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United Development Party

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United Development Party
Partai Persatuan Pembangunan
AbbreviationPPP
Leader of the Shura CouncilSyukron Ma'mun
General ChairmanMuhamad Mardiono
Secretary-GeneralArwani Thomafi
Founded5 January 1973; 51 years ago (1973-01-05)
Merger ofNU
Parmusi
PSII
Perti
HeadquartersJakarta
Youth wingKaaba Youth Movement
Membership (2022)444,496[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right to right-wing
National affiliationAdvanced Indonesia Coalition
SloganBergerak Bersama Rakyat
(Moving with the People)
AnthemMars PPP
(PPP March)
Ballot number17
DPR seats
0 / 580
DPRD I seats
83 / 2,372
DPRD II seats
850 / 17,510
Website
ppp.or.id

The United Development Party (Indonesian: Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, PPP) is an Islam-based[3][4][5][6] political party in Indonesia.

The PPP was formed in 1973 as a result of the merger between several Islam-based parties, assuming the role of umbrella party for Muslims.[8]

The party was led by Suryadharma Ali until 2014 when he was prosecuted for corruption. From 2014 to 2016 the party was split in the dispute over its chairmanship. In April 2016, Muhammad Romahurmuziy was declared a new chairman after a reconciliation congress. In the 2024 election, the party won 3.87 of the popular vote, a decrease from 4.52 percent it won in 2019. It was the first time PPP lost all the seats in the DPR.[9]

History

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Party head office on Jalan Diponegoro, Menteng, Jakarta

Origins

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Ten political parties participated in the 1971 legislative election, a number that President Suharto considered to be too many. Suharto wished that political parties be reduced to just two or three and that the parties should be grouped based on their programs.

The basis for the merger that would result in the birth of the PPP was a coalition of the four Islamic Parties in the People's Representative Council (DPR) called the United Development Faction. This faction consisted of Nahdatul Ulama (NU), the Muslim Party of Indonesia (Parmusi), the Islamic Association Party of Indonesia (PSII) and the Islamic Education Movement (Perti).

With encouragement by the Government, officials from all four parties had meetings with each other and after finding some common ground, merged the four Islamic parties in Indonesia into the United Development Party on 5 January 1973. Despite this formal merging of the parties however, internal PPP politics under the Suharto government were dominated by the differing priorities of the original groups that formed the party.

Opposition to the New Order

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The party's logo from 1973 to 1985
The party's logo from 1982 to 1998
The party's logo from 1998 to 2021 and 2023 to present

In the mid-1970s, popular support for Suharto's regime was rapidly waning. When Suharto had seized power with a bloody military coup in 1965 and ousted President Sukarno, the Islamic groups had supported Suharto and aided in persecuting his political opponents. But as the regime had become corrupt and even more authoritarian, this alliance began to crumble. As the 1977 legislative election approached, many began to seek other options to vote for aside from the government-backed Golkar.

Worried that the PPP might win the elections, Suharto played on the fears of the people by having the military arrest a group of people who claimed to be associated with the Jihad Commando (Komando Jihad). With this some people became worried that to vote for the PPP and its Islamic leaning would mean expressing support the Jihad Commando and in a government growing increasingly authoritarian, many simply refused to be associated with the wrong side. Golkar would go on to win the legislative elections with 62% with the PPP coming second with 27% of the votes.

The PPP however, would not sit back and accept defeat. At the 1978 MPR General Session, PPP member Chalid Mawardi launched a scathing criticism of Suharto's regime. Mawardi accused the Government of being anti-Muslim, complained about the government's violent crackdown of dissent, and alleged that the 1977 legislative election was won because of electoral fraud.[10] PPP members also conducted a mass walkout when Suharto referred to religions as "streams of beliefs".

The PPP seemed to have cemented itself a status as the strongest opposition party. It would not last long however. In 1984, NU, under its Chairman, Abdurrahman Wahid withdrew from the PPP, severely weakening it. The PPP vote share fell from almost 28% in the 1982 legislative election to 16% in the 1987 legislative election, the PPP was also forced by the government to replace its ideology of Islam with the national ideology of Pancasila and to stop using Islamic symbols. As a result, the party replaced its logo showing the Kabah shrine in Mecca with a star.[11] The symbol was identical to the first principle of Pancasila, Ketuhanan yang Maha Esa (Belief in the One Supreme God).

