mara

See also: Appendix:Variations of "mara"

Languages (44)

Afar • 'Are'are • Baagandji • Balinese • Bambara • Bikol Central • Cypriot Arabic • Dieri • Esperanto • Fijian • Finnish • Gamilaraay • Guinea-Bissau Creole • Icelandic • Indonesian • Irish • Japanese • Kaurna • Laz • Maltese • Mangarevan • Mapudungun • Maranao • Martuthunira • Ngiyambaa • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Nyunga • Old English • Old Norse • Pali • Panyjima • Papiamentu • Polish • Portuguese • Rapa Nui • Scottish Gaelic • Spanish • Sundanese • Swahili • Swedish • Welsh • Yámana

Page categories

English

WOTD – 4 November 2013

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈmɑːɹə/
- Audio (Southern England): (file)
Rhymes: -ɑːɹə

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Old Norse mara, from Proto-Germanic *marǭ, cognate with Old English mare or mære. Doublet of mare. See nightmare.

Noun

mara (plural maras)

(European folklore) A nightmare; a spectre or wraith-like creature in Germanic and particularly Scandinavian folklore; a female demon who torments people in sleep by crouching on their chests or stomachs, or by causing terrifying visions.
- 1996, Catharina Raudvere, “Now you see her, now you don't: some notes on the conception of female shape-shifters in Scandinavian traditions”, in Sandra Billington, Miranda Green, editors, The Concept of the Goddess, pages 41–55:
  The corpus of related texts tells us that within rural society it was not improbable for your neighbour's envy of your fine cattle to take the form of a mara.

Translations

(folklore) a nightmare; spectre or wraith-like creature

Armenian: խիպիլիկ (hy) (xipilik), ալք (hy) (alkʻ)
Danish: mare (da) c (creature), mareridt (da) n (nightmare)
German: Mahr (de) m, Nachtmahr (de) m, Alb (de) m
Swedish: mara (sv) c
Vilamovian: ołp m

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Sanskrit मार (māra).

Noun

mara (plural maras)

(Buddhism) A type of god that prevents accomplishment or success.
- 2011, Graham Woodhouse, Lobsang Gyatso, Tsongkhapa's Praise for Dependent Relativity‎^[1], Wisdom Publications, page 20:
  Mara means demon, or demonic influence, that hinders the practice of virtue. It may be an external spirit or an aspect of our own imperfect condition. All hindrances on the path to liberation are subsumed under the four maras. The first mara is the mara of the aggregates. […] The second of the maras is the mara of the afflictions, which are the same as the afflictive obstructions. They are identified as a mara because they precipitate all harmful actions, from malicious gossip to murder. […] The third mara is Devaputra, literally "son of a god," an external troublemaker who specializes in interfering with beings who are endeavoring to achieve something positive. […] The last mara is the mara of death.
(Buddhism) Any malicious or evil spirit.
- 2002, Sarvananda Bluestone, The World Dream Book, page 73:
  The mara is the spirit that causes illness, accidents, and mishaps. The only protection against it is another mara who befriends a person or a group. A mara who becomes friendly is called a gunik. This transformation occurs when a mara comes to a person in a dream and states a desire to be friendly. But there are deceitful maras who pretend to be friendly, yet will betray the person who trusts them.

Related terms

Mara

Translations

Buddhism: god preventing accomplishment or success

Japanese: 魔羅 (ja) (mara)

Buddhism: a malicious or evil spirit

Burmese: မာရ်နတ် (my) (marnat), မာရ် (my) (mar)
Chinese:
Mandarin: 天魔 (zh) (tiānmó), 魔羅／魔罗 (zh) (móluó)
Japanese: 魔羅 (ja) (mara)
Khmer: មារ (km) (miə)
Sinhalese: මාරයා (mārayā)
Thai: มาร (th) (maan)

Etymology 3

From New World Spanish mará.

