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Ashtabharya

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Ashtabharya with Krishna - 19th Century Mysore painting depicting Krishna with his eight principal consorts.

The Ashtabharya (Sanskrit: अष्टभार्या, romanized: Aṣṭabhāryā) or Ashta-bharya(s) is the group of eight principal queen-consorts of Hindu god Krishna, the king of Dvaraka, Saurashtra[1] in the Dvapara Yuga (epoch). The most popular list, found in the Bhagavata Purana, includes: Rukmini, Jambavati, Satyabhama, Kalindi, Nagnajiti, Mitravinda, Lakshmana and Bhadra. Variations exist in the Vishnu Purana and the Harivamsa, which includes queens called Madri or Rohini, instead of Bhadra. Most of them were princesses.

In Hinduism, all of Krishna's chief consorts including Radha are revered as the avatars of the goddess Lakshmi[2] while the Gopis of Braj are considered as Radha's manifestations.[3]

Rukmini, the princess of Vidarbha was Krishna's first wife and chief queen (Patrani) of Dvaraka. She is considered as the avatar of Sridevi, the goddess of prosperity. Satyabhama, the third wife, a Yadava princess, is considered as Lakshmi's aspect of the earth-goddess Bhudevi. Jambavati is believed to be the manifestation of the third aspect of Lakshmi, Niladevi.[4] Kalindi, the goddess of the river Yamuna, is worshipped independently. Besides the Ashtabharya, Krishna had 16,100 ceremonial wives]].

The texts also mention the many children Krishna fathered by the Ashtabharya, the most prominent being the crown-prince Pradyumna,[5] son of Rukmini.

Summary

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Krishna with his two principal queens. (From left) Rukmini, Krishna, Satyabhama and his mount Garuda.
Key
Not always included in Ashtabharya list
Abbreviations
Table
[6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Name Epithets Princess of Parents Mode of marriage Attestations Children
Rukmini Vaidarbhi, Visalakshi, Bhaishmaki Vidarbha Bhishmaka(f) Rukmini heroically eloped with her love Krishna, when she was being forced into marriage with Shishupala BP, Mbh, VP, HV Pradyumna, Charudeshna, Sudeshna, Charudeha, Sucharu, Charugupta, Bhadracharu, Charuchandra, Vicharu and Charu (BP);

Pradyumna, Charudeshna, Sudeshna, Charudeha, Sushena, Charugupta, Bhadracharu, Charuvinda, Sucharu, Charu, Charumati (d) (VP); Pradyumna, Charudeshna (2 sons with the same name), Charubhadra, Charugarbha, Sudeshna, Druma, Sushena, Charuvinda, Charubahu, Charumati (d) (HV)

Satyabhama Suganthi, Kamalakshi, Satrajiti Part of the Yadava clan Satrajit (f) Married off to Krishna by her father (Syamantaka episode) BP, Mbh, VP, HV Bhanu, Subhanu, Svarbhanu, Prabhanu, Bhanuman, Chandrabhanu, Savitri, Brịhadbhanu, Atibhanu, Shribhanu and Pratibhanu. (BP);

Bhanu, Bhaimarika (VP); Bhanu, Bhimaratha, Rohita, Diptiman, Tamrapaksha, Jalantaka, Bhanu (d), Bhimanika (d), Tamrapani (d), Jalndhama (d) (HV)

Jambavati Narendraputri, Kapindraputri, Pauravi - Jambavan (f) Married off to Krishna by her father (Syamantaka episode) BP, Mbh, VP, HV Samba, Sumitra, Purujit, Shatajit, Sahasrajit, Vijaya, Chitraketu, Vasuman, Dravida and Kratu (BP);

sons headed by Samba (VP); Samba, Mitravan, Mitravinda, Mitravati (d) (HV)

Kalindi Yamuna, identified with Mitravinda (HV) Surya (f), Saranyu (m) (BP) Performed austerities to gain Krishna as husband BP, VP Shruta, Kavi, Vrsa, Vira, Subahu, Bhadra, Santi, Darsa, Purnamasa and Somaka (BP);

sons headed by Shruta (VP); Ashruta and Shrutasammita (HV)

Nagnajiti Satya, Kausalya Kosala Nagnajit (f) Won by Krishna in her svayamvara by defeating seven bulls BP, Mbh (?), VP, HV Vira, Chandra, Ashvasena, Citragu, Vegavan, Vrsha, Ama, Shanku, Vasu and Kunti (BP);

many sons headed by Bhadravinda (VP); Mitrabahu, Sunitha, Bhadrarakara, Bhadravinda, Bhadravati (d) (HV)

