gula

See also: Appendix:Variations of "gula"

English

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin gula (“throat, gullet”).

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /ˈɡjuːlə/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /ˈɡ(j)ulə/
• Homophone: gular (non-rhotic)
• Rhymes: -uːlə
• Hyphenation: gul‧a

Noun

gula (plural gulas or gulae)

1. The upper front of the neck, next to the chin; the upper throat.
2. (zoology) A plate which in most insects supports the submentum.
3. (architecture) A capping moulding; a cymatium.

Derived terms

• gular

Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.
(See the entry for “gula”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.)

Anagrams

• Agul, Gaul, ugal

Brunei Malay

Etymology

From Sanskrit गुल (gula​, “unrefined sugar, molasses”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡula/
• Hyphenation: gu‧la

Noun

gula

1. sugar (sucrose from sugar cane or sugar beet and used to sweeten food and drink)

Dharug

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kula/

Noun

gula

1. koala

Gamilaraay

Noun

gula

1. fork

Hausa

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡú.làː/
  • (Standard Kano Hausa) IPA^(key): [ɡʷʊ́.làː]

Noun

gulā̀ f (plural gulōlī, possessed form gulàr̃)

1. a kind of drumstick with a large head (for beating drums)

See also

• firya
• makaɗi

Iban

Etymology

From Sanskrit गुल (gula​, “unrefined sugar, molasses”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡula/
• Hyphenation: gu‧la

Noun

gula

1. sugar (sucrose from sugar cane or sugar beet and used to sweeten food and drink)

Icelandic

Etymology

From gulur (“yellow”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkʏːla/
• Rhymes: -ʏːla

Noun

gula f (genitive singular gulu, no plural)

1. jaundice

Indonesian

Etymology

From Malay gula, from Sanskrit गुल (gula, “unrefined sugar, molasses​”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡu.la/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: gu‧la

Noun

gula (first-person possessive gulaku, second-person possessive gulamu, third-person possessive gulanya)

1. sugar

   Synonyms: saka, sakar

Affixed terms

Terms derived from gula

• gula-gula
• bergula (“to contain sugar”)
• menggula
• menggulai (“to add sugar, to sugar”)
• pergulaan

Compounds

• gula alkohol
• gula anggur
• gula aren
• gula balok
• gula barbados
• gula barli
• gula batu
• gula batu putih
• gula bit
• gula buah
• gula bubuk
• gula cakar
• gula coklat
• gula darah
• gula darah sewaktu
• gula dekorasi
• gula derawa
• gula ekstrinsik
• gula ganting
• gula gelatin
• gula intrinsik
• gula invert
• gula jagung
• gula jawa
• gula kastor
• gula kelapa
• gula kristal
• gula kubus
• gula kurma
• gula levulosa
• gula malt
• gula meja
• gula mentah
• gula merah
• gula mutiara
• gula nyiur
• gula otak
• gula palma
• gula pasir
• gula pasir kasar
• gula pereduksi
• gula rafinasi
• gula semut
• gula susu
• gula tarik
• gula tebu
• gula tetes
• gula vanila

 

Further reading

• “gula” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Javanese

Romanization

gula

1. Romanization of ꦒꦸꦭ

Laboya

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈɡuːla]

Noun

gula

1. sugar

References

• Allahverdi Verdizade (2019) “gula”, in Lamboya word list‎^[1], Leiden: LexiRumah

Latin

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʷoleh₂, from *gʷel- (“throat”).

Cognate with Bengali গলা (gola, “throat”), Old Armenian կուլ- (kul-), Russian глотка (glotka, “throat”), Persian گلو (“throat”), Urdu گلا (“throat”) and Northern Kurdish gewrî, gerû (“throat”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈɡu.la/, [ˈɡʊɫ̪ä]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈɡu.la/, [ˈɡuːlä]

Noun

gula f (genitive gulae); first declension

1. (anatomy) gullet, throat, palate

   Synonyms: faucēs, rūmen, frūmen, guttur

2. gluttony, greediness

Declension

First-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gula	gulae
Genitive	gulae	gulārum
Dative	gulae	gulīs
Accusative	gulam	gulās
Ablative	gulā	gulīs
Vocative	gula	gulae