Noun

mara (plural maras)

Any caviid rodent of genus Dolichotis, common in the Patagonian steppes of Argentina.
- 1999, Michael A. Mares, editor, Encyclopedia of Deserts‎^[2], Mara, page 349:
  Maras have a white patch of fur on the rump that they flash when running, an adaptation they share with several species of deer and antelopes.
- 2011, Terry A. Vaughan, James M. Ryan, Nicholas J. Czaplewski, Mammalogy, 5th edition, page 228:
  Although only Dolichotis, the Patagonian mara, is strongly cursorial, all caviids have certain features typical of cursorial mammals […] .
- 2013, R. L. Honeycutt, “Chapter 3: Phylogenetics of Caviomorph Rodents and Genetic Perspectives on the Evolution of Sociality and Mating Systems in the Caviidae”, in José Roberto Moreira, Katia Maria P.M.B. Ferraz, Emilio A. Herrera, David W. Macdonald, editors, Capybara: Biology, Use and Conservation of an Exceptional Neotropical Species‎^[3], page 70:
  Maras (Dolichotis patagonum) are cursorial and prefer open areas with low vegetation for breeding and more barren sites for construction of communal dens (Taber and Macdonald 1992; Baldi 2007).

Derived terms

Translations

caviid rodent

Catalan: mara (ca) f
Finnish: mara (fi)
Portuguese: mará m
Swedish: mara (sv) c

References

Mara (mammal) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
Dolichotis on Wikispecies.Wikispecies
Dolichotis on Wikimedia Commons.Wikimedia Commons

Anagrams

Rāma, Rama, ARMA, -rama, maar, amra, Aram, Amar

Afar

Etymology 1

Possibly related to Arabic مَرْء (marʔ, “man”) and Akkadian 𒌉 (mārum, “son”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈmara/ [ˈmʌɾʌ]
Hyphenation: ma‧ra

Noun

mára m

(in compounds) people
- Saytun Qhuraan kee kay maqnah tarjamaty Qafar afal tani‎^[4], Suurat Al-Faatica, verse 3:
  Ummaan ginoh Fulte Racmatta leeh, yeemene marah Gunê Racmatta-le Rabbi kinni.
  He [who] surpasses the mercy of every creation, he is the God who gives mercy to the believing people.
(Northern dialects, in compounds) living

Declension

Declension of mára

absolutive

mára

predicative

mára

subjective

marí

genitive

marín

Postpositioned forms
l-case	máral
k-case	márak
t-case	márat
h-case	márah

Derived terms

baddi mára

Related terms

maré (“to live; family”)

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /maˈra/ [mʌˈɾʌ]
Hyphenation: ma‧ra

Verb

mara

first/third-person masculine singular affirmative imperfective of maré

References

E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “màra”, in An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN
Marie-Claude Simeone-Senelle, Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2013 August) “Gender, Number and Agreement in Afar (Cushitic language)”, in 43th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics‎^[5], Leiden: Leiden University

'Are'are

Verb

mara

be ashamed

References

Kateřina Naitoro, A Sketch Grammar of 'Are'are: The Sound System and Morpho-Syntax (2013)

Baagandji

Etymology

From Proto-Pama-Nyungan *mara.

Noun

mara

hand

Balinese

Romanization

mara

Romanization of ᬫᬭ
Romanization of ᬫᬵᬭ

Bambara

Noun

mara (tone màra)

guard
region, province
(administrative division) circle
savings, reserves
kingdom

Derived terms

Verb

mara

(transitive) to guard, keep, take care of
to manage, govern
to keep, raise (poultry)

Bikol Central

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *maja. Compare Maranao mara, Yogad maga, Cebuano maa and Tetum maran.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /maˈɾa/ [maˈɾa]
Hyphenation: ma‧ra

Adjective

mará (plural marara, Basahan spelling ᜋᜍ)

(Partido, Tabaco–Legazpi–Sorsogon) dry; arid
Synonym: alang

Antonyms: basa, dumog

Derived terms

Cypriot Arabic

Etymology

From Arabic اِمْرَأَة (imraʔa).

Noun

mara f (construct state mprat, plural nisfán)

woman
wife

Derived terms

References

Borg, Alexander (2004) A Comparative Glossary of Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Arabic–English) (Handbook of Oriental Studies; I.70), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 426

Dieri

Etymology

From Proto-Pama-Nyungan *mara.

Noun

mara

hand

Esperanto

Etymology

From maro +‎ -a.

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)

IPA^(key): [ˈmara]
Rhymes: -ara
Hyphenation: mar‧a

Adjective

mara (accusative singular maran, plural maraj, accusative plural marajn)

sea, of or relating to the sea

Fijian

Etymology

From Proto-Oceanic *mara (“to spoil, to go foul (of food)”).

