Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)

	Haplogroup L3
Posibleng panahon ng pinagmulan	80,000 to 104,000 YBP OR 60,000 to 70,000 YBP
Posibleng lugar ng pinagmulan	East Africa
Ninuno	L3'4
Descendants	L3a, L3b'f, L3c'd'j, L3e'i'k'x, L3h, M, N
Naglalarawang mga mutasyon	769, 1018, 16311

Sa henetikang mitokondriyal ng tao, ang Haplogroup L3 ay isang human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Ang Haplogroup L3 ay gumampan ng mahalagang papel sa kasayayan ng species na homo sapiens. Pagkatapos na lumitaw ang haplogroup na ito sa Silangang Aprika, ang isang relatibong maliit na bilang ng mga migrante nito ay nagdala nito patawid sa Dagat Pula tungo sa Arabia na naglunsad ng interkontinental na migrasyon na kalaunang nagpakalat ng tao sa iba't ibang panig ng mundo maliban sa Antarctica. Ang maliit na pangkat na ito ay nagpalitaw sa bawat hindi-Aprikanong haplogroup.^[5]

Ang L3 ay pinaniniwalaang lumitaw sa Silangang Aprika sa pagitan ng 84,000 hanggang 104,000 taong nakakaraan.^[1] Ang pagsisiyasat ng 369 kumpletong Aprikanong L3 sekwensiya ay naglalagay ng maksimum na paglawak nito noong ∼70,000 taong nakakaraan.^[2] Ang Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor para sa liping L3 ay kamakailang tinantiya sa pagitan ng 58,900 hanggang 70,200 taong nakakaraan.^[2]

Distribusyon

Ito ay pinakakaraniwan sa Silangang Aprika salungat sa ibang mga bahagi ng Aprika kung saan ang mga haplogroup na L1 at L2 ay kumakatawan sa 2/3 ng mga mtDNA.^[6] Ang L3 ay nahahati sa ilang mga clade na ang dalawa ay nagpalitaw sa mga macro-haplogroup M at N na pinagmulan ng karamihan ng mga hindi-Aprikano.^[7]^[8] Ang L3 ang haplogroup na pinagmulan ng lahat ng mga taong nasa labas ng Aprika o hindi Aprikano.^[9]

Distribusyong mga subgrupong Aprikano

L3a - Silangang Aprika. Mga Ethiopian.^[5]
L3b'f
- L3b - Kanlurang Aprika.
- L3f - Silangang Aprika at sa Sahel zone.
  - L3f3 - Chad Basin. Sentral na Aprika^[10]
L3c'd'j
- L3c - Silangang Aprika sa mga Hudyong Ethiopian,^[5] Hudyong Yemeni^[5]
- L3d - Kanlurang-Sentral na Aprika sa mga Fulani,^[5] Chadian,^[5] Ethiopian,^[11] mga taong Akan,^[12] Mozambique,^[13] at Yemen^{[kailangan ng sanggunian]} (mga Ehipsiyo) reference behar
- L3j - Silangang Aprika. Sudanese.^[5]
L3e'i'k'x
- L3e - Kanlurang-Sentral na Aprika. Ito ang pinakakaraniwang sub-clade na L3 sa mga populasyong nagsasalita ng wikang Bantu.^[14] Ang L3e ay iminungkahing nauugnay sa isang pinagmulang Sentral na Aprikano gayundin ang pinakakarniwang subclade ng L3 sa mga Aprikanong Amerikano, Apro-Brasilenyo, at mga Carribeano ^[15]
  - L3e1 - Sentral na Aprikang pinagmulan at matatagpuan sa Algeria, Cameroon, Angola,^[16] Mozambique, Sudanese at Kikuyu mula sa Kenya gayundin sa Yemen at sa mga taong Akan^[12]
  - L3e5 - Nagmula sa Chad Basin ngunit matatagpuan sa Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Timog Tunisia, Timog Morocco at Ehipto^[17]
- L3i
  - L3i1 - Silangang Aprika. Mga Ethiopian.^{[kailangan ng sanggunian]}
  - L3i2 (former L3w) - Silangang Aprika. Mga Ethiopian.^{[kailangan ng sanggunian]}
- L3k - Hilagang Aprika. Mga Libyan,^[5] Tunisians.^[5]
- L3x - Silangang Aprika. Mga Etiopianong Oromo,^{[kailangan ng sanggunian]} Mga Somali^[18] at mga Ehipsiyo^{[Note 1]}^[19]
L3h - Silangang Aprika. Ethiopians.^{[kailangan ng sanggunian]}