Derived terms

• gulōsus
• dēgulō

Related terms

• gluttiō

Descendants

• Aromanian: gurã
• Catalan: gola
• Corsican: gola, vola
• Dalmatian: gaula
• Old Francoprovençal: gola
  • Franco-Provençal: gola
    • Savoyard: guèla
  • Bressan: gueula
• Old French: goule, guele
  • Middle French: gueule
    • French: gueule, French: goulu, goule (dialectal)
  • Angevin: goule
  • Norman: dgeule, goule
  • Picard: dgeule (Amiens)
  • → Middle English: golet
    • English: gullet
    • ⇒ English: gully
      • → French: gollé
      • → German: Gully
• Friulian: gole
• Galician: gola
• Italian: gola
• Lombard: gola, gora
• Megleno-Romanian: gură
• Portuguese: gola, ⇒ goela (from the diminutive *gulella)
• → Portuguese: gula
• Romanian: gură
• Romansch: gula
• Sicilian: gula, ula
• Spanish: gola
• → Spanish: gula
• Venetan: goła, gola
• Walloon: gueuye
• Byzantine Greek: γούλα (goúla)
• Greek: γουλιά (gouliá)

References

• “gula”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• gula in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

Malay

Etymology

From Sanskrit गुल (gula, “unrefined sugar, molasses”). The Sanskrit equivalent is मधुरं (madhuraṃ, “sugar”).

Pronunciation

• (Johor-Selangor) IPA^(key): /ɡulə/
• (Riau-Lingga) IPA^(key): /ɡula/
• Rhymes: -ulə, -lə, -ə

Noun

gula (Jawi spelling ݢولا, plural gula, informal 1st possessive gulaku, 2nd possessive gulamu, 3rd possessive gulanya)

1. sugar (sucrose from sugar cane or sugar beet and used to sweeten food and drink)

Synonyms

• sakar / ساکر

Derived terms

Terms derived from gula

• gula-gula
• bergula (“to contain sugar”)
• menggula
• menggulakan (“to add sugar, to sugar”)
• pengulaan
• gula melaka (“palm sugar”)
• gula kapas (“cotton candy”)

Further reading

• “gula” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

Northern Ndebele

Etymology

Cognate with Swahili -ugua.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Verb

-gula

1. to be sick/ill

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Northern Sami

Pronunciation

• (Kautokeino) IPA^(key): /ˈkula/

Verb

gula

1. inflection of gullat:
   1. present indicative connegative
   2. second-person singular imperative
   3. imperative connegative

Norwegian Nynorsk

Alternative forms

• gule (for the verbs)

Etymology 1

From gul (“gust of wind”).

Verb

gula (present tense gular, past tense gula, past participle gula, passive infinitive gulast, present participle gulande, imperative gula/gul)

1. to blow (slowly)

Etymology 2

From gul (“yellow”).

Verb

gula (present tense gular, past tense gula, past participle gula, passive infinitive gulast, present participle gulande, imperative gula/gul)

1. to yellow

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

gula f

1. definite singular of gule

References

• “gula” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old Javanese

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit गुल (gula, “unrefined sugar, molasses​”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡu.la/
• Rhymes: -la
• Hyphenation: gu‧la

Noun

gula

1. sugar
2. syrup

Derived terms

• gula-gula
• gulana
• maṅgula

 

• gula drawa
• gula gaṇṭi
• gula gumantuṅ
• gula rāga
• gula wuluh
• gula wĕṇṭah
• ḍaṇḍaṅ gula

 

Descendants

• Javanese: ꦒꦸꦭ (gula)
• → Balinese: ᬕᬸᬮ (gula)

Further reading

• "gula" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

Old Norse

Etymology 1

Noun

gula f (genitive gulu)

1. Alternative form of gola

Declension

  Declension of gula (weak ōn-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	gula	gulan	gulur	gulurnar
accusative	gulu	guluna	gulur	gulurnar
dative	gulu	gulunni	gulum	gulunum
genitive	gulu	gulunnar	gulna	gulnanna

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Adjective

gula

1. inflection of gulr:
   1. strong feminine accusative singular
   2. strong masculine accusative plural
   3. weak masculine oblique singular
   4. weak feminine nominative singular
   5. weak neuter singular

Noun

gula

1. indefinite genitive plural of gul

References

• “gula”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Polish

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡu.la/

• (Greater Poland):
  • (Kuyavia) IPA^(key): /ˈɡu.la/
  • (Central Greater Poland) IPA^(key): /ˈɡu.la/
• (Masovia):
  • (Far Masovian) IPA^(key): /ˈɡu.la/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ula
• Syllabification: gu‧la
• Homophone: Gula

Etymology 1

A variant of kula.

