

From Latin tū, from Proto-Italic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtu/^*
- Audio: (file)
(most parts of Latium) IPA^(key): /ˈtu/^°
Rhymes: -u
Hyphenation: tù

Pronoun

tu (second person singular)

you (singular); thou

Usage notes

Italian being a pro-drop language, subject pronouns are mostly omitted, both in the written and spoken language, as the inflected verb is conjugated by person. An example would be: Mangi una mela, which is much more common than Tu mangi una mela, where the subject can be inferred from the inflected form mangi ; similarly È carina instead of Lei è carina. The explicit usage of personal pronouns may sound redundant to a native speaker, except when it is used in order to emphasize the subject. (Tu mangi una mela could be interpreted as You are eating an apple and I am not)..
The second-person pronoun in particular can sound confidential and, in some cases, even impolite.

Jamaican Creole

Etymology

Derived from English to.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/

Preposition

tu

to
- 2012, Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment, Edinburgh: DJB, published 2012, →ISBN, 3 Jan 1:1:
  Da leta ya a kom fram mi, di elda — tu mi speshal fren, Gaiyos. Mi fren, mi riili riili lov yu.
  This letter comes from the elder to Gaius, my dear friend, whom I love in the truth.

Japanese

Romanization

tu

The katakana syllable トゥ (tu) in Hepburn-like romanization.

Kalasha

Pronoun

tu

you (2nd-person personal pronoun)

Kalo Finnish Romani

Pronoun

tu

you (singular)

References

“tu” in Finnish Romani-English Dictionary, ROMLEX – the Romani Lexicon Project, 2000.

Kashubian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *tu.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtu/
Rhymes: -u
Syllabification: tu

Adverb

tu (not comparable)

here (at this place)
Synonym: tuwò

Coordinate term: tam

Khumi Chin

Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin [Term?], from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tu. Cognates include Burmese တူ (tu) and Chinese 錘／锤 (chuí).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu˩/

Noun

tu

hammer

References

K. E. Herr (2011) The phonological interpretation of minor syllables, applied to Lemi Chin‎^[7], Payap University, page 48

Ladino

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/

Pronoun

tu (Latin spelling)

(informal) you (singular)

Adjective

tu (Latin spelling)

your

Latgalian

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tū, Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Cognates include Latvian tu and Lithuanian tu.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈtu]
Hyphenation: tu

Pronoun

tu

thou, you (singular)
(in reported speech) he, she (that is addressed)

Declension

Declension of tu

	singular	plural
nominative	tu	jius
genitive	teve, tevi	juisu
dative	tev	jums
accusative	tevi	jius
locative	tevī	jiusūs

References

A. Andronov, L. Leikuma (2008) Latgalīšu-Latvīšu-Krīvu sarunu vuordineica, Lvava, →ISBN, page 10
Nicole Nau (2011) A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH, →ISBN, page 35

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Italic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ or *tū.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /tuː/, [t̪uː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /tu/, [t̪uː]

Pronoun

tū (second person singular, possessive adjective tuus)

you (singular); thou
Mē tuī pudet.
I am ashamed of you.

Usage notes

When used in the plural genitive, vestrī is used when it is the object of an action, especially when used with a gerund or gerundive. When used in such a construction, the gerund or gerundive takes on the masculine genitive singular. Vestrum is used as a partitive genitive, used in constructions such as (one of you).

Declension

Person	First	Second	Reflexive third	Third			First	Second	Reflexive third	Third
Number	Singular						Plural
Case / Gender	Masc./ Fem./Neut.			Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc./ Fem./Neut.			Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nominative	egō̆	tū	—	is	ea	id	nōs	vōs	—	eī iī	eae	ea
Genitive	meī	tuī	suī	eius			nostrī nostrum	vestrī vestrum	suī	eōrum	eārum	eōrum
Dative	mihī̆	tibī̆	sibi	eī			nōbīs	vōbīs	sibi	eīs
Accusative	mē	tē	sē sēsē	eum	eam	id	nōs	vōs	sē sēsē	eōs	eās	ea
Ablative	mē	tē	sē sēsē	eō	eā	eō	nōbīs	vōbīs	sē sēsē	eīs
Vocative	egō	tū	—				nōs	vōs	—

Plautus sometimes has sg. gen. tis.
Tēd is an early form of tē.

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:tu.

