mura

See also: Mura, múra, murá, mură, múra, müra, and můra

English

Etymology

From Japanese 斑 (mura, literally “blemish, fluctuation”).

Pronunciation

• (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this pronunciation?) (particularly: /u/ seems unlikely) IPA^(key): /ˈmu.ɹə/
• Rhymes: -ʊəɹə

Noun

mura (uncountable)

1. Nonuniformity in the luminance of a display device.

   US Patent 5,917,935, Mura detection apparatus and method, 1996 [1]:

   Major classes of LCFPD defects encountered at the final inspection are often pixel defects or wide-area pixel defects (also known as Mura defects).

   NASA Scientific and Technical Information, 2008 [2]:

   Software Simulates Sight: Flat Panel Mura Detection

2. (business) A form of waste, or deviation from optimal allocation of resources, that occurs when inventory is required but not immediately available.

   Coordinate terms: muda, muri

Translations

luminance non-uniformity

• French: mura (fr) m
• Japanese: むら (ja)
• Korean: 얼룩 (ko) (eolluk)

Anagrams

• 'umra, Amur, Maru, Umar, amur, arum, maru

Catalan

Verb

mura

1. inflection of murar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Cebuano

Alternative forms

• murag, mura'g — with og, combining form

Etymology

Univerbation of mao ra (“just the same”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /muˈɾa/ [mʊˈɾ̪a]
• IPA^(key): /ˈmuɾa/ [ˈmu.ɾ̪ɐ]
• Hyphenation: mu‧ra

Preposition

murá or mura (Badlit spelling ᜋᜓᜇ)

1. (colloquial) seem, like, looks like

   Synonyms: daw, sama, ingon, sahi, nawong

   Mura siya'g gikapoy. ― S/he seemed tired.

   Ang kinabuhi murag bulak ― Life is like a flower.

   Moadto ka? – Mura.

   Will you go? – It looks like I will.

2. (colloquial) as if, as though

   Synonyms: mura ba, sahi

   Nagbuotbuot siya murag kinsa. ― He took it upon himself as though he were someone.

3. (uncommon) Short for mao ra (“that's all; the same”).

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *mura, probably from the same Proto-Uralic *mura- (“to break”) as murtaa, or alternatively from Proto-Germanic [Term?] (compare Icelandic mor).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmurɑ/, [ˈmurɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -urɑ
• Syllabification^(key): mu‧ra

Noun

mura

1. gravel, sediment

Declension

Inflection of mura (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)
nominative		mura	murat
genitive		muran	murien
partitive		muraa	muria
illative		muraan	muriin
		singular	plural
nominative		mura	murat
accusative	nom.	mura	murat
	gen.	muran
genitive		muran	murien murain rare
partitive		muraa	muria
inessive		murassa	murissa
elative		murasta	murista
illative		muraan	muriin
adessive		muralla	murilla
ablative		muralta	murilta
allative		muralle	murille
essive		murana	murina
translative		muraksi	muriksi
abessive		muratta	muritta
instructive		—	murin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of mura (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative murani murani accusative nom. murani murani gen. murani genitive murani murieni muraini rare partitive muraani muriani inessive murassani murissani elative murastani muristani illative muraani muriini adessive murallani murillani ablative muraltani muriltani allative muralleni murilleni essive muranani murinani translative murakseni murikseni abessive murattani murittani instructive — — comitative — murineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative murasi murasi accusative nom. murasi murasi gen. murasi genitive murasi muriesi muraisi rare partitive muraasi muriasi inessive murassasi murissasi elative murastasi muristasi illative muraasi muriisi adessive murallasi murillasi ablative muraltasi muriltasi allative murallesi murillesi essive muranasi murinasi translative muraksesi muriksesi abessive murattasi murittasi instructive — — comitative — murinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative muramme muramme accusative nom. muramme muramme gen. muramme genitive muramme muriemme muraimme rare partitive muraamme muriamme inessive murassamme murissamme elative murastamme muristamme illative muraamme muriimme adessive murallamme murillamme ablative muraltamme muriltamme allative murallemme murillemme essive muranamme murinamme translative muraksemme muriksemme abessive murattamme murittamme instructive — — comitative — murinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative muranne muranne accusative nom. muranne muranne gen. muranne genitive muranne murienne murainne rare partitive muraanne murianne inessive murassanne murissanne elative murastanne muristanne illative muraanne muriinne adessive murallanne murillanne ablative muraltanne muriltanne allative murallenne murillenne essive murananne murinanne translative muraksenne muriksenne abessive murattanne murittanne instructive — — comitative — murinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative muransa muransa accusative nom. muransa muransa gen. muransa genitive muransa muriensa murainsa rare partitive muraansa muriaan muriansa inessive murassaan murassansa murissaan murissansa elative murastaan murastansa muristaan muristansa illative muraansa muriinsa adessive murallaan murallansa murillaan murillansa ablative muraltaan muraltansa muriltaan muriltansa allative muralleen murallensa murilleen murillensa essive muranaan muranansa murinaan murinansa translative murakseen muraksensa murikseen muriksensa abessive murattaan murattansa murittaan murittansa instructive — — comitative — murineen murinensa

