Gary Webb
| Gary Webb | |
|---|---|
| File:Gary webb portrait.jpg | |
| Ubezalwa |
Gary Stephen Webb August 31, 1955 Corona, California, U.S. |
| Ubefa |
ngoZibendlela 10, 2004 (iminyaka ama-49) Carmichael, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Suicide |
| Education | Northern Kentucky University |
| Occupation | Investigative journalist |
| Years active | 1980–2004 |
| Notable credit(s) |
Cleveland Plain Dealer San Jose Mercury News |
| Spouse | Susan Bell (m. 1979) |
| Children | 3 |
UGary Stephen Webb (Agasti 31, 1955 - Disemba 10, 2004) wayeyintatheli yaseMelika ephenya.
Uqale umsebenzi wakhe esebenzela amaphephandaba eKentucky nase-Ohio, ewina imiklomelo eminingi, futhi wazakhela idumela eliqinile ngokubhala okuphenyayo.Eqashwe yiSan Jose Mercury News, uWebb ufake isandla ekuphumeni komklomelo wePulitzer Prize ngokuzamazama komhlaba kwaseLoma Prieta .
Impilo yokuqala nemfundo
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]UWebb wazalelwa eCorona, eCalifornia . Ubaba wakhe wayengusayitsheni wasolwandle, futhi umndeni wawuthutha njalo, njengoba umsebenzi wakhe wawumyisa ezabelweni ezintsha.Lapho ubaba kaWebb ethatha umhlalaphansi eMarines, umndeni wahlala edolobhaneni lase- Indianapolis, lapho uWebb nomfowabo bafunda khona esikoleni esiphakeme. [1]
Ngemuva kwesikole samabanga aphakeme, uWebb waya ekolishi lomphakathi lase-Indianapolis ngomfundaze waze umndeni wakhe wathuthela eCincinnati.Wabe esedlulela eNyakatho Kentucky University eseduzane. [2]
Umsebenzi wokuqala
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Umsebenzi okuphenya Webb kuqala ezinkulu uvele 1980, lapho Cincinnati Thumela eshicilelwe "I yamalahle Connection," a nesikhombisa chungechunge olunezihloko ngu Webb futhi Thumela intatheli Thomas Scheffey. [3] Uchungechunge, oluhlolisise ukubulawa kukamongameli wenkampani yamalahle nezixhumanisi nobugebengu obuhleliwe, luwine umklomelo kazwelonke we-Investigative Reporters and Editors Award ngokubika ephephandabeni elincane.
Ukufunda kwamanye amaphepha
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Ngemuva kokumenyezelwa kophenyo lukahulumeni mayelana nezimangalo ezenziwe kulolu chungechunge, amanye amaphephandaba aqala ukuphenya, futhi amaphepha amaningana ashicilela izindatshana eziphakamisa ukuthi izimangalo zalolu chungechunge zeqisiwe.
Umbhalo wokuqala onemininingwane ngezimangalo zalolu chungechunge uvele kwiThe Washington Post ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba.Esihlokweni sabo sangaphambili, izintatheli uRoberto Suro noWalter Pincus babhale ukuthi "imininingwane etholakalayo" ayizisekeli izimangalo zalolu chungechunge nokuthi "ukwenyuka komfantu" "yinto ebanzi" eqhutshwa ezindaweni eziningi ngabadlali abahlukahlukene.Lo mbhalo ubudingida ukuxhumana kukaWebb nommeli kaRoss nezikhalazo zomshushisi ngokuthi ukuzivikela kukaRoss kulusebenzise kanjani uchungechunge lweWebb. [4]
Umbiko woMnyango Wezobulungiswa
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Umbiko woMnyango Wezobulungiswa Umhloli-Jikelele wakhishwa ngoJulayi 23, 1998.Ngokwe- "Epilogue" yalo mbiko, lo mbiko waphothulwa ngoDisemba 1997 kodwa awukhululwa ngoba i-DEA yayisazama ukusebenzisa uDanilo Blandón ekuphenyweni kwabadayisi bezidakamizwa bamazwe omhlaba futhi bekhathazekile ngokuthi lo mbiko uzophazamisa ukusebenza kophenyo.Lapho uMmeli Jikelele uJanet Reno enquma ukuthi ukubambezeleka akusadingeki, lo mbiko wakhishwa ungashintshwanga.