Derived terms

Descendants

descendants

Aromanian: tu
Corsican: tù
Dalmatian: te
Franco-Provençal: te
Friulian: tu
Istro-Romanian: tú
Italian: tu
Ladin: tu
Megleno-Romanian: tu
Mozarabic: ت (tu)
Navarro-Aragonese: tu
- Aragonese: tu
Neapolitan: tu
Old French: tu
- Gallo: tu
- Middle French:
  - French: tu
- Norman: tu, tu (Guernésiais)
- Picard: tu
- Walloon: tu
Old Leonese:
- Asturian: tu
- Leonese: tu
- Mirandese: tu
Old Occitan: tu
- Occitan: tu
- Old Catalan: tu
  - Catalan: tu
Old Galician-Portuguese: tu
- Fala: tu
- Galician: tu, ti
- Portuguese: tu
Old Spanish: tu
- Extremaduran: tú
- Ladino: tu
- Spanish: tú
  - Chavacano: tu
Romanian: tu
Romansch: tu, tü
Sardinian: tue
Sicilian: tu
Venetan: ti

References

"tu", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
"tu", in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers

Latvian

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tū, Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. The Latvian tevis comes from *tevens, with an -en-increased form showing an additional s by analogy with other genitive plurals. The dative form was originally closer to Old Prussian tebbei; the current form tev has a v due to influence from other declension forms, and the ending was reduced. The accusative tevi comes from *teven, with n by analogy to the accusative form of other words. The locative tevī was formed by analogy with i-stem nouns.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [tu]

This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

Pronoun

tu (personal, 2nd person singular)

(informal in the singular) you; (dated) thou; second person pronoun, referring to the addressee
vai tu nāksi man līdzi? ― are you coming with me?

pieder tautai, tad tauta piederēs tev! ― belong to the people, and then the people will belong to you!

būt uz tu ar kādu ― to be on intimate terms (lit. to be on thou) with someone
(in the expression “ak tu...”) used to strengthen the meaning of a word or expression
"ak tu to skaļo gaiļa rīkli!" māte priecājas ― "oh you loud rooster throat!" mother said happily

ak tu mūžs! cūka izlauzusies no aizgalda! ― ah (you) life! the pig escaped from the pen!

Usage notes

The dative form tevim is used only optionally, with prepositions.

Declension

declension of tu

nominative (nominatīvs)	tu
accusative (akuzatīvs)	tevi
genitive (ģenitīvs)	tevis
dative (datīvs)	tev (tevim)
instrumental (instrumentālis)	tevi
locative (lokatīvs)	tevī

Related terms

tavējs

References

^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “tu”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎^[1] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

Lithuanian

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tuˀ (“you”), from Proto-Indo-European *tuH. The oblique stem tav- has been generalized from the Proto-Indo-European genitive *téwe. For a discussion of the case endings, see àš (“I”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tʊ/

Pronoun

tù

you (singular)

Declension

declension of tu

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	tù	jùdu m, jùdvi f	jū̃s
genitive	tavę̃s	jùdviejų	jū́sų
dative	táu	jùdviem	jùms
accusative	tavè	jùdu m, jùdvi f	jùs
instrumental	tavimì, tavim̃	jùdviem	jumìs
locative	tavyjè, tavỹ	jùdviese	jumysè

Derived terms

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/

Determiner

tu

accusative feminine singular of ten

Lower Tanana

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ.

Noun

tu

water

References

James Kari (1991) Lower Tanana Athabaskan Listening and Writing Exercises

Malay

Alternative forms

itu, تو, ايت

Etymology

Shortened form of itu, from Proto-Malayic *(i)tu(ʔ), from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *(i-)tu, from Proto-Austronesian *(i-)Cu.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/
Rhymes: -tu, -u
Rhymes: -u

Determiner

tu

(colloquial) that (what is being indicated)

Pronoun

tu

(colloquial) that (that thing)

Mandarin

Romanization

tu

Nonstandard spelling of tū.
Nonstandard spelling of tú.
Nonstandard spelling of tǔ.
Nonstandard spelling of tù.

Usage notes

Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Mezquital Otomi

Etymology 1

From Proto-Otomi *dų, from Proto-Otomian [Term?], from Proto-Oto-Pamean *tõ, from Proto-Oto-Manguean *ti(n).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tù/

Verb

tu (intransitive)

die

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tǔ/

Verb

tu

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tǔ/

Verb

tu

owe

Middle English

Pronoun

tu

Alternative form of þou (“thou”)

Mirandese

Pronoun

tu

you (the second-person singular pronoun)

Neapolitan

Etymology

From Latin tū.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtu/

Pronoun

tu

you (second-person singular nominative pronoun)

References

AIS: Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz [Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland] – map 1653: “voglio che tu finisca” – on navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it

Nigerian Pidgin

Etymology 1

From English too.

Adverb

tu

too
very

Etymology 2

From English two.

Numeral

tu

two

North Frisian

Alternative forms

tö (Sylt)

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *tō.