Derived terms

• Muranen

 

Further reading

• “mura”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

Anagrams

• Amur, ruma

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /my.ʁa/

• Audio:

  (file)

Verb

mura

1. third-person singular past historic of murer

Galician

Verb

mura

1. inflection of murar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Hadza

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /muɺa/

Verb

mura

1. to be burned

   Synonym: tlhoshô

Icelandic

Etymology

Cognate with Faroese mura, Norwegian Nynorsk mure, Norwegian Bokmål mure.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmʏːra/
• Rhymes: -ʏːra

Noun

mura f (genitive singular muru, nominative plural murur)

1. cinquefoil, potentilla (plant of the genus Potentilla)

Derived terms

• blóðmura (“tormentil (Potentilla erecta)”)
• gullmura (“alpine cinquefoil (Potentilla crantzii)”)
• runnamura (“shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa)”)
• skeljamura (“Eged's silverweed (Argentina egedii)”)
• tágamura (“silverweed Argentina anserina (syn. Potentilla anserina)”)

Irish

Alternative forms

• mara (Cois Fharraige)
• muna

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmˠʊɾˠə/
• (Ulster, unstressed) IPA^(key): /ˈmˠəɾˠ/

Conjunction

mura (triggers eclipsis; takes the dependent form of irregular verbs)

1. if... not, unless

   mura mbainfidh taisme dó ― unless he meets with an accident

   Mura gceannaíonn siad anseo é, faigheann siad sa bhaile é.

   If they don’t buy it here, they get it in town.

   Mura raibh tú sásta leis, cad chuige ar ghlac tú é?

   If you weren’t satisfied with it, why did you accept it?

   Mura dtéinn leis, maraítí é

   If I hadn’t gone with him, he would have been killed

Usage notes

• Not used before the past tense except with some irregular verbs.

Derived terms

• murar (used before the past tense of regular and some irregular verbs)

Particle

mura (copular form used before consonants, form used before vowels murab)

1. if... is not, unless... is (present copular form before a consonant)

   mura bréag é ― if it is not a lie

Related terms

Irish copular forms

Simple copular forms Present/future Affirmative Negative Interrogative Neg. inter. Main clauses is ní an nach Direct relative clauses nach Indirect relative clauses ar, arbv Other subordinate clauses gur, gurbv an nach Past/conditional Affirmative Negative Interrogative Neg. inter. Main clauses ba, b’v níor, níorbhv ar, arbhv nár, nárbhv Direct relative clauses ba, abv nár, nárbhv Indirect relative clauses ar, arbhv Other subordinate clauses gur, gurbhv ar, arbhv nár, nárbhv Present subjunctive Affirmative Negative gura, gurabv nára, nárabv		Compound copular forms Base word Present/future Past/conditional cá cár, cárbv cár, cárbhv cé cér, cérbv cér, cérbhv dá dá mba, dá mb’v de/do dar, darbv dar, darbhv faoi faoinar, faoinarbv faoinar, faoinarbhv i inar, inarbv inar, inarbhv le lenar, lenarbv lenar, lenarbhv má más má ba, má b’v mura mura, murabv murar, murarbhv ó (prep.) ónar, ónarbv ónar, ónarbhv ó (conj.) ós ó ba, ó b’v trí trínar, trínarbv trínar, trínarbhv
v Used before vowel sounds