Noun

mara

stench of a corpse
resting place of a deceased chief

Related terms

madra

References

Gatty, Ronald (2009) “mara”, in Fijian-English Dictionary, Suva, Fiji: Ronald Gatty, →ISBN, page 157
Ross, Malcolm D., Pawley, Andrew, Osmond, Meredith (1998) The lexicon of Proto-Oceanic, volume 1: Material Culture, Canberra: Australian National University, →ISBN, pages 158-9

Finnish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈmɑrɑ/, [ˈmɑ̝rɑ̝]
Rhymes: -ɑrɑ
Syllabification^(key): ma‧ra

Etymology 1

*Painajainen* ("Nightmare"; "Nachtmahr" in German), a painting of a **mara**, by Johann Heinrich Füssli, 1781

Borrowed into Western Finnish dialects from Swedish mara, which is a demon that sits on the chest of a sleeping person and causes bad dreams. This demon is known by similar names among Germanic peoples and lives in English nightmare, in Swedish mardröm (“nightmare”) and in German Nachtmahr (“nightmare”), among others.

Noun

mara

(folklore) nightmare, mara (demon that causes bad dreams)
Synonym: painajainen

Declension

Inflection of mara (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		mara	marat
genitive		maran	marojen
partitive		maraa	maroja
illative		maraan	maroihin
		singular	plural
nominative		mara	marat
accusative	nom.	mara	marat
accusative	gen.	maran	marat
genitive		maran	marojen marain ^rare
partitive		maraa	maroja
inessive		marassa	maroissa
elative		marasta	maroista
illative		maraan	maroihin
adessive		maralla	maroilla
ablative		maralta	maroilta
allative		maralle	maroille
essive		marana	maroina
translative		maraksi	maroiksi
abessive		maratta	maroitta
instructive		—	maroin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of mara (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		marani	marani
accusative	nom.	marani	marani
accusative	gen.	marani	marani
genitive		marani	marojeni maraini ^rare
partitive		maraani	marojani
inessive		marassani	maroissani
elative		marastani	maroistani
illative		maraani	maroihini
adessive		marallani	maroillani
ablative		maraltani	maroiltani
allative		maralleni	maroilleni
essive		maranani	maroinani
translative		marakseni	maroikseni
abessive		marattani	maroittani
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	maroineni

second-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		marasi	marasi
accusative	nom.	marasi	marasi
accusative	gen.	marasi	marasi
genitive		marasi	marojesi maraisi ^rare
partitive		maraasi	marojasi
inessive		marassasi	maroissasi
elative		marastasi	maroistasi
illative		maraasi	maroihisi
adessive		marallasi	maroillasi
ablative		maraltasi	maroiltasi
allative		marallesi	maroillesi
essive		maranasi	maroinasi
translative		maraksesi	maroiksesi
abessive		marattasi	maroittasi
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	maroinesi

first-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		maramme	maramme
accusative	nom.	maramme	maramme
accusative	gen.	maramme	maramme
genitive		maramme	marojemme maraimme ^rare
partitive		maraamme	marojamme
inessive		marassamme	maroissamme
elative		marastamme	maroistamme
illative		maraamme	maroihimme
adessive		marallamme	maroillamme
ablative		maraltamme	maroiltamme
allative		marallemme	maroillemme
essive		maranamme	maroinamme
translative		maraksemme	maroiksemme
abessive		marattamme	maroittamme
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	maroinemme

second-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		maranne	maranne
accusative	nom.	maranne	maranne
accusative	gen.	maranne	maranne
genitive		maranne	marojenne marainne ^rare
partitive		maraanne	marojanne
inessive		marassanne	maroissanne
elative		marastanne	maroistanne
illative		maraanne	maroihinne
adessive		marallanne	maroillanne
ablative		maraltanne	maroiltanne
allative		marallenne	maroillenne
essive		marananne	maroinanne
translative		maraksenne	maroiksenne
abessive		marattanne	maroittanne
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	maroinenne

third-person possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		maransa	maransa
accusative	nom.	maransa	maransa
accusative	gen.	maransa	maransa
genitive		maransa	marojensa marainsa ^rare
partitive		maraansa	marojaan marojansa
inessive		marassaan marassansa	maroissaan maroissansa
elative		marastaan marastansa	maroistaan maroistansa
illative		maraansa	maroihinsa
adessive		marallaan marallansa	maroillaan maroillansa
ablative		maraltaan maraltansa	maroiltaan maroiltansa
allative		maralleen marallensa	maroilleen maroillensa
essive		maranaan maranansa	maroinaan maroinansa
translative		marakseen maraksensa	maroikseen maroiksensa
abessive		marattaan marattansa	maroittaan maroittansa
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	maroineen maroinensa

Etymology 2

From Spanish mará.