Preposition

tu

(Föhr-Amrum, Mooring) to
- 1867, Kleine Mittheilungen. Zur Sammlung der Sagen, Märchen und Lieder, der Sitten und Gebräuche der Herzogthümer Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg. Nachträge, herausgegeben von Dr. Handelmann in Jahrbücher für die Landeskunde der Herzogthümer Schleswig, Holstein und Lauenburg herausgegeben von der S. H. L. Gesellschaft für vaterländische Geschichte. Band IX., p. 126 (Von der Insel Amrum. Mitgetheilt von Chr. Johansen)
  Gung am tu Sam
  Am an Tram;
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Northern Kurdish

Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *tuHám, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *túH, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [tʊ]

Pronoun

Central Kurdish	تۆ (to)
Southern Kurdish	ت (ti)

tu (second person singular)

you (singular); thou

Related terms

te

Norwegian Nynorsk

Alternative forms

oto, otor, tur, to, tor

Preposition

tu

(dialectal, Trøndelag, Eastern Norway) Nonstandard form of ut or (“out from, out of”).

Occitan

Etymology

From Old Occitan tu, from Latin tū.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ty/
Audio: (file)

Pronoun

tu

you (singular)

Old Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *tu.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈtu/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈtu/

Adverb

tu

here (at this place)
Synonyms: tuto, tuž, tuže

Coordinate term: tam

Descendants

Czech: tu

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *twō, neuter of *twai.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tuː/

Numeral

tū

neuter nominative/accusative of tweġen

Old Galician-Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtu/

Pronoun

tu

thou, you (singular second person pronoun)
- 13th century CE, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de los músicos, cantiga 149 (facsimile):
  
  eu te rogo / ſeñor que me tu leues Deſta carcer eſcura / E que ueia no Ceo a ta face velida.
  Lady, I beg you, please take me out of this dark prison and let me see your beautiful face in Heaven.

Descendants

Fala: tu
Galician: tu, ti
Portuguese: tu

Old Irish

Pronoun

tu

Alternative spelling of tú

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
tu	thu	tu pronounced with /d(ʲ)-/
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Old Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *tu. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /tu/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /tu/

Pronoun

tu

here (at this place)
Synonym: tuta
here, hither (to this place)
then (at that time)
here (in this situation)

Descendants

Polish: tu

References

B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “tu”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Old Swedish

Pronoun

tu

Alternative form of þū

Phalura

Etymology

From Sanskrit तुवम् (tuvam, “thou”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/

Pronoun

tu (personal, Perso-Arabic spelling توۡ)

you (2sg nom subject or direct object)

References

Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “tu”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[8], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “tu”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish tu.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtu/

(Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈtu/

Audio 1: (file)
Audio 2: (file)
Audio 3: (file)
Audio 4: (file)
Rhymes: -u
Syllabification: tu

Adverb

tu

here (at this place)
Synonym: tutaj

Coordinate term: tam
here; hither (to this place)
Synonym: tutaj

Coordinate term: tam
here; now (at this time)
Synonym: tutaj

Particle

tu

(colloquial, telephony) used by the speaker to introduce themselves on the telephone; speaking
Synonyms: tutaj, z tej strony

Tu Janek! ― Janek speaking!
used by the speaker to indicate they are thinking
(colloquial) expressive particle, usually of anger
(colloquial) particle of uncertainty of success on the speaker's part

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), tu is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 1-2 times in scientific texts, 42 times in news, 113 times in essays, 169 times in fiction, and 353 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 779 times, making it the 57th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.^[1]

References

^ Ida Kurcz (1990) “tu”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 614

Portuguese

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈtu/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈtu/

Rhymes: -u
Hyphenation: tu

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese tu, from Latin tū (“you”), from Proto-Italic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you”).

Pronoun

tu

(informal in Portugal, literary, archaic or regional in Brazil) you; thou (singular second person pronoun)
Synonyms: (Brazil, formal) o senhor, (formal in Portugal, neutral in Brazil) você, (formal, archaic) vossa mercê, (formal, archaic) vosmecê, (formal, obsolete) vossemecê
(Brazil, colloquial, proscribed) second-person singular prepositional pronoun
Ela gosta de tu. ― She's into you.

Usage notes

Tu has fallen out of use in some regions of Brazil, including most of the Southeast and the Centre-West, where "você" has taken its place. It is still very commonly used in various regions of the country though, such as most of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, parts of Paraná, Rio de Janeiro city and most of the Northeast and North regions. It should be noted that in Rio de Janeiro the pronoun is frequently employed interchangeably with você. Despite the media's preference for "você", the usage of "tu" seems to have been gaining ground throughout the last few decades in Rio (see [9], a linguistic research on the topic in Portuguese), being most frequent among younger speakers.
According to grammars, tu should always take second person singular verbs, as is the case in Portugal and some parts of Brazil. However, in most Brazilian dialects which employ tu, it now takes third person singular verbs, like você.