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “mura”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “mura”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “mura”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmu.ra/
• Rhymes: -ura
• Hyphenation: mù‧ra

Noun

mura f pl

1. plural of muro (“wall”)
2. (plural only) city walls, battlements

Verb

mura

1. inflection of murare:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Japanese

Romanization

mura

1. Rōmaji transcription of むら

Machame

Noun

mura

1. water

References

• Philippson, Gérard, Gens des bananeraies. Contribution linguistique à l'histoire culturelle des Chaga du Kilimandjaro (1984, 'cahier' 16, Paris, Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations)

Norwegian Bokmål

Noun

mura f

1. definite singular of mure

Verb

mura

1. past tense of mure
2. supine of mure

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

From Old Norse múra.

Verb

mura (present tense murar, past tense mura, past participle mura, passive infinitive murast, present participle murande, imperative mura/mur)

1. alternative form of mure

Etymology 2

From Old Norse mura.

Noun

mura f (definite singular mura, indefinite plural murer or muror, definite plural murene or murone)

1. definite singular of mure
2. (pre-2012) alternative form of mure

References

• “mura” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Occitan

Alternative forms

• mur

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈmuro]

Noun

mura f (plural muras)

1. (Guardiol) wall

Old High German

Alternative forms

• mūri

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *mūrā, borrowed from Latin mūrus, from Proto-Italic *moiros, from Proto-Indo-European *mey-.

Noun

mūra f

1. wall

Declension

Declension of mūra (ō-stem)

case	singular	plural
nominative	mūra	mūrā
accusative	mūra	mūrā
genitive	mūra	mūrōno
dative	mūru	mūrōm

Derived terms

• mūrāri

 

Descendants

• Middle High German: mūre, miure, mūr, miur
  • Alemannic German: Muur
  • Central Franconian: Mouer (Moselle)
    • Hunsrik: Mauer
    • Luxembourgish: Mauer
  • German: Mauer
  • Rhine Franconian: Mauer, Muur
    • Frankfurterisch: [mauæ̆]
  • Yiddish: מויער (moyer)
  • → Polish: mur (see there for further descendants)

References

• "mūra" in Köbler, Gerhard, Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch (6th edition 2014)

Old Norse

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

mura f (genitive muru)

1. silvergrass, goosegrass

Descendants

• Icelandic: mura
• Faroese: mura
• Norwegian Nynorsk: mure
• Norwegian Bokmål: mure

References

• “mura”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: mu‧ra

Verb

mura

1. inflection of murar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Romanian

Etymology

From moare (“sauerkraut brine”), probably from Latin muries, muria.

Verb

a mura (third-person singular present mură, past participle murat) 1st conj.

1. to pickle

Conjugation

    conjugation of mura (first conjugation, -ez- infix)

infinitive			a mura
gerund			murând
past participle			murat
number		singular			plural
person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	murez	murezi	murează	murăm	murați	murează
	imperfect	muram	murai	mura	muram	murați	murau
	simple perfect	murai	murași	mură	murarăm	murarăți	murară
	pluperfect	murasem	muraseși	murase	muraserăm	muraserăți	muraseră
subjunctive		eu	tu	el/ea	noi	voi	ei/ele
	present	să murez	să murezi	să mureze	să murăm	să murați	să mureze
imperative		—	tu	—	—	voi	—
	affirmative		murează			murați
	negative		nu mura			nu murați

Derived terms

• murat
• murătură

Rwa

Noun

mura

1. water

References

• Philippson, Gérard, Gens des bananeraies. Contribution linguistique à l'histoire culturelle des Chaga du Kilimandjaro (1984, 'cahier' 16, Paris, Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations)

Scottish Gaelic

Alternative forms

• mur

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /muɾə/

Conjunction

mura

1. not, unless

Usage notes

• This is the negative form of the conjunctions ma (“if”).
• Also used as the negative form of conjunctions nan/nam ("if" in conditional clauses).