Noun

mara

mara (hare-like South American rodent of the genus Dolichotis)

Declension

Inflection of mara (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		mara	marat
genitive		maran	marojen
partitive		maraa	maroja
illative		maraan	maroihin
		singular	plural
nominative		mara	marat
accusative	nom.	mara	marat
accusative	gen.	maran	marat
genitive		maran	marojen marain ^rare
partitive		maraa	maroja
inessive		marassa	maroissa
elative		marasta	maroista
illative		maraan	maroihin
adessive		maralla	maroilla
ablative		maralta	maroilta
allative		maralle	maroille
essive		marana	maroina
translative		maraksi	maroiksi
abessive		maratta	maroitta
instructive		—	maroin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of mara (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		marani	marani
accusative	nom.	marani	marani
accusative	gen.	marani	marani
genitive		marani	marojeni maraini ^rare
partitive		maraani	marojani
inessive		marassani	maroissani
elative		marastani	maroistani
illative		maraani	maroihini
adessive		marallani	maroillani
ablative		maraltani	maroiltani
allative		maralleni	maroilleni
essive		maranani	maroinani
translative		marakseni	maroikseni
abessive		marattani	maroittani
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	maroineni

second-person singular possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		marasi	marasi
accusative	nom.	marasi	marasi
accusative	gen.	marasi	marasi
genitive		marasi	marojesi maraisi ^rare
partitive		maraasi	marojasi
inessive		marassasi	maroissasi
elative		marastasi	maroistasi
illative		maraasi	maroihisi
adessive		marallasi	maroillasi
ablative		maraltasi	maroiltasi
allative		marallesi	maroillesi
essive		maranasi	maroinasi
translative		maraksesi	maroiksesi
abessive		marattasi	maroittasi
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	maroinesi

first-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		maramme	maramme
accusative	nom.	maramme	maramme
accusative	gen.	maramme	maramme
genitive		maramme	marojemme maraimme ^rare
partitive		maraamme	marojamme
inessive		marassamme	maroissamme
elative		marastamme	maroistamme
illative		maraamme	maroihimme
adessive		marallamme	maroillamme
ablative		maraltamme	maroiltamme
allative		marallemme	maroillemme
essive		maranamme	maroinamme
translative		maraksemme	maroiksemme
abessive		marattamme	maroittamme
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	maroinemme

second-person plural possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		maranne	maranne
accusative	nom.	maranne	maranne
accusative	gen.	maranne	maranne
genitive		maranne	marojenne marainne ^rare
partitive		maraanne	marojanne
inessive		marassanne	maroissanne
elative		marastanne	maroistanne
illative		maraanne	maroihinne
adessive		marallanne	maroillanne
ablative		maraltanne	maroiltanne
allative		marallenne	maroillenne
essive		marananne	maroinanne
translative		maraksenne	maroiksenne
abessive		marattanne	maroittanne
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	maroinenne

third-person possessor
		singular	plural
nominative		maransa	maransa
accusative	nom.	maransa	maransa
accusative	gen.	maransa	maransa
genitive		maransa	marojensa marainsa ^rare
partitive		maraansa	marojaan marojansa
inessive		marassaan marassansa	maroissaan maroissansa
elative		marastaan marastansa	maroistaan maroistansa
illative		maraansa	maroihinsa
adessive		marallaan marallansa	maroillaan maroillansa
ablative		maraltaan maraltansa	maroiltaan maroiltansa
allative		maralleen marallensa	maroilleen maroillensa
essive		maranaan maranansa	maroinaan maroinansa
translative		marakseen maraksensa	maroikseen maroiksensa
abessive		marattaan marattansa	maroittaan maroittansa
instructive		—	—
comitative		—	maroineen maroinensa

Derived terms

compounds

Anagrams

maar

Gamilaraay

Alternative forms

mārā, márá, murra, mŭrră

Etymology

From Proto-Central New South Wales *mara, from Proto-Pama-Nyungan *mara.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /maɻa/

Noun

mara

hand
finger

Quotations

1856, William Ridley, “On the Kamilaroi Tribe of Australians and Their Dialect”, in Journal of the Ethnological Society of London, volume 4:
Hand . . . mārā
Fingers . . mŭrră.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)
1856, William Ridley, gurre kamilaroi, or Kamilaroi Sayings:
immanuel murra kawāni miedul, goe, “miēdūl waria.”
Immanuel by hand took the girl, said “damsel arise”.
(please add an English translation of this quotation)
1873, William Ridley, Australian Languages and Traditions, in The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, volume 2:
Hand|murra
1903, R. H. Mathews, Languages of the Kamilaroi and Other Aboriginal Tribes of New South Wales, in The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, volume 33:
Hand .... ....|murra

References

Barry Alpher Proto-Pama-Nyungan etyma, in Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, edited by Claire Bowern and Harold Koch (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004)
Peter Austin, A Reference Dictionary of Gamilaraay, northern New South Wales (1993)

Guinea-Bissau Creole

Etymology

From Portuguese amarrar. Cognate with Kabuverdianu mára.