Puno

Ang punong pilohenetiko ng mga haplogroup L3 subclade ay batay sa papel Mannis van Oven at Manfred Kayser na Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation^[4] at mga kalaunang inilimbag na pagsasaliksik.

Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)

L1-6
- L2-6
  - L2'3'4'6
    - L3'4'6
      - L3'4
        L3
        L3a
        
        L3b'f
        L3b
        L3b1
        L3b1a
        L3b1a1
        
        L3b1a2
        
        L3b1b
        L3b1b1
        
        L3b2
        
        L3f
        L3f1
        L3f1a
        
        L3f1b
        L3f1b1
        
        L3f1b2
        L3f1b2a
        
        150
        L3f1b3
        
        L3f1b4
        L3f1b4a
        L3f1b4a1
        
        L3f2
        L3f2b
        
        L3f3
        
        L3c'd'j
        L3c
        
        L3d
        L3d1-5
        L3d1
        L3d1a
        L3d1a1
        L3d1a1a
        
        L3d1b
        L3d1b1
        
        L3d1c
        
        L3d1d
        
        199
        L3d2
        
        L3d5
        
        L3d3
        L3d3a
        
        L3d4
        
        L3d5
        
        L3j
        
        L3e'i'k'x
        L3e
        L3e1
        L3e1a
        L3e1a1
        L3e1a1a
        
        152
        L3e1a2
        
        L3e1a3
        
        L3e1b
        
        L3e1c
        
        L3e1d
        
        L3e1e
        
        L3e2
        L3e2a
        L3e2a1
        L3e2a1a
        
        L3e2a1b
        L3e2a1b1
        
        L3e2b
        L3e2b1
        L32b1a
        
        L3e2b2
        
        L3e2b3
        
        L3e3'4'5
        L3e3'4
        L3e3
        L3e3a
        
        L3e3b
        L3e3b1
        
        L3e4
        
        L3e5
        
        L3i
        L3i1
        L3i1a
        
        L3i1b
        
        L3i2
        
        L3k
        
        L3x
        L3x1
        
        L3x2
        L3x2a
        L3x2a1
        L3x2a1a
        
        L3x2b
        
        L3h
        L3h1
        L3h1a
        L3h1a1
        
        L3h1a2
        L3h1a2a
        
        L3h1a2b
        
        L3h1b
        L3h1b1
        L3h1b1a
        L3h1b1a1
        
        L3h1b2
        
        L3h2
        
        M
        
        N

Talababa

↑ GUR46 on table 1. is a mtDNA haplogroup L3x2a.