1988 MPR general session

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At the 1988 MPR General Session, Jailani Naro, the PPP Chairman, was nominated as vice president. Suharto, who had been elected to the presidency for a fifth term at the aforementioned General Session, intervened. He cited a decision that the MPR made in 1973 that one of the criteria for a vice president was that he should be able to work with the president. Suharto also conducted discussions with Naro and convinced him to withdraw the nomination.

What Naro did was unprecedented as both Suharto and his vice presidents had always been elected unopposed. The problem this time was Suharto's choice for vice president, Sudharmono. Suharto's choice had caused a rift between him and his most loyal ally, ABRI. Many within ABRI did not like Sudharmono because he spent more time behind a desk (Sudharmono was a military attorney) than as a field officer. Seeing a gap to exploit, Naro nominated himself, possibly with the private support of ABRI who, in public, had shown support for Sudharmono.

The PPP in the Reform era

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United Development Party rally in Jakarta, 24 April 1997
Party logo used briefly from 2021 to 2023

The PPP continued as the second biggest party out of the three allowed in the New Order. In May 1998, after Suharto's fall, the PPP returned to its Islamic ideology and prepared itself for the 1999 legislative election, where it won 11% of the vote.

In the 1999 MPR General Session, the PPP was part of the Central Axis, a political coalition of Muslim parties which was formed by MPR Chairman, Amien Rais to counter the dominance of Megawati Sukarnoputri's Indonesian Democratic Party-Struggle (PDI-P). The PDI-P had won the legislative election and Megawati was expected to win the presidency. However, the MPR was still at this stage responsible for electing the president and vice president, and the Muslim parties in the Central Axis did not want a female president. Instead, they nominated and successfully secured the election of Abdurrahman Wahid as president. In the vice-presidential election, PPP Chairman Hamzah Haz ran against Megawati and was defeated.

The PPP was the first of Wahid's political allies to become disillusioned with him. The PPP's main problem with Wahid was his visit to Israel and the suggestion that he was willing to establish diplomatic relations with that nation. Hamzah who served in Wahid's cabinet as Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare, immediately resigned from his position just a month after Wahid had appointed him to it. Many other Wahid allies would follow and in July 2001, the PPP would join in removing Wahid from the presidency and naming Megawati as the president. Hamzah was then elected as vice president after defeating Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Akbar Tanjung in the vice-presidential election.

2004 legislative election

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The PPP won 8.1% of the vote in the 2004 legislative election, a decrease from its 10.7% share of the vote in 1999, but enough to retain its place as the third-best represented party in the legislature, behind the PDI-P and Golkar.

2004 presidential election

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The PPP originally did not have a presidential candidate in mind for the 2004 presidential election. They had expected that Hamzah would be picked as Megawati's running mate and continue the Megawati/Hamzah President/Vice President partnership. Megawati however, chose NU Chairman Hasyim Muzadi as her running mate.

The PPP then continued to wait, still expecting that Hamzah Haz would be picked as a vice-presidential candidate. Finally, a day before the registration of presidential/vice-presidential candidates was closed, Hamzah moved forward and became the PPP's presidential candidate.[12] His running mate was Agum Gumelar, who served as Minister of Transportation in Megawati's Cabinet. Hamzah's presidential run was unsuccessful as he received only 3.1% of the vote and came fifth.

In August 2004, the PPP announced that it was forming a national coalition with the PDI-P, Golkar, the Reform Star Party (PBR) and the Prosperous Peace Party to back Megawati to win the presidential run-off against Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Yudhoyono however would emerge victorious and the PPP would defect from the national coalition to Yudhoyono's camp. They were rewarded by being given cabinet places.