Etymology 2

Interjection

tu

(onomatopoeia) the sound produced by a telephone after one of the callers hangs up

Romani

Etymology

From Sanskrit त्वम् (tvam), from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronoun

tu

you (singular)

Romanian

Etymology

From Latin tū, from Proto-Italic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/
Audio: (file)

Pronoun

tu

you (singular), thou
Synonyms: (semi-polite form) dumneata, (polite form) dumneavoastră

Declension

Nominative
tu
Accusative
stressed (pe)		unstressed
tine		te
Genitive
Singular		Plural
m & n	f	m	f & n
tău	ta	tăi	tale
Dative
stressed		unstressed
ție		îți
Reflexive
Accusative		Dative
stressed	unstressed	stressed	unstressed
tine	te	ție	îți

Sassarese

Etymology

From Latin tū, from Proto-Italic *tū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/

Pronoun

tu

you (singular)
Synonym: (formal, now rare) vosthè

Related terms

References

Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes

Savi

Etymology

From Sanskrit त्वम् (tvam).

Pronoun

tu

you; second-person singular and plural personal pronoun

References

Knobloch, Nina (2020) A grammar sketch of Sauji: An Indo-Aryan language of Afghanistan‎^[10], Stockholm: Stockholm University

Scottish Gaelic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈt̪ʰu/

Pronoun

tu (emphatic tusa)

Form of thu (“thou, you”) used after verb forms ending in -n, -s or -dh.

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *tu.

Adverb

tȗ (Cyrillic spelling ту̑)

here (in this place)
Tu nikad nismo bili. ― We have never been here.
(proximal) here, over here (in the indicated place nearby)
Eno ih tu! ― Here they are!
over here (to, towards this place)
Dođi tu! ― Come over here!

Synonyms

(Croatia) tuj

Sicilian

Alternative forms

tuni

Etymology

From Latin tū.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/

Pronoun

tu (second person singular)

you (informal); thou

Inflection

nominative	tu
prepositional	tia
object, reflexive	ti

Silesian

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish tu.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtu/
Rhymes: -u
Syllabification: tu

Adverb

tu

here (at this place)
Synonyms: sam, tukej, samtukej

Coordinate terms: (regional) hań, (Cieszyń) hanej, (Cieszyń) han, tam

Sinte Romani

Pronoun

tu

you (singular)

References

“tu” in Sinte Romani-English Dictionary, ROMLEX – the Romani Lexicon Project, 2000.

Slovene

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tú/

Adverb

tȕ

here, in this place

Synonyms

tȗkaj

South Slavey

Alternative forms

(Jean Marie River) ti

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ. Cognates include Navajo tó and Chipewyan tuu.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [tʰù(ʔ)]
Hyphenation: tu

Noun

tu (stem -tu-)

water

Inflection

Possessive inflection of tu (-tué)

		singular	plural
1st person		setué	naxetué
2nd person		netué	naxetué
3rd person	¹⁾	—	gitué
3rd person	²⁾	metué	gotué
4th person		yetué	gotué
reflexive	sp.	ɂedetué	kedetué
reflexive	unsp.	detué
reciprocal		—	ɂełetué
indefinite		ɂetué
areal		gotué
¹⁾ Used when the subject is a group of human beings and the object is singular. ²⁾ Used when the previous condition does not apply.

Derived terms

References

Keren Rice (1989) A Grammar of Slave, Berlin, West Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 90

Spanish

Etymology

From Latin tuus, from Proto-Indo-European *towos.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/ [t̪u]
Audio (Colombia): (file)
Rhymes: -u
Syllabification: tu
Homophone: tú

Determiner

tu sg (second person singular possessive of singular, of plural tus)

(before the noun) Apocopic form of tuyo, your
Synonym: (parts of Central and South America) su

Usage notes

The forms tu and tus are only used before and within the noun phrase of the modified noun. In other positions, a form of tuyo is used instead:

Son tus libros. ― They are your books.

Son los libros tuyos. ― They are your books. (literally, “They are the books of yours.”)

Besides being a pronoun, because tu occurs in a noun phrase and expresses reference, it also grammatically classifies as a determiner (specifically a possessive/genitive determiner).

Related terms

Spanish possessive determiners

possessor		preposed		postposed or standalone
		possessee		possessee
		singular	plural	singular		plural
		singular	plural	masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine
First person:	singular:	mi	mis	mío	mía	míos	mías
First person:	plural:	(same as postposed/standalone)		nuestro	nuestra	nuestros	nuestras
Second person (informal):	singular:	tu	tus	tuyo	tuya	tuyos	tuyas
Second person (informal):	plural:	(same as postposed/standalone)		vuestro	vuestra	vuestros	vuestras
Third person:		su	sus	suyo	suya	suyos	suyas

Sranan Tongo

Etymology 1

From English two.