Noun

gula f

1. (colloquial) bump (swelling on the skin caused by illness or injury)

Noun

gula f (male equivalent gularz)

1. (Poznań, Kuyavia) female turkey (bird)

   Synonym: indyczka

   Alternative form: guła

Declension

Declension of gula

	singular	plural
nominative	gula	gule
genitive	guli	guli/gul
dative	guli	gulom
accusative	gulę	gule
instrumental	gulą	gulami
locative	guli	gulach
vocative	gulo	gule

Interjection

gula

1. (Far Masovian) used to call turkeys

   Synonyms: gulda, gulu

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

gula m animal

1. genitive/accusative singular of gul

Further reading

• gula in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• gula in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Oskar Kolberg (1867) “gula”, in Dzieła wszystkie: Kujawy (in Polish), page 271
• Wojciech Grzegorzewicz (1894) “gula”, in Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności (in Polish), volume 5, Krakow: Akademia Umiejętności, page 109

Portuguese

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin gula. Doublet of gola.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡu.lɐ/

• Rhymes: -ulɐ
• Hyphenation: gu‧la

Noun

gula f (plural gulas)

1. gluttony

Related terms

• gulodice
• guloso

Rohingya

Noun

gula

1. fruit

Romansch

Etymology

From Latin gula, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷel- (“throat”).

Noun

gula f (plural gulas)

1. (anatomy) throat
2. (Surmiran) desire, craving, appetite, lust, pleasure, fancy

Derived terms

• (Puter, Vallader) gulacotschen
• (Surmiran) gulard

Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin gula. Compare the inherited doublet gola.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡula/ [ˈɡu.la]
• Rhymes: -ula
• Syllabification: gu‧la

Noun

gula f (plural gulas)

1. gluttony (habit of eating in excess)

   Synonym: glotonería

2. gourmandizing

Related terms

• goloso

 

Further reading

• “gula”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), 23rd edition, Royal Spanish Academy, 2014 October 16

Sundanese

Romanization

gula

1. Romanization of ᮌᮥᮜ

Swazi

Etymology

Cognate with Swahili -ugua.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Verb

-gula

1. to be sick/ill

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse gulr (“yellow”), similar to Faroese gule.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /²ɡʉː.ˌla/
• Rhymes: -²ʉːla

Adjective

gula

1. inflection of gul:
   1. definite singular
   2. plural

Noun

gula c

1. a yolk (the yellow of an egg)

   Synonym: äggula

Declension

Declension of gula

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	gula	gulas
	definite	gulan	gulans
plural	indefinite	gulor	gulors
	definite	gulorna	gulornas

References

• gula in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• gula in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• gula in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

Waigali

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡuˈla/

Etymology 1

Adjective

gula (Nisheigram)

1. fat

Etymology 2

Noun

gula (Nisheigram)

1. terrace

Xhosa

Etymology

Cognate with Swahili -ugua.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Verb

-gula

1. to be sick/ill

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

Etymology

Cognate with Swahili -ugua.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Verb

-gula

1. (intransitive) to be sick/ill
2. (transitive) to skim/scrape together
3. (intransitive) to lean, to slant