Mga sanggunian

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Gonder, M. K.; Mortensen, H. M.; Reed, F. A.; De Sousa, A.; Tishkoff, S. A. (2006). "Whole-mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (3): 757–68. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl209. PMID 17194802.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/11/16/molbev.msr245.short?rss=1
↑ Salas, A (2002). "The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 71 (5): 1082–111. doi:10.1086/344348. PMC 385086. PMID 12395296.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Van Oven, Mannis; Kayser, Manfred (2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–94. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 ^5.8 Behar, Doron M.; Villems, Richard; Soodyall, Himla; Blue-Smith, Jason; Pereira, Luisa; Metspalu, Ene; Scozzari, Rosaria; Makkan, Heeran; Tzur, Shay (2008). "The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (5): 1130–40. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002. PMC 2427203. PMID 18439549.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Wallace DC et al. (2000), Origin of haplogroup M in Ethiopia, Am J Hum Genet 67(Suppl):217Padron:Vs
↑ Wallace, D; Brown, MD; Lott, MT (1999). "Mitochondrial DNA variation in human evolution and disease". Gene. 238 (1): 211–30. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00295-4. PMID 10570998.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M; Larruga, José M; Flores, Carlos; Cabrera, Vicente M (2001). "Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions". BMC Genetics. 2: 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-2-13. PMC 55343. PMID 11553319.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ "Archive copy". Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 2011-07-08. Nakuha noong 2013-11-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Černý, Viktor; Fernandes, Verónica; Costa, Marta D; Hájek, Martin; Mulligan, Connie J; Pereira, Luísa (2009). "Migration of Chadic speaking pastoralists within Africa based on population structure of Chad Basin and phylogeography of mitochondrial L3f haplogroup". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 63. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-63. PMC 2680838. PMID 19309521.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Kivisild, T; Reidla, M; Metspalu, E; Rosa, A; Brehm, A; Pennarun, E; Parik, J; Geberhiwot, T; Usanga, E (2004). "Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (5): 752–70. doi:10.1086/425161. PMC 1182106. PMID 15457403.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Liane Fendt et al., MtDNA diversity of Ghana: a forensic and phylogeographic view, 2011
↑ Padron:Cite journal pages=752–70
↑ Anderson, S. 2006, Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of African mitochondrial DNA variation. Naka-arkibo 2011-09-10 sa Wayback Machine.
↑ Bandelt, HJ; Alves-Silva, J; Guimarães, PE; Santos, MS; Brehm, A; Pereira, L; Coppa, A; Larruga, JM; Rengo, C (2001). "Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial haplogroup L3e: a snapshot of African prehistory and Atlantic slave trade". Annals of Human Genetics. 65 (Pt 6): 549–63. doi:10.1017/S0003480001008892. PMID 11851985.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Plaza, Stéphanie; Salas, Antonio; Calafell, Francesc; Corte-Real, Francisco; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Carracedo, Ángel; Comas, David (2004). "Insights into the western Bantu dispersal: mtDNA lineage analysis in Angola". Human Genetics. 115 (5): 439–47. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1164-0. PMID 15340834.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Fadhlaoui-Zid, K.; Plaza, S.; Calafell, F.; Ben Amor, M.; Comas, D.; Bennamar, A.; Gaaied, El (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 3): 222–33. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00096.x. PMID 15180702.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Watson, E; Forster, P; Richards, M; Bandelt, H (1997). "Mitochondrial Footprints of Human Expansions in Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 61 (3): 691–704. doi:10.1086/515503. PMC 1715955. PMID 9326335.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
↑ Stevanovitch, A.; Gilles, A.; Bouzaid, E.; Kefi, R.; Paris, F.; Gayraud, R. P.; Spadoni, J. L.; El-Chenawi, F.; Beraud-Colomb, E. (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Diversity in a Sedentary Population from Egypt". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 1): 23–39. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x. PMID 14748828.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

Punong ebolusyonaryo ng mga mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup na pantao

Mitochondrial Eve (L)

L0

L1-6

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

M

N

CZ

D

E

G

Q

A

S

R

I

W

X

Y

C

Z

B

F

R0

pre-JT

P

U

HV

JT

K

H

V

J

T

[19] GUR46 on table 1. is a mtDNA haplogroup L3x2a.

[Tishkoff2007-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Gonder, M. K.; Mortensen, H. M.; Reed, F. A.; De Sousa, A.; Tishkoff, S. A. (2006). "Whole-mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (3): 757–68. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl209. PMID 17194802.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[mbe.oxfordjournals.org-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/11/16/molbev.msr245.short?rss=1