Number

tu

two

Etymology 2

From English too.

Adverb

tu

too, also, as well
Synonym: owktu

Sudovian

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *tūˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Compare Lithuanian tù, Latvian tu, Old Prussian tu, tou.^[1]^[2]

Pronoun

tu

(second-person singular) you, thou
- “Pagan dialects from Narew” line 2, (copied by V. Zinov, 1983):
  ty — tu
  ty — you

References

^ Zigmas Zinkevičius (1985) “Lenkų-jotvingių žodynėlis?”, in Baltistica, volume 21, number 1 (in Lithuanian), Vilnius: VU, →DOI, page 80: “tu ‘tu, l. ty’ 2.”
^ “tù” in Hock et al., Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 2.0 (online, 2020–): “nar. prn. tu du”.

Swahili

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Maybe Proto-Bantu, see BLR3 4837?”)

Pronunciation

Audio (Kenya): (file)

Adverb

tu

only

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse tvau, neuter nominative/accusative of tveir.

Pronunciation

Rhymes: -ʉː

Numeral

tu

(archaic, in the neuter) two
Synonym: två

Usage notes

tu was the old neuter of två. Thus, one would say "ett hus" (one house), "tu hus" (two houses). The equivalent for the number three was try or tri, which is likewise archaic.

Related terms

Anagrams

ut

Tanacross

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ.

Noun

tu

water

References

Jeff Leer, Proto-Athabaskan verb stem variation (1979), page 83

Tày

Etymology

From Proto-Tai *tuːᴬ. Cognate with Thai ตู (dtuu), Northern Thai ᨲᩪ, Lao ຕູ (tū), Lü ᦎᦴ (ṫuu), Tai Dam ꪔꪴ, Shan တူ (tǔu), Tai Nüa ᥖᥧ (tu), Ahom 𑜄𑜥 (tū), Zhuang dou.

Pronunciation

(Thạch An – Tràng Định) IPA^(key): [tu˧˧]
(Trùng Khánh) IPA^(key): [tu˦˥]

Noun

tu (閗, 須)

door

References

Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày‎^[11] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội
Hoàng Văn Ma, Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Chí (2006) Từ điển Tày-Nùng-Việt (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Từ điển Bách khoa Hà Nội
Lương Bèn (2011) Từ điển Tày-Việt‎^[12][13] (in Vietnamese), Thái Nguyên: Nhà Xuất bản Đại học Thái Nguyên

Tejalapan Zapotec

Numeral

tu

one

References

SIL Zapotec Basic Vocabulary, page 53

Timbe

Noun

tu

water

References

Michael Foster, Timbe grammar sketch - cohesion in Timbe texts (1981, online 2009), page 10

Tocharian A

Etymology

From Proto-Tocharian [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Cognate with Tocharian B tuwe.

Pronoun

tu

you, thou

Tok Pisin

**Tok Pisin numbers ^(edit)**
	20
← 1	2	3 →
Cardinal: tu

Etymology 1

From English two.

Numeral

tu

two

Usage notes

Used when counting; see also tupela.

Coordinate terms

Tok Pisin cardinal numbers from 1 to 99

	—0	—1	—2	—3	—4	—5	—6	—7	—8	—9
0—	—	wan	tu	tri	foa	faiv	sikis	seven	et	nain
1—	ten	eleven	twelv	tetin	fotin	fiftin	sikistin	seventin	etin	naintin
2—	twenti	tupela ten wan	tupela ten tu	tupela ten tri	tupela ten foa	tupela ten faiv	tupela ten sikis	tupela ten seven	tupela ten et	tupela ten nain
3—	teti	tripela ten wan	tripela ten tu	tripela ten tri	tripela ten foa	tripela ten faiv	tripela ten sikis	tripela ten seven	tripela ten et	tripela ten nain
4—	foti	fopela ten wan	fopela ten tu	fopela ten tri	fopela ten foa	fopela ten faiv	fopela ten sikis	fopela ten seven	fopela ten et	fopela ten nain
5—	fifti	faivpela ten wan	faivpela ten tu	faivpela ten tri	faivpela ten foa	faivpela ten faiv	faivpela ten sikis	faivpela ten seven	faivpela ten et	faivpela ten nain
6—	sikisti	sikispela ten wan	sikispela ten tu	sikispela ten tri	sikispela ten foa	sikispela ten faiv	sikispela ten sikis	sikispela ten seven	sikispela ten et	sikispela ten nain
7—	seventi	sevenpela ten wan	sevenpela ten tu	sevenpela ten tri	sevenpela ten foa	sevenpela ten faiv	sevenpela ten sikis	sevenpela ten seven	sevenpela ten et	sevenpela ten nain
8—	eti	etpela ten wan	etpela ten tu	etpela ten tri	etpela ten foa	etpela ten faiv	etpela ten sikis	etpela ten seven	etpela ten et	etpela ten nain
9—	nainti	nainpela ten wan	nainpela ten tu	nainpela ten tri	nainpela ten foa	nainpela ten faiv	nainpela ten sikis	nainpela ten seven	nainpela ten et	nainpela ten nain

Etymology 2

From English too.