Mitravinda Sudatta (VP), Shaibya or Shaivya (BP), [Kalindi is given the epithet Mitravinda; Shaibya (Sudatta) is a different queen in HV] Avanti Jayasena (f), Rajadhidevi (m) - Krishna's aunt (BP), Shibi (HV) Chose Krishna as her husband in her svayamvara. Krishna defeated her brothers in a battle to take her away as they disapproved BP, Mbh, VP, HV Vrika, Harsha, Anila, Gridhra, Vardhana, Unnada, Mahamsa, Pavana, Vahni and Kshudhi (BP);

many sons headed by Sangramajit (VP); Sangramajit, Satyajit, Senajit, Sapatnajit, Angada, Kumuda, Shveta and Shvetaa (d) (HV, Shaibya's )

Lakshmana Lakshana, Charuhasini, Madri (BP), Madraa (BP) Madra (BP), unknown (VP, HV), Gandhara Brihatsena (f) (PP), unnamed (f) (BP) Abducted from her svayamvara. Krishna defeat rival suitors in the pursuit BP, Mbh, VP, HV Praghosha, Gatravan, Simha, Bala, Prabala, Urdhvaga, Mahashakti, Saha, Oja and Aparajita (BP);

many sons headed by Gatravan (VP); Gatravan, Gatragupta, Gatravinda, Gatravati (d) (HV)

Bhadra Kaikeyi Kekaya Dhrishtaketu(f), Shrutakirti (m) - Krishna's aunt Married by brothers to Krishna. BP, Mbh Sangramajit, Brihatsena, Shura, Praharana, Arijit, Jaya, Subhadra, Vama, Ayur and Satyaka (BP)
Madri Subhima (HV) Madra (VP, HV) - - VP, HV many sons headed by Vrika (VP);

Vrikashva, Vrikanivriti and Vrikadipti (HV)

Rohini Jambavati (?) - - Krishna married her after defeating Narakasura (when considered leader of junior wives)(BP) BP, VP, Mbh Diptiman, Tamratapta and others (BP);

Diptiman, Tamrapaksha and others (VP)

Symbolism

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The hierarchy of the wives is under three groups according to their regal status and symbolises Krishna's sovereignty. In the first group, Rukmini, an avatar of the Material Prakriti (Shri), stands for the majesty and wealth of Krishna; Satyabhama, the avatar of the Elemental Prakriti (Bhudevi), represents the kingdom and the realm of the deity as well. Jambavati is Victory (Vijaya), who was won by defeating her father. The second group were representatives of Aryavarta (the nobility) with Kalindi standing for the central kingdoms, Nagnajiti representing the eastern kingdoms (including the Solar dynasty) and Lakshmana representing the western side. The third group of wives consisted of Mitravinda and Bhadra, his patriarchal cousins representing his Yadava clan called Satvata.[6]

Legends

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Rukmini as the main consort of Vithoba, a regional form of Krishna.

Rukmini, the chief consort of Krishna, heard the tales of the hero and fell in love with him. While her parents consented to her wedding with her groom of choice, Rukmini's brother Rukmi fixed her marriage with his friend Shishupala. Rukmini sent a message to Krishna to rescue her from her fate and wed her. Krishna abducted Rukmini during her svayamvara, after battling her brother Rukmi. Krishna's army commanded by his brother Balarama defeat Rukmi and the other kings, who follow Krishna and Rukmini.[13][14] Rukmini is traditionally considered to be the favourite and the primary wife of Krishna, the latter's partiality towards her often provoking the ire of his second consort of Satyabhama.