Verb

mara

to tie

Icelandic

Verb

mara (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative maraði, supine marað)

to float under the surface

Conjugation

mara — active voice (germynd)

	Forms with appended personal pronoun
infinitive (nafnháttur)		að mara
supine (sagnbót)		marað
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		marandi
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég mara	við mörum	present (nútíð)	ég mari	við mörum
	þú marar	þið marið		þú marir	þið marið
	hann, hún, það marar	þeir, þær, þau mara		hann, hún, það mari	þeir, þær, þau mari

past (þátíð)	ég maraði	við möruðum	past (þátíð)	ég maraði	við möruðum
	þú maraðir	þið möruðuð		þú maraðir	þið möruðuð
	hann, hún, það maraði	þeir, þær, þau möruðu		hann, hún, það maraði	þeir, þær, þau möruðu

imperative (boðháttur)	mara (þú)	marið (þið)
	maraðu	mariði *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

marast — mediopassive voice (miðmynd)

	Forms with appended personal pronoun
infinitive (nafnháttur)		að marast
supine (sagnbót)		marast
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		marandist the mediopassive present participle is extremely rare and normally not used; it is never used attributively or predicatively, only for explicatory subclauses
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég marast	við mörumst	present (nútíð)	ég marist	við mörumst
	þú marast	þið marist		þú marist	þið marist
	hann, hún, það marast	þeir, þær, þau marast		hann, hún, það marist	þeir, þær, þau marist

past (þátíð)	ég maraðist	við möruðumst	past (þátíð)	ég maraðist	við möruðumst
	þú maraðist	þið möruðust		þú maraðist	þið möruðust
	hann, hún, það maraðist	þeir, þær, þau möruðust		hann, hún, það maraðist	þeir, þær, þau möruðust

imperative (boðháttur)	marast (þú)	marist (þið)
	marastu	maristi *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

maraður — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)

strong declension (sterk beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
strong declension (sterk beyging)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	maraður	möruð	marað	maraðir	maraðar	möruð
accusative (þolfall)	maraðan	maraða	marað	maraða	maraðar	möruð
dative (þágufall)	möruðum	maraðri	möruðu	möruðum	möruðum	möruðum
genitive (eignarfall)	maraðs	maraðrar	maraðs	maraðra	maraðra	maraðra

weak declension (veik beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
weak declension (veik beyging)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	maraði	maraða	maraða	möruðu	möruðu	möruðu
accusative (þolfall)	maraða	möruðu	maraða	möruðu	möruðu	möruðu
dative (þágufall)	maraða	möruðu	maraða	möruðu	möruðu	möruðu
genitive (eignarfall)	maraða	möruðu	maraða	möruðu	möruðu	möruðu

Noun

mara f (genitive singular möru, nominative plural mörur)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Declension

Declension of mara
f-w1	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mara	maran	mörur	mörurnar
accusative	möru	möruna	mörur	mörurnar
dative	möru	mörunni	mörum	mörunum
genitive	möru	mörunnar	mara	maranna

Indonesian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈma.ra]
Hyphenation: ma‧ra

Etymology 1

From Sanskrit मार (māra, “slaughter, destruction”).

Noun

mara (first-person possessive maraku, second-person possessive maramu, third-person possessive maranya)

calamity, danger
Synonyms: bahala, bahaya, bala, bencana, cobaan, dakiat, keapesan, kecelakaan, kegagalan, kemaharan, kemalangan, kemudaratan, kerugian, kesialan, malapetaka, mara

Synonyms

Etymology 2

Unknown

Verb

mara

to go

Etymology 3

From Sanskrit कोट (koṭa, “fort, shed, hut”) +‎ मार (māra, “killing, destroying”).

Noun

mara (first-person possessive maraku, second-person possessive maramu, third-person possessive maranya)

Alternative spelling of kotamara (“a kind of naval defensive structure”).