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈmuɾa/ [ˈmu.ɾa]
• Rhymes: -uɾa
• Syllabification: mu‧ra

Verb

mura

1. inflection of murar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Swedish

Etymology

mur (“(free-standing) wall, brick”) +‎ -a

Verb

mura (present murar, preterite murade, supine murat, imperative mura)

1. (usually with a particle) to brick, to wall (build with bricks)

   mura igen/för

   brick up

   mura in

   immure

   mura fast

   fix in position with bricks and/or mortar

   en murad skorsten

   a brick chimney

Conjugation

Conjugation of mura (weak)

	Active		Passive
Infinitive	mura		muras
Supine	murat		murats
Imperative	mura		—
Imper. plural1	muren		—
	Present	Past	Present	Past
Indicative	murar	murade	muras	murades
Ind. plural1	mura	murade	muras	murades
Subjunctive2	mure	murade	mures	murades
	Participles
Present participle	murande
Past participle	murad
1 Archaic. 2 Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs.

Related terms

• mura för
• mura igen
• mura in

See also

• tegelsten (“brick”)
• murbruk (“mortar”)

References

• mura in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• mura in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• mura in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

Tagalog

Alternative forms

• mora — obsolete, Spanish-based orthography

Etymology 1

Uncertain. Dempwolff 1934-1938 posited this (along with the Malay etymon and cognates in Javanese, Malagasy, Ngaju Dayak and Toba Dayak) to be inherited from Proto-Austronesian *mudaq (“cheap; easy”), but this would result in the Tagalog being *murà (/ˈmuɾaʔ/). Blust 2010- posits this (and cognates) are a possibly a borrowing from Malay murah.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈmuɾa/ [ˈmuː.ɾɐ]
• Rhymes: -uɾa
• Syllabification: mu‧ra

Adjective

mura (Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜇ)

1. cheap

   Synonym: barato

   Antonym: mahal

Derived terms

• ipagmura
• kamurahan
• magmura
• makamura
• mamura
• mumurahin
• pagkamura
• pagmura

 

Etymology 2

Clipping of alimura or possibly similar to etymology 1, with the sense of degrading someone's worth. Compare mahal (“precious; high value; love”), Bikol Central muda (“swear word”), Hiligaynon mulay (“to criticize maliciously; to disparage”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈmuɾa/ [ˈmuː.ɾɐ], /muˈɾa/ [mʊˈɾa]
• Rhymes: -uɾa, -a
• Syllabification: mu‧ra

Noun

mura or murá (Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜇ)

1. swear word; slander; vulgarity
2. (Batangas) scolding; reprimand

   Synonyms: sigaw, sabon, sermon

Derived terms

• magmura
• magmurahan
• mamura
• mapagmura
• murahan
• murahin
• pagmumura
• pakamura-murahin
• palamura

 

Etymology 3

Cognate of Malay muda. Either from:

• From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *muda (“young (of fruits); immature; light (of colors)”)
• From Pali muddha (“foolish, bewildered”), from Sanskrit मुग्ध (mugdha, “foolish, bewildered, young”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈmuɾaʔ/ [ˈmuː.ɾɐʔ]
• Rhymes: -uɾaʔ
• Syllabification: mu‧ra

Noun

murà (Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜇ)

1. (dialectal, Southern Tagalog) (young fruit of) coconut

   Synonym: buko

2. young (particularly of fruit, or human age)

   Synonym: bata

Adjective

murà (Baybayin spelling ᜋᜓᜇ)

1. young

   Synonym: bata

2. unripe (of fruits)

   Synonyms: hilaw, bubot

3. light (of colors)

   Synonym: mapusyaw

   Antonym: magulang

Derived terms

• kamuraan
• magmurang-kamatis
• murang bait
• murang edad
• murang katawan
• pagkamura

 

Further reading

• “mura”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

Wiradjuri

Alternative forms

• marra, murra

Etymology

From Proto-Central New South Wales *mara, from Proto-Pama-Nyungan *mara (compare Gamilaraay mara).

Noun

mura

1. hand