Adverb

tu

too; also; as well
- 1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 1:15:
  God i mekim kamap tupela bikpela lait. Bikpela em san bilong givim lait long de, na liklik em mun bilong givim lait long nait. Na God i mekim kamap ol sta tu.
  →New International Version translation
- 1995, John Verhaar, Toward a reference grammar of Tok Pisin: an experiment in corpus linguistics‎^[14], →ISBN, page 433:
  Mekim olsem pinis, orait tupela i planim taro na banana, na kumu, painap, kon, tomato, na kaukau tu.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Tsuut'ina

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ. Cognate with Navajo tó, Dogrib ti, Gwich'in chųų

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tʰu/

Noun

tú

water

References

Gūnáhà. Tsuut'ina Gunaha Institute. https://gunaha.altlab.app/

Upper Kuskokwim

Etymology

From Proto-Athabaskan *tuˑ.

Noun

tu

water

References

Raymond L. Collins, Betty Petruska, Dinak'i (our Words): Upper Kuskokwim Athabaskan Junior Dictionary (1979)

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [tu˧˧]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [tʊw˧˧]
(Saigon) IPA^(key): [tʊw˧˧]
Audio (Hà Nội): (file)

Etymology 1

Sino-Vietnamese word from 修.

Verb

tu

(intransitive) to isolate oneself from other people to follow rules in a philosophy or religion

Derived terms

đi tu (“to become a monk or nun”)
nhà tu (“a convent; a friar, a monk”)
tu nghiệp (修業, “to receive professional training”)

Etymology 2

Verb

tu

(transitive) to drink directly from a bottle by holding bottle mouth in one's mouth

Volapük

Etymology

Borrowed from English too.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu/

Adverb

tu

(degree) too, excessively.

Derived terms

tumödo

Welsh

Derived terms

Preposition

tu

beside, next to

Derived terms

tu cefn (“behind”)

Mutation

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
tu	du	nhu	thu
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Welsh Romani

Pronoun

tu

you (singular)

References

“tu” in Welsh Romani-English Dictionary, ROMLEX – the Romani Lexicon Project, 2000.

White Hmong

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /tu˧/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Hmong-Mien *tɛŋH (“to snap”).^[1]

Verb

tu

to snap, break apart

Derived terms

tu siab

Etymology 2

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Not mentioned at all by Ratliff. Probably native Hmongic; perhaps distantly related to Old Chinese 填 (OC *diːn, *diːns, *tin, *tins, “to fill”)?”

Verb

tu

to look after, care for, prepare
to clean, clear

References

Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979) White Hmong — English Dictionary‎^[15], SEAP Publications, →ISBN, pages 324-5.

^ Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, page 283.

Yale

Noun

tu

water

References

Carl Campbell, Jody Campbell, Yale Grammar Essentials (1987), page 4

[ablative-1] The ablative is in decline in Lithuanian Romani

[2] Brad (2015 May 16) “The use of “VOUS” versus “TU” — in CANADA – Post 2 of 2 (#269)”, in Quebec Culture Blog, retrieved 2023-06-25: “This student / teacher trend of “tutoiement” does not really apply in Canadian provinces outside of Québec.”

[3] Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “tu”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎^[1] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

[4] Ida Kurcz (1990) “tu”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (in Polish), volume 2, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 614

[5] Zigmas Zinkevičius (1985) “Lenkų-jotvingių žodynėlis?”, in Baltistica, volume 21, number 1 (in Lithuanian), Vilnius: VU, →DOI, page 80: “tu ‘tu, l. ty’ 2.”

[6] “tù” in Hock et al., Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 2.0 (online, 2020–): “nar. prn. tu du”.

[7] Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, page 283.