Irish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈmˠaɾˠə]

Noun

mara f

inflection of muir (“sea”):
1. genitive singular
2. plural

Conjunction

mara

Cois Fharraige form of mura (“if... not, unless”)

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
mara	mhara	not applicable
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Japanese

Romanization

mara

Rōmaji transcription of まら

Kaurna

Etymology

From Proto-Pama-Nyungan *mara.

Noun

mara

hand

Derived terms

marawardli (“palm”)
marawaka (“cupped hands”)

Laz

Conjunction

mara

Latin spelling of მარა (mara)

Maltese

Etymology

From Arabic اِمْرَأة (imraʔa, “woman; wife”). Formally, a backformation from the latter’s definite form اَلْمَرْأة (al-marʔa) as in most modern Arabic dialects.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈma.ra/

Noun

mara f (construct state mart or (archaic) mrat, plural nisa, masculine raġel or żewġ)

woman
- 2023, Keith Borg, magħġuna fit-tbenġil, Ede Books, →ISBN:
  kull skuża
  f’soċjetà kkankrata
  li ma tridx taf b’mara
  sakemm m’hemmx kwota
  li ma tridx taf b’mara
  sakemm ma tridx tivvota
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
wife
- 1966, Anton Buttigieg, “Agnes”, in Ejjew Nidħku Ftit Ieħor:
  Miexja fil-funeral ta’ kuġintha
  mart it-tabib, li mietet fl-aħjar tagħha;
  u f’moħħha ħsieb għaddej li t-tabib jista’
  kif jgħaddi ftit taż-żmien, jitgħarras magħha.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
female (of an animal)

Inflection

Inflected forms
Personal-pronoun- including forms	singular		plural
Personal-pronoun- including forms	m	f	plural
1^st person	marti		martna
2^nd person	martek		martkom
3^rd person	martu	martha	marthom

Inflected forms
Personal-pronoun- including forms	singular		plural
Personal-pronoun- including forms	m	f	plural
1^st person	mrati		mratna
2^nd person	mratek		mratkom
3^rd person	mratu	mratha	mrathom

Derived terms

Mangarevan

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *mala, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *malaŋ.

Verb

mara

(stative) be unhappy, dispirited

Mapudungun

Noun

mara (Raguileo spelling)

rabbit
hare

References

Wixaleyiñ: Mapucezugun-wigkazugun pici hemvlcijka (Wixaleyiñ: Small Mapudungun-Spanish dictionary), Beretta, Marta; Cañumil, Dario; Cañumil, Tulio, 2008.

Maranao

Etymology

Akin to Tetum maran.

Adjective

mara

dry

Martuthunira

Etymology

From Proto-Ngayarda *mara, from Proto-Pama-Nyungan *mara.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /maɻa/

Noun

mara

hand

References

Barry Alpher Proto-Pama-Nyungan etyma, in Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, edited by Claire Bowern and Harold Koch (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004)
Dench, Alan Charles. 1995. Martuthunira: A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Series C-125.

Ngiyambaa

Etymology

From Proto-Pama-Nyungan *mara.

Noun

mara

hand

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

maren m

Noun

mara f

definite singular of mare

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

mara f (definite singular mara, indefinite plural marer or maror, definite plural marene or marone)

(pre-2012) alternative form of mare
definite singular of mare

Verb

mara (present tense marar, past tense mara, past participle mara, passive infinitive marast, present participle marande, imperative mara/mar)

Alternative form of mare

Anagrams

amar, arma

Nyunga

Alternative forms

marra
maar (eastern dialect)

Etymology

From Proto-Pama-Nyungan *mara.

Noun

mara

(northern dialect) hand

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *maiʀō.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈmɑːrɑ/

Adjective

māra

comparative degree of miċel: more
greater
- c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent Sunday"
  Māre wundor is þæt God Ælmihtig ǣlce dæġ fēt ealne middangeard,...
  A greater miracle it is that God Almighty every day feeds all the world,...

Declension

Declension of māra — Weak only

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	māra	māre	māre
Accusative	māran	māran	māre
Genitive	māran	māran	māran
Dative	māran	māran	māran
Instrumental	māran	māran	māran
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	māran	māran	māran
Accusative	māran	māran	māran
Genitive	mārra, mārena	mārra, mārena	mārra, mārena
Dative	mārum	mārum	mārum
Instrumental	mārum	mārum	mārum

Descendants

Middle English: more, mare, moore
- English: more
- Geordie English: mair
- Scots: mair
- Yola: mo', more

Old Norse

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *marǭ.