The marriage of Satyabhama and Jambavati to Krishna is closely linked to the story of Syamantaka, the precious diamond given by the Sun-god Surya to his devotee Satrajit, father of Satyabhama. Krishna requests Satrajit to present the gem to the Yadava elder Ugrasena, which the latter refuses and instead presents it to his brother Prasena. Prasena wears it on a hunting expedition, where he is killed by a lion, who is in turn killed by Jambavan, the bear-king. When accused by Satrajit of stealing the jewel, Krishna goes in its search and finally following trials of the corpses of Prasena and the lion, confronts Jambavan. After 27/28 day duel, Jambavan - the devotee of Rama (Vishnu's previous avatar) - surrenders to Krishna, who he realizes is none other than Vishnu. He returns the gem and gives Jambavati to Krishna. When the presumed dead Krishna returns to Dvaraka, a humiliated Satrajit begs his forgiveness and offers Satyabhama's hand in marriage along with the jewel.[15][16]

Krishna and Satyabhama fighting Narakasura's armies -Painting from the Metropolitan Museum

Among the queens, Satyabhama is depicted to be the most beautiful and loving wife. Not only was Satyabhama a very courageous and strong-willed woman, but she was also skillful in archery. She even accompanied Krishna to kill the demon Narakasura. While Krishna kills the demon in Krishna-oriented scriptures, Satyabhama, the manifestation of Bhudevi - the mother of Narakasura, kills the demon to fulfil a curse that he will be killed by his mother in Goddess-centric texts. At Satyabhama's behest, Krishna also defeats Indra, the king of heaven and the gods and gets the celestial parijata tree for her after he had previously acquired it for Rukmini.[15]

Indian folktales often tell stories of Krishna's competing wives, especially Rukmini and Satyabhama.[17] A tale narrates how once Satyabhama, proud of her wealth, donated Krishna to the divine sage Narada and pledged to take him back by donating wealth to him as much as Krishna's weight. Krishna sat on one pan of a weighing scale and Satyabhama filled the other pan with all of the wealth, inherited from her father, but it could not equal Krishna's weight. The other wives, except Rukmini, followed suit but Krishna's pan did not leave the ground. The wives requested Satyabhama to approach Rukmini. A helpless Satyabhama asked her foremost rival, Rukmini, for help. Rukmini had no wealth of her own. She chanted a prayer and put the holy tulasi leaf in the other pan, as the symbol of her love; removing the wealth of Satyabhama and the other queens from the pan. Krishna's pan was suddenly lifted into the air and the other pan touched the earth, even though only a tulasi leaf in it.[18]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Khorana, Meena (1991). The Indian Subcontinent in Literature for Children and Young Adults: An Annotated Bibliography of English-language Books. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-25489-5.
  2. ^ Thakur, Pradeep (6 January 2012). Vikram & the Vampire (Improvised ed.). Lulu.com. pp. xcviii (98). ISBN 978-1-105-42303-1.
  3. ^ Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 316. ISBN 978-1-57607-355-1.
  4. ^ Books, Kausiki (2021-07-11). Garuda Purana: Brahma Khanda: English Translation only without Slokas: English Translation only without Slokas. Kausiki Books.
  5. ^ Austin, Christopher R. (2019-10-04). Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Son of the Avatara. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-005411-3.
  6. ^ a b D Dennis Hudson (27 August 2008). The Body of God : An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram. Oxford University Press. pp. 263–4. ISBN 978-0-19-970902-1. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  7. ^ Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0.
  8. ^ Horace Hayman Wilson (1870). The Vishńu Puráńa: a system of Hindu mythology and tradition. Trübner. pp. 81–3, 107–8. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  9. ^ "The Genealogical Table of the Family of Krishna". Krsnabook.com. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  10. ^ Prabhupada. "Bhagavata Purana 10.61.17". Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. Archived from the original on 2012-04-10.
  11. ^ Prabhupada. "Bhagavata Purana 10.58.56". Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. Archived from the original on 2010-10-17.
  12. ^ "Harivamsha Maha Puraaam - Vishnu Parvaharivamsha in the Mahabharata - Vishnuparva Chapter 103 - narration of the Vrishni race". Mahabharata Resources Organization. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
  13. ^ Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 657. ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0.
  14. ^ "Chapter 53: Krishna Kidnaps Rukmini". Bhaktivedanta VedaBase: Srimad Bhagavatam. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  15. ^ a b Mani, Vettam (1975). Puranic Encyclopaedia: a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 704-5. ISBN 978-0-8426-0822-0.
  16. ^ "Chapter 56: The Syamantaka Jewel". Bhaktivedanta VedaBase: Śrīmad Bhāgavatam. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  17. ^ Brenda E. F. Beck; Peter J. Claus; Praphulladatta Goswami; Jawaharlal Handoo (15 April 1999). Folktales of India. University of Chicago Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-226-04083-7. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  18. ^ Devdutt Pattanaik (1 September 2000). The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 26–7. ISBN 978-0-89281-807-5. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
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