Peanut Hole
55°30′N 149°30′E / 55.500°N 149.500°E
The International zone of the Sea of Okhotsk (Russian: международная зона Охотского моря, romanized: mezhdunarodnaya zona Okhotskogo morya), known by its nickname the Peanut Hole, is an area of international waters at the center of the Sea of Okhotsk. From 1991 to 2014 its status was the subject of international disputes. Since March 2014 the Peanut Hole's seabed and subterranea is legally part of the continental shelf of Russia.
The Peanut Hole (named for its shape)[fn 1] was an area about 55 kilometres (34 miles) wide and 480 kilometres (300 miles) long,[fn 1] and was surrounded by the exclusive economic zone of Russia (Russian EEZ) extending from the shores of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, and the Russian mainland (Khabarovsk Krai and Magadan Oblast), but was not in Russia's default EEZ because it is more than 200 nautical miles (370 km) from any coast.
EEZs are not areas of sovereignty, but are areas of certain sovereign rights and functional jurisdiction. Since the Peanut Hole was not in the Russian EEZ, any country could fish there, and some began doing so in large numbers in 1991, removing perhaps as much as one million metric tons of pollock in 1992.[fn 2] This was seen by the Russian Federation as presenting a danger to Russian fish stocks, since the fish move in and out of the Peanut Hole from the Russian EEZ.[1] (This situation is called a "straddling stock", and the problem with it is an illustration of the "tragedy of commons".[2])
[T]hirty-nine Polish supertrawlers burst into the central part of the Sea of Okhotsk... followed by nine large South Korean trawlers and almost the entire Chinese fishing fleet. Somewhat later, fishing ships from Japan, Panama, Bulgaria and Ukraine appeared. A wild revelry began... Reluctant to observe elementary international fishing regulations, foreign fishermen set to clearing out the wealth of the northern sea.
— Yelena Matveyeva, On the Brink of a Military Conflict in the Sea of Okhotsk, Moscow News Weekly[fn 4]
In 1993, China, Japan, Poland, Russia and South Korea agreed to stop fishing in the Peanut Hole until the pollock stocks recovered, but without an agreement on how to proceed after that,[3] while the United Nations Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement, which became effective in 2001, created a framework intended to help implement cooperative management of straddling stocks.
The Russian Federation petitioned the United Nations to declare the Peanut Hole to be part of Russia's continental shelf. In November 2013, a United Nations subcommittee accepted the Russian argument, and in March 2014 the full United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf ruled in favor of the Russian Federation.[4]
There are several other similar relatively small areas of high waters surrounded by EEZs: "Banana Hole" in the Norwegian Sea, surrounded by the EEZs of Norway, Greenland, the Faeroe Islands and Iceland, "Loop Hole" in the Barents Sea, surrounded by Russia and Norway, and the "Donut Hole" in the Bering Sea surrounded by Russia and the United States.[5]
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ a b c d Goltz, p. 445.[1]
- ^ FAO (June 15, 1993). Some high seas fisheries aspects relating to straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks. United Nations Conference On Straddling Fish Stocks And Highly Migratory Fish Stocks. New York: UN. p. 10. A/CONF.164/INF/4.[fn 1]
- ^ Goltz, p. 446.[1]
- ^ Matveyeva, Yelena (August 20, 1993). "On the Brink of a Military Conflict in the Sea of Okhotsk". Moscow News Weekly. p. 15.[fn 1][fn 3]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Goltz, Jon K. (January 5, 1995). "The Sea of Okhotsk Peanut Hole: How the United Nations Draft Agreement on Straddling Stocks Might Preserve the Pollack Fishery" (PDF). Washington International Law Journal. 4 (2). Pacific Rim Law & Policy Association: 443−478. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
- ^ Jon K. Goltz, The Sea of Okhotsk Peanut Hole: How the United Nations Draft Agreement on Straddling Stocks Might Preserve the Pollack Fishery, Washington International Law Journal, 1995, vol. 4, no. 2
- ^ "Peanut Hole agreement". United Nations. 1993. Archived from the original on November 24, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
- ^ United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (March 14, 2014). "SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION ON THE LIMITS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF IN REGARD TO THE PARTIAL REVISED SUBMISSION MADE BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN RESPECT OF THE SEA OF OKHOTSK ON 28 FEBRUARY 2013" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 8, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
- ^ How Non-Government Actors Helped the Arctic Fisheries Agreement, Polar Perspectives, no. 2, 2020
Further reading
[edit]- Oude Elferink, Alex G. (2001). "The Sea of Okhotsk Peanut Hole De facto Extension of Coastal State Control". In Olav Schram Stokke (ed.). Governing High Seas Fisheries: The Interplay of Global and Regional Regimes. Oxford University Press. pp. 178–194. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299493.003.0007. ISBN 9780198299493. Retrieved November 1, 2013.