[3] Salas, A (2002). "The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 71 (5): 1082–111. doi:10.1086/344348. PMC 385086. PMID 12395296.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[vanOven-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Van Oven, Mannis; Kayser, Manfred (2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–94. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[Behar-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 ^5.8 Behar, Doron M.; Villems, Richard; Soodyall, Himla; Blue-Smith, Jason; Pereira, Luisa; Metspalu, Ene; Scozzari, Rosaria; Makkan, Heeran; Tzur, Shay (2008). "The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (5): 1130–40. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002. PMC 2427203. PMID 18439549.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[6] Wallace DC et al. (2000), Origin of haplogroup M in Ethiopia, Am J Hum Genet 67(Suppl):217Padron:Vs

[7] Wallace, D; Brown, MD; Lott, MT (1999). "Mitochondrial DNA variation in human evolution and disease". Gene. 238 (1): 211–30. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(99)00295-4. PMID 10570998.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[8] Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M; Larruga, José M; Flores, Carlos; Cabrera, Vicente M (2001). "Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions". BMC Genetics. 2: 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-2-13. PMC 55343. PMID 11553319.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[9] "Archive copy". Inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 2011-07-08. Nakuha noong 2013-11-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[Černý2009-10] Černý, Viktor; Fernandes, Verónica; Costa, Marta D; Hájek, Martin; Mulligan, Connie J; Pereira, Luísa (2009). "Migration of Chadic speaking pastoralists within Africa based on population structure of Chad Basin and phylogeography of mitochondrial L3f haplogroup". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 63. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-63. PMC 2680838. PMID 19309521.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[11] Kivisild, T; Reidla, M; Metspalu, E; Rosa, A; Brehm, A; Pennarun, E; Parik, J; Geberhiwot, T; Usanga, E (2004). "Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 75 (5): 752–70. doi:10.1086/425161. PMC 1182106. PMID 15457403.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[Fendt-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Liane Fendt et al., MtDNA diversity of Ghana: a forensic and phylogeographic view, 2011

[13] Padron:Cite journal pages=752–70

[14] Anderson, S. 2006, Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of African mitochondrial DNA variation. Naka-arkibo 2011-09-10 sa Wayback Machine.

[Bandelt-15] Bandelt, HJ; Alves-Silva, J; Guimarães, PE; Santos, MS; Brehm, A; Pereira, L; Coppa, A; Larruga, JM; Rengo, C (2001). "Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial haplogroup L3e: a snapshot of African prehistory and Atlantic slave trade". Annals of Human Genetics. 65 (Pt 6): 549–63. doi:10.1017/S0003480001008892. PMID 11851985.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[Plaza2004-16] Plaza, Stéphanie; Salas, Antonio; Calafell, Francesc; Corte-Real, Francisco; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Carracedo, Ángel; Comas, David (2004). "Insights into the western Bantu dispersal: mtDNA lineage analysis in Angola". Human Genetics. 115 (5): 439–47. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1164-0. PMID 15340834.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[Fadhlaoui-Zid-17] Fadhlaoui-Zid, K.; Plaza, S.; Calafell, F.; Ben Amor, M.; Comas, D.; Bennamar, A.; Gaaied, El (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 3): 222–33. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00096.x. PMID 15180702.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[Watson,-18] Watson, E; Forster, P; Richards, M; Bandelt, H (1997). "Mitochondrial Footprints of Human Expansions in Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 61 (3): 691–704. doi:10.1086/515503. PMC 1715955. PMID 9326335.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[Stevanovitch2004-20] Stevanovitch, A.; Gilles, A.; Bouzaid, E.; Kefi, R.; Paris, F.; Gayraud, R. P.; Spadoni, J. L.; El-Chenawi, F.; Beraud-Colomb, E. (2004). "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Diversity in a Sedentary Population from Egypt". Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (Pt 1): 23–39. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x. PMID 14748828.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[Note 1]

[19]

Haplogroup L3
Posibleng panahon ng pinagmulan	80,000 to 104,000 YBP ^[1] OR 60,000 to 70,000 YBP ^[2]
Posibleng lugar ng pinagmulan	East Africa^[3]
Ninuno	L3'4
Descendants	L3a, L3b'f, L3c'd'j, L3e'i'k'x, L3h, M, N
Naglalarawang mga mutasyon	769, 1018, 16311^[4]