Inflection

Tone L
Infinitive	ukugula
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukugula	ukungaguli
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	gula	-gule
Plural	gulani	-guleni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyagula, ngigula	engigulayo, engigula	ngigula	angiguli	engingaguli	ngingaguli
2nd singular	uyagula, ugula	ogulayo, ogula	ugula	awuguli	ongaguli	ungaguli
1st plural	siyagula, sigula	esigulayo, esigula	sigula	asiguli	esingaguli	singaguli
2nd plural	niyagula, nigula	enigulayo, enigula	nigula	aniguli	eningaguli	ningaguli
Class 1	uyagula, ugula	ogulayo, ogula	egula	akaguli	ongaguli	engaguli
Class 2	bayagula, bagula	abagulayo, abagula	begula	abaguli	abangaguli	bengaguli
Class 3	uyagula, ugula	ogulayo, ogula	ugula	awuguli	ongaguli	ungaguli
Class 4	iyagula, igula	egulayo, egula	igula	ayiguli	engaguli	ingaguli
Class 5	liyagula, ligula	eligulayo, eligula	ligula	aliguli	elingaguli	lingaguli
Class 6	ayagula, agula	agulayo, agula	egula	awaguli	angaguli	engaguli
Class 7	siyagula, sigula	esigulayo, esigula	sigula	asiguli	esingaguli	singaguli
Class 8	ziyagula, zigula	ezigulayo, ezigula	zigula	aziguli	ezingaguli	zingaguli
Class 9	iyagula, igula	egulayo, egula	igula	ayiguli	engaguli	ingaguli
Class 10	ziyagula, zigula	ezigulayo, ezigula	zigula	aziguli	ezingaguli	zingaguli
Class 11	luyagula, lugula	olugulayo, olugula	lugula	aluguli	olungaguli	lungaguli
Class 14	buyagula, bugula	obugulayo, obugula	bugula	abuguli	obungaguli	bungaguli
Class 15	kuyagula, kugula	okugulayo, okugula	kugula	akuguli	okungaguli	kungaguli
Class 17	kuyagula, kugula	okugulayo, okugula	kugula	akuguli	okungaguli	kungaguli
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngigulile, ngigulē	engigulile, engigulē	ngigulile, ngigulē	angigulanga	engingagulanga	ngingagulanga
2nd singular	ugulile, ugulē	ogulile, ogulē	ugulile, ugulē	awugulanga	ongagulanga	ungagulanga
1st plural	sigulile, sigulē	esigulile, esigulē	sigulile, sigulē	asigulanga	esingagulanga	singagulanga
2nd plural	nigulile, nigulē	enigulile, enigulē	nigulile, nigulē	anigulanga	eningagulanga	ningagulanga
Class 1	ugulile, ugulē	ogulile, ogulē	egulile, egulē	akagulanga	ongagulanga	engagulanga
Class 2	bagulile, bagulē	abagulile, abagulē	begulile, begulē	abagulanga	abangagulanga	bengagulanga
Class 3	ugulile, ugulē	ogulile, ogulē	ugulile, ugulē	awugulanga	ongagulanga	ungagulanga
Class 4	igulile, igulē	egulile, egulē	igulile, igulē	ayigulanga	engagulanga	ingagulanga
Class 5	ligulile, ligulē	eligulile, eligulē	ligulile, ligulē	aligulanga	elingagulanga	lingagulanga
Class 6	agulile, agulē	agulile, agulē	egulile, egulē	awagulanga	angagulanga	engagulanga
Class 7	sigulile, sigulē	esigulile, esigulē	sigulile, sigulē	asigulanga	esingagulanga	singagulanga
Class 8	zigulile, zigulē	ezigulile, ezigulē	zigulile, zigulē	azigulanga	ezingagulanga	zingagulanga
Class 9	igulile, igulē	egulile, egulē	igulile, igulē	ayigulanga	engagulanga	ingagulanga
Class 10	zigulile, zigulē	ezigulile, ezigulē	zigulile, zigulē	azigulanga	ezingagulanga	zingagulanga
Class 11	lugulile, lugulē	olugulile, olugulē	lugulile, lugulē	alugulanga	olungagulanga	lungagulanga
Class 14	bugulile, bugulē	obugulile, obugulē	bugulile, bugulē	abugulanga	obungagulanga	bungagulanga
