Mongolian numerals
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Example use of the number 16 on the first line of John 3:16
Mongolian numerals are numerals developed from Tibetan numerals and used in conjunction with the Mongolian and Clear script.[1][2]: 28 They are still used on Mongolian tögrög banknotes.
The main sources of reference for Mongolian numerals are mathematical and philosophical works of Janj khutugtu A.Rolbiidorj (1717-1766) and D.Injinaash (1704-1788). Rolbiidorj exercises with numerals of up to 1066, the last number which he called “setgeshgui” or “unimaginable” referring to the concept of infinity. Injinaash works with numerals of up to 1059. Of these two scholars, the Rolbiidorj’s numerals, their names and sequencing are commonly accepted and used today, for example, in the calculations and documents pertaining to the Mongolian Government budget.
Base numbers
[edit]Numbers from 1 to 9 are referred to as "dan", meaning "simple".
| # | Mongolian numerals | Tibetan numerals | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Upright[3]: 54 [4]: 9 [5]: 103 | Rotated[6] | ||
| 0 | ᠐ | ᠐ | ༠ |
| 1 | ᠑ | ᠑ | ༡ |
| 2 | ᠒ | ᠒ | ༢ |
| 3 | ᠓ | ᠓ | ༣ |
| 4 | ᠔ | ᠔ | ༤ |
| 5 | ᠕ | ᠕ | ༥ |
| 6 | ᠖ | ᠖ | ༦ |
| 7 | ᠗ | ᠗ | ༧ |
| 8 | ᠘ | ᠘ | ༨ |
| 9 | ᠙ | ᠙ | ༩ |
Extended numbers
[edit] |
 | This section is missing information about these numerals. For each of them, there are up to three different forms (old Monoglian; Inner Monglian, i.e. perhaps under Chinese influence; Outer Mongolian, under European influence), see e.g. Chinggaltai 1963 p. 64. (October 2022) |
| Name | Power Notation | Short scale Western |
|---|---|---|
| аравт (aravt) | 10 | ten |
| зуут (dzuut) | 102 | hundred |
| мянгат (myangat) | 103 | 1 thousand |
| түмт (tümt) | 104 | 10 thousand |
| бумт (bumt) | 105 | 100 thousand |
| саят (sayat) | 106 | 1 million |
| живаа (jivaa) | 107 | 10 million |
| дүнчүүр (dünchüür) | 108 | 100 million |
| тэрбум (terbum) | 109 | 1 billion |
| их тэрбум (ikh terbum) | 1010 | 10 billion |
| наяд (nayad) | 1011 | 100 billion |
| их наяд (ikh nayad) | 1012 | 1 trillion |
| маш дэлгэмэл (mash delgemel) | 1013 | 10 trillion |
| их маш дэлгэмэл (ikh mash delgemel) | 1014 | 100 trillion |
| тунамал (tunamal) | 1015 | 1 quadrillion |
| их тунамал (ikh tunamal) | 1016 | 10 quadrillion |
| ингүүмэл (ingüümel) | 1017 | 100 quadrillion |
| их ингүүмэл (ikh ingüümel) | 1018 | 1 quintillion |
| хямралгүй (khyamralgüi) | 1019 | 10 quintillion |
| их хямралгүй (ikh khyamralgüi) | 1020 | 100 quintillion |
| ялгаруулагч (yalgaruulagch) | 1021 | 1 sextillion |
| их ялгаруулагч (ikh yalgaruulagch) | 1022 | 10 sextillion |
| өөр дээр (öör deer) | 1023 | 100 sextillion |
| их өөр дээр (ikh öör deer) | 1024 | 1 septillion |
| хөөн удирдагч (khöön udirdagch) | 1025 | 10 septillion |
| их хөөн удирдагч (ikh khöön udirdagch) | 1026 | 100 septillion |
| хязгаар үзэгдэл (khyadzgaar üdzegdel) | 1027 | 1 octillion |
| их хязгаар үзэгдэл (ikh khyadzgaar üdzegel) | 1028 | 10 octillion |