2007 party congress

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The PPP held its 6th National Congress in Jakarta from 30 January to 3 February 2007. On the last day of the Congress, Suryadharma Ali emerged as the new PPP Chairman to replace Hamzah. Suryadharma served as Minister of Cooperatives and State and Medium Enterprises in President Yudhoyono's Cabinet. He announced that he would continue as minister while concurrently holding the position of PPP Chairman.[citation needed]

2009 legislative election

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The party came sixth in the 2009 legislative election with 5.3 percent of the vote, winning 38 seats in the People's Representative Council.[13] Throughout the election, the party obtained votes from the elderly Muslim men throughout rural and urban area, inside and outside of Java.[14]

The party in the 2010s

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In the 2014 Indonesian legislative election, the PPP improved on its performance in the previous election winning 6.53% of the vote, and 39 seats in the legislature.[15] Five years later, in the 2019 Indonesian legislative election, the PPP share of the vote fell to 4.52%, and the number of seats it held in the legislature halved to 19.[16][17]

Political identities

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Ideology

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After the fall of Suharto, PPP once again became an Islamist party in the early Post-Suharto era.[8] Today it is considered a centre-right[18][dead link‍] to right-wing[19][20] nationalist Islamist party which conforms with Pancasila doctrine and no longer upholds sharia as a main goal.[5][4][verification needed]

Party platform

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The party's vision is to bring about a nation that is just, prosperous, moral and democratic and that upholds the law, respects human rights and that holds in high esteem the dignity of mankind and social justice based on the values of Islam. The party believes that religion (Islam) has an important role to play as a moral guidance and inspiration in the life of the nation. It is committed to improving the quality of democracy in Indonesia and respects freedom of expression, opinion and organization, the realization of good governance and the endeavor to preserve the unitary Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. It supports the concept of a people-based economic system, economic justice, the creation of jobs, the eradication of poverty, state control of sectors of the economy that have a controlling influence on the lives of the majority, a major role for state-owned companies, and economic independence.[21]

Chairman

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Election results

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Legislative election results

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Election Ballot number Total seats won Total votes Share of votes Seat change Outcome of election Party leader
1971 N/A
94 / 360
 14,833,942[note 1] 27.11%[22] Increase94 seats Opposition Mohammad Syafaat Mintaredja
1977 1
99 / 360
 18,743,491 29.29%[23] Increase5 seats Opposition Mohammad Syafaat Mintaredja
1982 1
94 / 360
 20,871,880 27.78%[23] Decrease5 seats Opposition Jailani Naro
1987 1
61 / 400
 13,701,428 15.97%[23] Decrease33 seats Opposition Jailani Naro
1992 1
62 / 400
 16,624,647 17.01%[23] Increase1 seat Opposition Ismail Hasan Metareum
1997 1
89 / 400
 25,340,028 22.43%[23] Increase27 seats Opposition Ismail Hasan Metareum
1999 9
58 / 500
 11,329,905 10.71%[23] Decrease31 seats Governing coalition Hamzah Haz
2004 5
58 / 550
 9,248,764 8.15%[23] Steady Governing coalition Hamzah Haz
2009 24
38 / 560
 5,544,332 5.32%[23] Decrease20 seats Governing coalition Suryadharma Ali
2014 9
39 / 560
 8,157,488 6.53%[24] Increase1 seat Governing coalition Suryadharma Ali
2019 10
19 / 575
 6,323,147 4.52%[25] Decrease20 seats Governing coalition Suharso Monoarfa
2024 17
0 / 580
 5,878,708 3.87% Decrease19 seats Governing coalition[26] Muhamad Mardiono
  1. ^ Total vote for the NU, Perti, PSII and Parmusi, which were fused into the PPP in 1973

Presidential election results

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Election Ballot number Pres. candidate Running mate 1st round
(Total votes) 		Share of votes Outcome 2nd round
(Total votes) 		Share of votes Outcome
2004 5 Hamzah Haz Agum Gumelar 3,569,861 3.01% Eliminated Runoff[27]
2009 2 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Boediono 73,874,562 60.80% Elected
2014 1 Prabowo Subianto[28] Hatta Rajasa 62,576,444 46.85% Lost
2019 1 Joko Widodo Ma'ruf Amin 85,607,362 55.50% Elected
2024 3 Ganjar Pranowo Mahfud MD 27,040,878 16.47% Lost