Class 15	kugulile, kugulē	okugulile, okugulē	kugulile, kugulē	akugulanga	okungagulanga	kungagulanga
Class 17	kugulile, kugulē	okugulile, okugulē	kugulile, kugulē	akugulanga	okungagulanga	kungagulanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāgula	engāgula	ngāgula	angigulanga	engingagulanga	ngingagulanga
2nd singular	wāgula	owāgula	wāgula	awugulanga	ongagulanga	ungagulanga
1st plural	sāgula	esāgula	sāgula	asigulanga	esingagulanga	singagulanga
2nd plural	nāgula	enāgula	nāgula	anigulanga	eningagulanga	ningagulanga
Class 1	wāgula	owāgula	āgula	akagulanga	ongagulanga	engagulanga
Class 2	bāgula	abāgula	bāgula	abagulanga	abangagulanga	bengagulanga
Class 3	wāgula	owāgula	wāgula	awugulanga	ongagulanga	ungagulanga
Class 4	yāgula	eyāgula	yāgula	ayigulanga	engagulanga	ingagulanga
Class 5	lāgula	elāgula	lāgula	aligulanga	elingagulanga	lingagulanga
Class 6	āgula	āgula	āgula	awagulanga	angagulanga	engagulanga
Class 7	sāgula	esāgula	sāgula	asigulanga	esingagulanga	singagulanga
Class 8	zāgula	ezāgula	zāgula	azigulanga	ezingagulanga	zingagulanga
Class 9	yāgula	eyāgula	yāgula	ayigulanga	engagulanga	ingagulanga
Class 10	zāgula	ezāgula	zāgula	azigulanga	ezingagulanga	zingagulanga
Class 11	lwāgula	olwāgula	lwāgula	alugulanga	olungagulanga	lungagulanga
Class 14	bāgula	obāgula	bāgula	abugulanga	obungagulanga	bungagulanga
Class 15	kwāgula	okwāgula	kwāgula	akugulanga	okungagulanga	kungagulanga
Class 17	kwāgula	okwāgula	kwāgula	akugulanga	okungagulanga	kungagulanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingagula	—	ngingagula	ngingegule	—	ngingegule
2nd singular	ungagula	—	ungagula	ungegule	—	ungegule
1st plural	singagula	—	singagula	singegule	—	singegule
2nd plural	ningagula	—	ningagula	ningegule	—	ningegule
Class 1	angagula	—	engagula	angegule	—	engegule
Class 2	bangagula	—	bengagula	bangegule	—	bengegule
Class 3	ungagula	—	ungagula	ungegule	—	ungegule
Class 4	ingagula	—	ingagula	ingegule	—	ingegule
Class 5	lingagula	—	lingagula	lingegule	—	lingegule
Class 6	angagula	—	engagula	angegule	—	engegule
Class 7	singagula	—	singagula	singegule	—	singegule
Class 8	zingagula	—	zingagula	zingegule	—	zingegule
Class 9	ingagula	—	ingagula	ingegule	—	ingegule
Class 10	zingagula	—	zingagula	zingegule	—	zingegule
Class 11	lungagula	—	lungagula	lungegule	—	lungegule
Class 14	bungagula	—	bungagula	bungegule	—	bungegule
Class 15	kungagula	—	kungagula	kungegule	—	kungegule
Class 17	kungagula	—	kungagula	kungegule	—	kungegule
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizogula	engizogula	ngizogula	angizugula	engingezugula	ngingezugula
2nd singular	uzogula	ozogula	uzogula	awuzugula	ongezugula	ungezugula
1st plural	sizogula	esizogula	sizogula	asizugula	esingezugula	singezugula
2nd plural	nizogula	enizogula	nizogula	anizugula	eningezugula	ningezugula
Class 1	uzogula	ozogula	ezogula	akazugula	ongezugula	engezugula
Class 2	bazogula	abazogula	bezogula	abazugula	abangezugula	bengezugula
Class 3	uzogula	ozogula	uzogula	awuzugula	ongezugula	ungezugula
Class 4	izogula	ezogula	izogula	ayizugula	engezugula	ingezugula
Class 5	lizogula	elizogula	lizogula	alizugula	elingezugula	lingezugula
Class 6	azogula	azogula	ezogula	awazugula	angezugula	engezugula
Class 7	sizogula	esizogula	sizogula	asizugula	esingezugula	singezugula
Class 8	zizogula	ezizogula	zizogula	azizugula	ezingezugula	zingezugula