Noun

mara f (genitive mǫru)

nightmare, incubus

Declension

Declension of mara (weak ōn-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
feminine	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	mara	maran	mǫrur	mǫrurnar
accusative	mǫru	mǫruna	mǫrur	mǫrurnar
dative	mǫru	mǫrunni	mǫrum	mǫrunum
genitive	mǫru	mǫrunnar	marna	marnanna

Descendants

Danish: mare c
Icelandic: mara f
Norwegian Nynorsk: mare f
Norwegian Bokmål: mare m or f
Swedish: mara c

Etymology 2

Probably related to marr m (“sea”).

Verb

mara

to be waterlogged, float low in the water
marði þá undir þeim skipit

Conjugation

Conjugation of mara — active (weak class 3)

indicative	present	past
infinitive	mara
present participle	marandi
past participle	maraðr
1st-person singular	mari	marða
2nd-person singular	marir	marðir
3rd-person singular	marir	marði
1st-person plural	mǫrum	mǫrðum
2nd-person plural	marið	mǫrðuð
3rd-person plural	mara	mǫrðu
subjunctive	present	past
1st-person singular	mara	merða
2nd-person singular	marir	merðir
3rd-person singular	mari	merði
1st-person plural	marim	merðim
2nd-person plural	marið	merðið
3rd-person plural	mari	merði
imperative	present
2nd-person singular	mar
1st-person plural	mǫrum
2nd-person plural	marið

Conjugation of mara — mediopassive (weak class 3)

indicative	present	past
infinitive	marask
present participle	marandisk
past participle	marazk
1st-person singular	mǫrumk	mǫrðumk
2nd-person singular	marisk	marðisk
3rd-person singular	marisk	marðisk
1st-person plural	mǫrumsk	mǫrðumsk
2nd-person plural	marizk	mǫrðuzk
3rd-person plural	marask	mǫrðusk
subjunctive	present	past
1st-person singular	marumk	merðumk
2nd-person singular	marisk	merðisk
3rd-person singular	marisk	merðisk
1st-person plural	marimsk	merðimsk
2nd-person plural	marizk	merðizk
3rd-person plural	marisk	merðisk
imperative	present
2nd-person singular	marsk
1st-person plural	mǫrumsk
2nd-person plural	marizk

Etymology 3

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

mara

genitive plural of marr
genitive plural of marr

References

"mara", in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

𑀫𑀭 (Brahmi script)
मर (Devanagari script)
মর (Bengali script)
මර (Sinhalese script)
မရ (Burmese script)
มร or มะระ (Thai script)
ᨾᩁ (Tai Tham script)
ມຣ or ມະຣະ (Lao script)
មរ (Khmer script)
𑄟𑄢 (Chakma script)

Verb

mara

second-person singular imperative active of marati (“to die”)

Panyjima

Etymology

From Proto-Ngayarda *mara, from Proto-Pama-Nyungan *mara.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /maɻa/

Noun

mara

hand

References

Barry Alpher Proto-Pama-Nyungan etyma, in Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, edited by Claire Bowern and Harold Koch (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004)
Dench, Alan. 1991. ‘Panyjima’. R.M.W. Dixon, Barry J. Blake (eds.) The Handbook of Australian Languages, Volume 4. Melbourne: Oxford University Press Australia, 125–244.

Papiamentu

Etymology

From Portuguese amarrar and Spanish amarrar and Kabuverdianu mára.

The Portuguese word comes from Dutch aanmeren.

Verb

mara

to tie

Polish

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Mare_(folklore)

Wikipedia

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *mara. Compare English mare, German Mahr.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈma.ra/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ara
Syllabification: ma‧ra

Noun

mara f

(literary) A dream, nightmare.
(Slavic mythology) A creature believed to drain sleeping people of their blood or energy; wight, mare.

Declension

Declension of mara

	singular	plural
nominative	mara	mary
genitive	mary	mar
dative	marze	marom
accusative	marę	mary
instrumental	marą	marami
locative	marze	marach
vocative	maro	mary

Descendants

→ Belarusian: ма́ра (mára)

Portuguese

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈma.ɾɐ/

Homophone: Mara

Etymology 1

Adjective

mara (invariable)

(Brazil, slang) Clipping of maravilhoso.
- Carmen Pimentel (quoting “Siba”), Comunidades virtuais, comunidades linguísticas in 2015, Idioma, n. 29, page 192:
  Hum 700 g a menos tá mara!
  Some 700 fewer grams would be great!
- 2018, Valentina Schulz, O Diário da Valen: Confissões de um ano inesquecível, Editora Alto Astral, page 61:
  O importante é que a pizza estava mara e conseguimos estudar e jogar um pouco de Xbox (perdi feio, só pra constar).
  The important thing is that the pizza was great and we were able to study and play some Xbox (I lost badly, just so you know).
- 2019, Wagner Fontoura, O Cozinheiro de Bangu, Nau Editora, page 144:
  Arthur, o negócio aqui tá mara!
  Arthur, things are awesome here!