Umbiko we-CIA
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Umbiko we-CIA Inspector-General ukhishwe uyimiqulu emibili.Eyokuqala, "Indaba yaseCalifornia," yakhishwa ngohlobo olwahlukaniswa ngoDisemba 17, 1997, nangohlobo olungahlukaniswanga ngoJanuwari 29, 1998.Umqulu wesibili, "The Contra Story," wakhishwa ngenguqulo ehlukanisiwe ngo-Ephreli 27, 1998, nangohlobo olungahlukaniswanga ngo-Okthoba 8, 1998.
Ngokwalo mbiko, ihhovisi loMhloli-Jikelele (i-OIG) lihlole yonke imininingwane i-ejensi "ebinayo ngolwazi lweCIA mayelana nezinsolo zokushushumbisa izidakamizwa ngokuphathelene nanoma imuphi umuntu obambe iqhaza ngqo noma ngokungaqondile emisebenzini yeContra."Iphinde yahlola "ukuthi i-CIA iphathe kanjani futhi yaphendula kanjani kulwazi maqondana nezinsolo zokushushumbisa izidakamizwa" ngabantu ababambe iqhaza emisebenzini ye-Contra noma ukwesekwa. [5]
Umqulu wokuqala wombiko awutholanga bufakazi bokuthi "noma yimuphi umsebenzi owedlule noma okhona we-CIA, noma noma ngubani osebenzela i-CIA, ubenokuxhumana okuqondile noma okungaqondile" noRoss, Blandón, noma amaMeneses noma ukuthi ezinye izibalo ezishiwo ku "I-Dark Alliance" yake yaqashwa noma yahlanganiswa noma yaxhumana nayo yi-ejensi. [6]
Akutholanga lutho ukuxhasa isimangalo sokuthi "imisebenzi yokushushumbisa izidakamizwa yaseBlandón neMeneses ibishukunyiswa yinoma yikuphi ukuzibophezela ekusekeleni imbangela yeContra noma imisebenzi yeContra eyenziwe yiCIA."Kuphawulwe ukuthi uBlandón noMeneses bathi banikele ngemali kubazweli beContra eLos Angeles, kepha abatholanga lwazi lokuqinisekisa ukuthi luyiqiniso noma ukuthi inhlangano izwile ngalo. [6]
Akutholanga lwazi lokuxhasa isimangalo sokuthi i-ejensi iphazamise izinyathelo zomthetho ezibhekiswe kuRoss, eBlandón noma eMeneses. [6]
Umbiko wekomidi leNdlu
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]IKomidi Lezobunhloli laseNdlini likhiphe umbiko walo ngoFebhuwari 2000.Ngokwalo mbiko, lisebenzise ukubika nokubhala kweWebb "njengezinsizakusebenza ezibalulekile ekugxiliseni nasekucwaliseni uphenyo."Njengombiko we-CIA kanye noMnyango Wezobulungiswa, ithole nokuthi iBlandón, iMeneses, noma iRoss abayihlangene neCIA. [7]
Incwadi ye- Dark Alliance
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]Ngemuva kokusula kwakhe kwiThe Mercury News, uWebb wandise uchungechunge lwe- "Dark Alliance" waba yincwadi eyaphendula ukugxekwa kwalolu chungechunge futhi wachaza amava akhe ngokubhala le ndaba nokubhekana nempikiswano.Yashicilelwa ngo-1998 njenge- Dark Alliance: I-CIA, iContras, neCrack Cocaine Explosion.Uhlobo olubukeziwe lwashicilelwa ngo-1999 olwafaka impendulo kaWebb emibikweni ye-CIA kanye noMnyango Wezobulungiswa.Umbiko wangoFebhuwari 2000 weKomidi Lezobunhloli laseNdlini nawo wabheka izimangalo zale ncwadi kanye nezimangalo zalolu chungechunge. [8]IDark Alliance yayiyi-1998 Pen / Newman's Own First Amendment Award Finalist, ngo-1998 eSan Francisco Chronicle bestseller, ngo-1999 iBay Area Book Reviewers Award Finalist, kanye no-1999 Firecracker Alternative Booksellers Award Winner esigabeni sezePolitiki.