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

[2]

[1]

			Possessee
			Singular		Plural
			Masculine	Feminine	Masculine	Feminine
Possessor	First person	Singular	mei	miña	meis	miñas
	First person	Plural	nosu	nosa	nosus	nosas
	Second person	Singular	tei	túa, tu¹	teis	túas, tus¹
	Second person	Plural	vosu	vosa	vosus	vosas
	Third person		sei	súa, su¹	seis	súas, sus¹

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative	Reflexive	Accusative	Dative	Combined	Disjunctive	Locative	Partitive
Singular	first	—	io	mi, m', -mi			me	me	—
	second	—	tu	ti, t', -ti			te	te	—
	third	m	lui	si², s', -si	lo, l', -lo	gli, -gli	glie, se²	lui, sé	ci, c', vi, v' (formal)	ne, n'
	third	f	lei, Lei¹	si², s', -si	la, La¹, l', L'¹, -la, -La¹	le³, Le¹, -le³, -Le¹	glie, se²	lei, Lei¹, sé	ci, c', vi, v' (formal)	ne, n'
Plural	first	—	noi	ci, c', -ci			ce	noi	—
	second	—	voi, Voi⁴	vi, Vi⁴, v', V'⁴, -vi, -Vi⁴			ve	voi, Voi⁴	—
	third	m	loro, Loro¹	si, s', -si	li, Li¹, -li, -Li¹	gli, -gli, loro (formal), Loro¹	glie, se	loro, Loro¹, sé	ci, c', vi, v' (formal)	ne, n'
	third	f	loro, Loro¹	si, s', -si	le, Le¹, -le, -Le¹	gli, -gli, loro (formal), Loro¹	glie, se	loro, Loro¹, sé	ci, c', vi, v' (formal)	ne, n'
¹	Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
²	Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
³	Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language.
⁴	Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous).

	singular	plural
1st person	a / آ	ábi / آبی
2nd person	tu / تُو	ábi / آبی
3rd person (near)	ía / اِیا	émi / ایمی
3rd person (far)	ása / آسا	éḷi / ایࣇی
3rd person (absent)	se / سے	te / تے

	singular (vienaskaita)				dual (dviskaita)						plural (daugiskaita)				reflexive (sangrąžiniai)
	1st person (pirmasis asmuo)	2nd person (antrasis asmuo)	3rd person (trečiasis asmuo)		1st person		2nd person		3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
	1st person (pirmasis asmuo)	2nd person (antrasis asmuo)	m	f	m	f	m	f	m	f	1st person	2nd person	m	f
nominative (vardininkas)	àš	tù	jìs, jisaĩ	jì, jinaĩ	mùdu	mùdvi	jùdu	jùdvi	juõdu, jiẽdu	jiẽdvi	mẽs	jū̃s	jiẽ	jõs	-
genitive (kilmininkas)	manę̃s	tavę̃s	jõ	jõs	mùdviejų		jùdviejų		jų̃dviejų		mū́sų	jū́sų	jų̃		savę̃s
dative (naudininkas)	mán	táu	jám	jái	mùdviem		jùdviem		jõdviem		mùms	jùms	jíems	jóms	sáu
accusative (galininkas)	manè	tavè	jį̃	ją̃	mùdu	mùdvi	jùdu	jùdvi	juõdu	jiẽdvi	mùs	jùs	juõs	jàs	savè
instrumental (įnagininkas)	manimì, manim̃	tavimì, tavim̃	juõ	jà	mùdviem		jùdviem		jõdviem		mumìs	jumìs	jaĩs	jomìs	savimì, savim̃
locative (vietininkas)	manyjè, manỹ	tavyjè, tavỹ	jamè	jojè	mùdviese		jùdviese		jiẽdviese		mumysè	jumysè	juosè	josè	savyjè, savỹ

possessive (savybiniai)	màno	tàvo	jõ	jõs	mùdviejų		jùdviejų		jų̃dviejų		mū́sų	jū́sų	jų̃		sàvo

	singular	plural
1st person	ez (æz)	em (æm)
2nd person	tu (tu)	hûn (huːn)
3rd person	ew (æw)	ew (æw)

		singular	plural
1st person		jo	nô
2nd person	familiar	tu	vô
2nd person	polite	lui, jê	lôr
3rd person	m	lui,	lôr
3rd person	f	jê	lôr

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative	Accusative	Dative	Locative	Ablative	Instrumental	Possessive
Singular	First	—	me	man	manqe	manθe	manθar	mança	miro, -i, -e
	Second	—	tu	tut	tuqe	tuθe	tuθar	tuça	tiro, -i, -e
	Reflexive third	—	—	pes	pesqe	pesθe	pesθar	peça	pesqero, -i, -e
	Third	Masculine	ov	les	lesqe	lesθe	lesθar	leça	lesqero, -i, -e
	Third	Feminine	oj	la	laqe	laθe	laθar	laça	laqero, -i, -e
Plural	First	—	amen		amenqe	amenθe	amenθar	amença	amaro, -i, -e
	Second	—	tumen		tumenqe	tumenθe	tumenθar	tumença	tumaro, -i, -e
	Reflexive third	—	—	pen	penqe	penθe	penθar	pença	penqero, -i, -e
	Third	—	on	len	lenqe	lenθe	lenθar	lença	lenqero, -i, -e