Note: Bold text indicates the party member

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Info Pemilu - Partai Persatuan Pembangunan". Komisi Pemilihan Umum RI. 22 December 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
  2. ^ a b Bulkin, Nadia (2013-10-24). "Indonesia's Political Parties". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
  3. ^ a b King, Blair A. (2011). "Chapter 4. Government and Politics". In Frederick, William H.; Worden, Robert L. (eds.). Indonesia: A Country Study. Area handbook series, 39. Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (6th ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 263, 271–273. ISBN 978-0-8444-0790-6.
  4. ^ a b c Al-Hamdi, Ridho (2013). Partai politik Islam: Teori dan praktik di Indonesia [Islamic political parties: Theory and practice in Indobesia] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. ISBN 978-602-262-049-5.
  5. ^ a b c Al-Hamdi, Ridho (February 2017). Moving towards a Normalised Path: Political Islam in Contemporary Indonesia. Jurnal Studi Pemerintahan (Journal of Government & Politics). Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 53, 56-57, 62.
  6. ^ a b c Yuniarto, Topan (2022-01-05). "Partai Persatuan Pembangunan" [United Development Party]. Kompaspedia (in Indonesian). Kompas. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
  7. ^ "Ketum PPP Beberkan Cara Agar RI Jadi Negara Maju di 2045, Apa Saja?".
  8. ^ a b Zachary Abuza (2007): Political Islam and Violence in Indonesia, Routledge, p. 21
  9. ^ "Ancang-ancang PPP Gugat ke MK Usai Pertama Kali Gagal ke DPR". news.detik.com. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  10. ^ Elson, Robert (2001). Suharto: A Political Biography. UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 225. ISBN 0-521-77326-1.
  11. ^ Schwarz, Adam (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Allen & Unwin. p. 172. ISBN 0-521-77326-1.
  12. ^ "Semangat Agum, Keraguan Hamzah (Agum's Enthusiasm, Hamzah's Doubts)". Tempo (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
  13. ^ "KPU Ubah Perolehan Kursi Parpol di DPR (KPU Changes Allocations of Parties' seats in the DPR)". Indonesian General Election Commission (in Indonesian). 14 May 2009. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  14. ^ Hwang, Julie Chernov. (2014). “Patterns of normalization: Islamist parties in Indonesia”, in Quinn Mecham and Julie Chernov Hwang (Eds.), Islamist parties and political normalization in the Muslim world. Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press. p.68. ISBN 9780812246056
  15. ^ Robby Leo Agust; Kadar Setyawan; Sahruni Hasna Ramadhan; Amir A. Gofur; Nurul Agustina (eds.). "Buku Data & Infografik Pemilu Anggota DPR RI & DPD RI 2014" [2014 DPR & DPD Membership Elections Data & Infographic Book] (in Indonesian). General Elections Commission. pp. 31–32.
  16. ^ BeritaSatu Team; Telly Nathalia (21 May 2019). "Jokowi Wins Re-Election, PDI-P Wins Most Seats". Jakarta Globe.
  17. ^ Nur Azizah (1 October 2019). "575 DPR Members Inaugurated". medcom.id.
  18. ^ "Partai Persatuan Pembangunan - Parlemen Indonesia".
  19. ^ Aspinall, Edward; Fossati, Diego; Muhtadi, Burhanuddin; Warburton, Eve (2018-04-24). "Mapping the Indonesian political spectrum". New Mandala. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
  20. ^ Hardjowirogo, Jono (2018). Noto of Java Iii The End of Day. Xlibris US. p. The descent of chaos. ISBN 9781984521460.
  21. ^ "Visi dan Misi PPP (Vision & Mission PPP)". PPP official (in Indonesian).
  22. ^ Liddle, R. William (1978), "The 1977 Indonesian and New Order Legitimacy", Southeast Asian Affairs, 1978, ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute: 130
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h "Bab V - Hasil Pemilu - KPU" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Komisi Pemilihan Umum Republik Indonesia. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  24. ^ "KPU sahkan hasil pemilu, PDIP nomor satu" (in Indonesian). BBC. 10 May 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  25. ^ Zunita Putri (21 May 2019). "KPU Tetapkan Hasil Pileg 2019: PDIP Juara, Disusul Gerindra-Golkar". Detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  26. ^ "Koalisi Prabowo-Gibran Kian Besar, Nasdem, PPP, dan Perindo Bergabung". Kompas. 16 August 2024.
  27. ^ "Koalisi Parpol Pendukung Mega-Hasyim Dideklarasikan". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). 19 August 2004. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  28. ^ Wardah, Fathiyah (19 May 2014). "6 Parpol Dukung Pasangan Prabowo-Hatta dalam Pilpres". Voice of America Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 1 August 2018.
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