Ukufa
[hlela | Hlela umthombo]UWebb watholakala eseshonile emzini wakhe oseCarmichael ngoDisemba 10, 2004, enamanxeba amabili okudutshulwa ekhanda.Ukushona kwakhe kwagunyazwa ukuzibulala yihhovisi le-coroner yase-Sacramento County.Ngokwencazelo yokulimala kukaWebb kwiLos Angeles Times, wazidubula ngesibhamu i-.38, wasibeka eduze kwendlebe yangakwesokudla.Isibhamu sokuqala sadlula ebusweni bakhe, saphuma esihlathini sakhe sobunxele.Abasebenzi be-coroner baphetha ngokuthi isibhamu sesibili sishaya umthambo.
Ngemuva kokuthi iphephandaba lendawo libike ukuthi uWebb ubulewe ukuqhuma kwezibhamu eziningi, ihhovisi likomphenyi lithole izingcingo eziningi kakhulu zibuza ngokufa kukaWebb kangangoba iSacramento County Coroner Robert Lyons ikhiphe isitatimende esiqinisekisa ukuthi uWebb ushone ngokuzibulala.Ngesikhathi ebuzwa yizintatheli zendawo mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kuqhume izibhamu ezimbili kwaba ukuzibulala, uLyons uphendule wathi: "Akujwayelekile ukuthi ecaleni lokuzibulala kube nokuqothwa kabili, kodwa lokhu kwenziwe esikhathini esedlule, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi lokho kungenzeka."Ukusabalala kwezindaba kuveze ukuthi kunamahlebezi asabalele kwi-Intanethi ngaleso sikhathi okuthi uWebb wabulawa njengesijeziso ngochungechunge lwe- "Dark Alliance", olwalushicilelwe eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili eyedlule.
Owayengunkosikazi kaWebb uSusan Bell utshele abezindaba ukuthi ukholwa wukuthi uWebb ushone ngokuzibulala."Indlela abenza ngayo bekuzoba nzima kimi ukuthi ngikholwe ukuthi bekungekhona ukuzibulala," kusho yena. Ngokusho kukaBell, uWebb ubesehlale isikhathi esithile engajabule ngokwehluleka kwakhe ukuthola umsebenzi kwelinye iphephandaba elikhulu.Ubethengise indlu yakhe esontweni elingaphambi kokushona kwakhe ngenxa yokuthi ubengakwazi ukukhokhela imali yokubambisa. [9]
Ngemuva kokushona kukaWebb, kwashicilelwa iqoqo lezindaba zakhe zangaphambi nangemuva kochungechunge lwe- "Dark Alliance".Iqoqo, iThe Killing Game: Selected Stories from the Author of Dark Alliance, lihlelwe yindodana kaWebb, u-Eric.
- ↑ Schou 2006, 15-16.
- ↑ Schou 2006, 22.
- ↑ Webb 2011, "The Coal Connection"
- ↑ This is discussed briefly in Schou 2006, 86.
- ↑ Hitz, "Scope of investigation."
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Hitz, Vol. 1, "Conclusions."
- ↑ "Report on Alleged Involvement: Findings" 43.
- ↑ "Report on Alleged Involvement", 2.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)