Number	Person	Gender	Nominative	Accusative (long and short forms)	Dative	Locative	Ablative	Instrumental	Possessive
Singular	First	—	me	man, ma	mánge	mánde	mándar	mánsa	múrro m, múrri f, múrre pl
	Second	—	tu	tut, tu	túke	túte	tútar	túsa	tíro m, tíri f, tíre pl
	Reflexive third	—	—	pês, pe	pêske	pêste	pêstar	pêsa	pêsko m, pêski f, pêske pl
	Third	Masculine	wo	lês, le	lêske	lêste	lêstar	lêsa	lêsko m, lêski f, lêske pl
	Third	Feminine	woi	la, la	láke	láte	látar	lása	láko m, láki f, láke pl
Plural	First	—	ame	amên, ame	amênge	amênde	amêndar	amênsa	amáro m, amári f, amáre pl
	Second	—	tume	tumên, tume	tumênge	tumênde	tumêndar	tumênsa	tumáro m, tumári f, tumáre pl
	Reflexive third	—	—	pên, pe	pênge	pênde	pêndar	pênsa	pêngo m, pêngi f, pênge pl
	Third	—	won	lên, le	lênge	lênde	lêndar	lênsa	lêngo m, lêngi f, lênge pl

		singular	plural
1st person		eu	noi
2nd person	plain	tu	voi
	semi-polite	dumneata	dumneavoastră
	polite	dumneavoastră	dumneavoastră
3rd person familiar	m	el	ei
3rd person familiar	f	ea	ele
3rd person polite	m	dumnealui	dumnealor
3rd person polite	f	dumneaei	dumnealor

		Singular			Plural
		Nominative	Possessive		Nominative	Possessive
		Nominative	Singular	Plural	Nominative	Singular	Plural
First person		me	mea	mei	ni	nia	nii
Second person	Formal	vu	vua	vui	vi	via	vii
Second person	Familiar	tu	tua	tui	vi	via	vii
Third person	Masculine	ilu, il	ilua	ilui	ili	ilia	ilii
	Feminine	elu, el	elua	elui	eli	elia	elii
	Neuter	olu, ol	olua	olui	oli	olia	olii
	Common	lu	lua	lui	li	lia	lii
	Reflexive	su	sua	sui	su	sua	sui
Indefinite		onu, on	onua	onui	onu, on	onua	onui
Notes
The possessive plurals are seldom used.
The shortened forms are preferred.
The pangendered forms are preferred to the gendered or neuter forms in most scenarios.

	first	second	third (a.)		third (l.)
	first	second	m	f	m	f
singular	es	tu	jis	jei	šys	šei
plural	mes	jius	jī	juos	šī	šuos

Portuguese personal pronouns (edit)
Number	Person	Nominative (subject)		Accusative (direct object)		Dative (indirect object)	Prepositional		Prepositional with com		Non-declining
Number	Person	m	f	m	f	m and f	m	f	m	f	m	f
Singular	First	eu		me			mim		comigo
	Second	tu		te			ti		contigo		você
	Second	tu		te			ti		contigo		o senhor	a senhora
	Third	ele	ela	o (lo, no)	a (la, na)	lhe	ele	ela	com ele	com ela	o mesmo	a mesma
	Third	ele	ela	se			si		consigo		o mesmo	a mesma
Plural	First	nós		nos			nós		connosco (Portugal) conosco (Brazil)		a gente
	Second	vós		vos			vós		convosco, com vós		vocês
	Second	vós		vos			vós		convosco, com vós		os senhores	as senhoras
	Third	eles	elas	os (los, nos)	as (las, nas)	lhes	eles	elas	com eles	com elas	os mesmos	as mesmas
	Third	eles	elas	se			si		consigo		os mesmos	as mesmas
Indefinite				se			si		consigo

tu

English

Particle

Afar

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Synonyms

References

Ainu

Pronunciation

Numeral

Albanian

Etymology

Noun

Aromanian

Etymology 1

Pronoun

Related terms

See also

Etymology 2

Preposition

Synonyms

Asturian

Etymology

Pronoun

Atong (India)

Etymology

Pronunciation

Numeral

Synonyms

References

Baltic Romani

Pronoun

Declension

Bambara

Noun

Verb

Batuley

Etymology

Adjective

References

Bislama

Etymology 1

Numeral

Etymology 2

Adverb

Borôro

Verb

Breton

Etymology

Noun

Catalan

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Declension

See also

References

Chilcotin

Etymology

Noun

References

Chipewyan

Etymology

Noun

References

Coatecas Altas Zapotec

Numeral

References

Cornish

Adjective

Czech

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Adverb

Etymology 2

Pronoun

Further reading

Drung