| шалтгааны зүйл (shaltgaany dzüyl) | 1029 | 100 octillion |
| их шалтгааны зүйл (ikh shaltgaany dzüyl) | 1030 | 1 nonillion |
| үзэсгэлэн гэрэлт (üdzesgelen gerelt) | 1031 | 10 nonillion |
| их үзэсгэлэн гэрэлт (ikh üdzesgelen gerelt) | 1032 | 100 nonillion |
| эрхт (erkht) | 1033 | 1 decillion |
| их эрхт (ikh erkht) | 1034 | 10 decillion |
| сайтар хүргэсэн (saytar khürgesen) | 1035 | 100 decillion |
| их сайтар хүргэсэн (ikh saytar khürgesen) | 1036 | 1 undecillion |
| олон одох (olon odokh) | 1037 | 10 undecillion |
| их олон одох (ikh olon odokh) | 1038 | 100 undecillion |
| живэх тоосон билэг (jivekh tooson bileg) | 1039 | 1 duodecillion |
| их живэх тоосон билэг (ikh jivekh tooson bileg) | 1040 | 10 duodecillion |
| билэг тэмдэг (bilet temdeg) | 1041 | 100 duodecillion |
| их билэг тэмдэг (ikh bilet temdeg) | 1042 | 1 tredecillion |
| хүчин нөхөр (khüchin nökhör) | 1043 | 10 tredecillion |
| их хүчин нөхөр (ikh khüchin nökhör) | 1044 | 100 tredecillion |
| тохио мэдэхүй (tokhio medekhüi) | 1045 | 1 quattuordecillion |
| их тохио мэдэхүй (ikh tokhio medekhüi) | 1046 | 10 quattuordecillion |
| тийн болсон (tiin bolson) | 1047 | 100 quattuordecillion |
| их тийн болсон (ikh tiin bolson) | 1048 | 1 quindecillion |
| хүчин нүд (khüchin nud) | 1049 | 10 quindecillion |
| их хүчин нүд (ikh khüchin nüd) | 1050 | 100 quindecillion |
| асрахуй (asrakhui) | 1051 | 1 sexdecillion |
| их асрахуй (ikh asrakhui) | 1052 | 10 sexdecillion |
| нигүүлсэнгүй (nigüülsengüi) | 1053 | 100 sexdecillion |
| их нигүүлсэнгүй (ikh nigüülsengüi) | 1054 | 1 septendecillion |
| баясгалангуй (bayasgalangui) | 1055 | 10 septendecillion |
| их баясгалангуй (ikh bayasgalangui) | 1056 | 100 septendecillion |
| тоолшгүй (toolshgüi) | 1057 | 1 octodecillion |
| хэмжээлшгүй (khemjeelshgüi) | 1058 | 10 octodecillion |
| цаглашгүй (tsaglashgüi) | 1059 | 100 octodecillion |
| өгүүлшгүй (ögüülshgüi) | 1060 | 1 novemdecillion |
| хэрэглэшгүй (kheregleshgüi) | 1061 | 10 novemdecillion |
| үйлдэж дуусашгүй (üildej duusashgüi) | 1062 | 100 novemdecillion |
| үлэшгүй (üleshgüi) | 1063 | 1 vigintillion |
| хирлэшгүй (khirleshgüi) | 1064 | 10 vigintillion |
| үлэж дуусашгүй (ülej duusashgüi) | 1065 | 100 vigintillion |
| сэтгэшгүй (setgeshgüi) | 1066 | 1 unvigintillion |
References
[edit]- ^ Chrisomalis, Stephen (2010). Numerical Notation: A Comparative History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521878180.
- ^ "The Unicode® Standard Version 10.0 – Core Specification: South and Central Asia-II" (PDF). Unicode.org. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
- ^ Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
- ^ Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.
- ^ Kara, György (2005). Books of the Mongolian Nomads: More Than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. ISBN 978-0-933070-52-3.
- ^ Popov, Aleksandr (1837). Arifmetika na Mongolskom yazykě Ариѳметика на Монгольскомъ языкѣ (in Mongolian). Kazan. p. 31. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
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