Class 9	izogula	ezogula	izogula	ayizugula	engezugula	ingezugula
Class 10	zizogula	ezizogula	zizogula	azizugula	ezingezugula	zingezugula
Class 11	luzogula	oluzogula	luzogula	aluzugula	olungezugula	lungezugula
Class 14	buzogula	obuzogula	buzogula	abuzugula	obungezugula	bungezugula
Class 15	kuzogula	okuzogula	kuzogula	akuzugula	okungezugula	kungezugula
Class 17	kuzogula	okuzogula	kuzogula	akuzugula	okungezugula	kungezugula
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyogula	engiyogula	ngiyogula	angiyugula	engingeyugula	ngingeyugula
2nd singular	uyogula	oyogula	uyogula	awuyugula	ongeyugula	ungeyugula
1st plural	siyogula	esiyogula	siyogula	asiyugula	esingeyugula	singeyugula
2nd plural	niyogula	eniyogula	niyogula	aniyugula	eningeyugula	ningeyugula
Class 1	uyogula	oyogula	eyogula	akayugula	ongeyugula	engeyugula
Class 2	bayogula	abayogula	beyogula	abayugula	abangeyugula	bengeyugula
Class 3	uyogula	oyogula	uyogula	awuyugula	ongeyugula	ungeyugula
Class 4	iyogula	eyogula	iyogula	ayiyugula	engeyugula	ingeyugula
Class 5	liyogula	eliyogula	liyogula	aliyugula	elingeyugula	lingeyugula
Class 6	ayogula	ayogula	eyogula	awayugula	angeyugula	engeyugula
Class 7	siyogula	esiyogula	siyogula	asiyugula	esingeyugula	singeyugula
Class 8	ziyogula	eziyogula	ziyogula	aziyugula	ezingeyugula	zingeyugula
Class 9	iyogula	eyogula	iyogula	ayiyugula	engeyugula	ingeyugula
Class 10	ziyogula	eziyogula	ziyogula	aziyugula	ezingeyugula	zingeyugula
Class 11	luyogula	oluyogula	luyogula	aluyugula	olungeyugula	lungeyugula
Class 14	buyogula	obuyogula	buyogula	abuyugula	obungeyugula	bungeyugula
Class 15	kuyogula	okuyogula	kuyogula	akuyugula	okungeyugula	kungeyugula
Class 17	kuyogula	okuyogula	kuyogula	akuyugula	okungeyugula	kungeyugula
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngigule	ngingaguli
2nd singular	ugule	ungaguli
1st plural	sigule	singaguli
2nd plural	nigule	ningaguli
Class 1	agule	angaguli
Class 2	bagule	bangaguli
Class 3	ugule	ungaguli
Class 4	igule	ingaguli
Class 5	ligule	lingaguli
Class 6	agule	angaguli
Class 7	sigule	singaguli
Class 8	zigule	zingaguli
Class 9	igule	ingaguli
Class 10	zigule	zingaguli
Class 11	lugule	lungaguli
Class 14	bugule	bungaguli
Class 15	kugule	kungaguli
Class 17	kugule	kungaguli
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngagula	ngangagula, angagula, angangagula
2nd singular	wagula	wangagula, awagula, awangagula
1st plural	sagula	sangagula, asagula, asangagula
2nd plural	nagula	nangagula, anagula, anangagula
Class 1	wagula	wangagula, akagula, akangagula
Class 2	bagula	bangagula, abagula, abangagula
Class 3	wagula	wangagula, awagula, awangagula
Class 4	yagula	yangagula, ayagula, ayangagula
Class 5	lagula	langagula, alagula, alangagula
Class 6	agula	angagula, awagula, awangagula
Class 7	sagula	sangagula, asagula, asangagula
Class 8	zagula	zangagula, azagula, azangagula
Class 9	yagula	yangagula, ayagula, ayangagula
Class 10	zagula	zangagula, azagula, azangagula
Class 11	lwagula	lwangagula, alwagula, alwangagula
Class 14	bagula	bangagula, abagula, abangagula
Class 15	kwagula	kwangagula, akwagula, akwangagula
Class 17	kwagula	kwangagula, akwagula, akwangagula

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “gula”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “gula (6.3)”