Etymology 2

From Spanish mara.

Noun

mara f (plural maras)

mara (Central American street gang)

Etymology 3

Verb

mara

inflection of marar:
1. third-person singular present indicative
2. second-person singular imperative

Rapa Nui

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *mala, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *malaŋ.

Verb

mara

to start rotting, going bad

Noun

mara

lump, bruise (from a blow)

Scottish Gaelic

Noun

mara f sg

genitive singular of muir (“sea, ocean”)

Mutation

Mutation of *mara*
radical	lenition
mara	mhara

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Scottish Gaelic.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Spanish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈmaɾa/ [ˈma.ɾa]
Rhymes: -aɾa
Syllabification: ma‧ra

Etymology 1

Clipping of marabunta.

Noun

mara f (plural maras)

(colloquial) people in one's in-group, crew, gang, squad
Cariño, hoy en la noche saldré con la mara de la empresa. ― Honey, tonight I'm going out with the crew from work.
(El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico) criminal gang
Synonym: pandilla

A mediados de 2012, se acordó una tregua entre las maras salvadoreñas y el gobierno local. ― In mid-2012, a truce was orchestrated between Salvadorian gangs and the local government.

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Noun

mara f (plural maras)

Patagonian mara (Dolichotis patagonum)

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Tamil மரம் (maram, “tree”) (occurring in the names of many woods).

Noun

mara f (plural maras)

Calophyllum calaba

Etymology 4

Noun

mara f (plural maras)

Obsolete form of maga (“Thespesia grandiflora”).

Sundanese

Noun

mara (Sundanese script ᮙᮛ)

(botany) Macaranga tanarius (parasol leaf tree)

Swahili

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic مَرَّة (marra).

Pronunciation

Audio (Kenya): (file)

Noun

mara (n class, plural mara)

time (used to form adverbial numbers, as in "one time" (i.e. once))

Usage notes

See Appendix:Swahili numbers#Adverbial numbers.

Derived terms

mara kwa mara (“from time to time, occasionally”)
mara moja (“once; immediately, right away”)

Adverb

mara

suddenly
- 1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 3:
  […] lakini mara alijikuta akisema kichinichini, "Potelea mbali, nitakwenda."
  […] but suddenly he found himself saying secretly, "To hell, I'll go."

Swedish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /²mɑːra/
Rhymes: -²ɑːra

Etymology 1

From Old Norse mara, from Proto-Germanic *marǭ; cognate to Old English mare or mære.

Noun

mara c

a mythological creature blamed for giving people nightmares

Declension

Declension of mara

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	mara	maras
singular	definite	maran	marans
plural	indefinite	maror	marors
plural	definite	marorna	marornas

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Noun

mara c

Clipping of maratonlopp n (“marathon race”).

Declension

Declension of mara

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	mara	maras
singular	definite	maran	marans
plural	indefinite	maror	marors
plural	definite	marorna	marornas

References

Anagrams

aram., arma, rama

Welsh

Pronunciation

(North Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈmara/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈmaːra/, /ˈmara/

Noun

mara

Nasal mutation of bara (“bread”).

Mutation

Mutated forms of *bara*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
bara	fara	mara	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Yámana

Verb

mara

hear

Synonyms

muS

mara

English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Translations

Further reading

Etymology 2

Noun

Related terms

Translations

Further reading

Etymology 3

Noun

Derived terms

Translations

References

See also

Anagrams

Afar

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Verb

References

'Are'are

Verb

References

Baagandji

Etymology

Noun

Balinese

Romanization

Bambara

Noun

Derived terms

Verb

Bikol Central

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Derived terms

Cypriot Arabic

Etymology

Noun

Derived terms

References

Dieri

Etymology

Noun

Esperanto

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adjective

Fijian

Etymology

Noun

Related terms

References

Finnish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

Etymology 2

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Anagrams

Gamilaraay

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Quotations