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Homicide Act 1957

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Homicide Act 1957
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long titleAn Act to make for England and Wales (and for courts-martial wherever sitting) amendments of the law relating to homicide and the trial and punishment of murder, and for Scotland amendments of the law relating to the trial and punishment of murder and attempts to murder.
Citation5 & 6 Eliz. 2. c. 11
Dates
Royal assent21 March 1957
Commencement21 March 1957[1]
Status: Amended
Text of the Homicide Act 1957 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.

The Homicide Act 1957 (5 & 6 Eliz. 2. c. 11) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was enacted as a partial reform of the common law offence of murder in English law by abolishing the doctrine of constructive malice (except in limited circumstances), reforming the partial defence of provocation, and by introducing the partial defences of diminished responsibility and suicide pact. It restricted the use of the death penalty for murder.

Similar provisions to Part I of this Act was enacted for Northern Ireland by Part II of the Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1966.

History

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The Act was introduced following the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1949–53, and embodied some of its recommendations but differed from the main recommendation which was that "it is impracticable to find a satisfactory method of limiting the scope of capital punishment by dividing murder into degrees".[2] During and after the royal commission there had been several controversial cases, including that of Derek Bentley in 1953 where a 19-year-old defendant was hanged for a murder committed by his 16-year-old co-defendant. (Bentley's conviction was found to be unsafe by the Court of Appeal in 1998)[3] The hanging of Ruth Ellis in 1955 had also caused considerable unease with the system of capital punishment; Ellis had a strong potential defence of diminished responsibility due to previous, but not immediate, abuse by her victim, but as the law did not provide for such a defence to a charge of murder she was sentenced to death.[4]

In November 1955, after Home Secretary Gwilym Lloyd George announced the government's rejection of some of the Royal Commission's proposals, veteran MP Sydney Silverman introduced a Bill to abolish capital punishment. The Conservative government avoided a vote on it (which would have shown Conservative MPs to be divided),[5] but a debate was held in February 1956 on a government motion and resulted in an abolitionist amendment being carried by 293 to 262.[6] Silverman's Bill was then passed by the Commons but vetoed by the House of Lords.

In order to mollify the abolitionists, the government then announced it would bring in a reform to the law to curtail the use of capital punishment.

Part I – Amendments to the law of England and Wales as to the fact of Murder

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This Part does not extend to Scotland.[7]

Section 1 – Abolition of constructive malice

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See also: felony murder rule

Constructive malice was the doctrine that malice aforethought, the mental element for murder, could be attributed to the defendant if death was caused during the commission of another felony (such as robbery or burglary). Section 1 of the Act abolished constructive malice except where the intention implicit in the other crime was an intention to kill or to do grievous bodily harm. Thus, the automatic linkage between the other crime and the murder was broken, and juries were then required to consider more directly whether the accused was culpable when engaging in the conduct resulting in death. But this made the Act unclear in its effect. Although the marginal note to the section purports to abolish the doctrine of "constructive malice", it did not abolish the concept of felony, the rules relating to the arrest of felons or the general rules specifying the test for the mental element which the juries were to apply. Hence, the Act did not abolish the principles of expressed malice or implied malice, i.e. malice could be implied by the words and expressions used by the accused, or there was a set of circumstances from which malice could be implied. These were objective tests that enabled the court to impute or "construct" the malice. This continuing common law was the basis of the decision in DPP v Smith[8] where the Lords confirmed that neither expressed nor implied malice had been repealed by the section.[9] It was not until the Criminal Law Act 1967 abolished the distinction between felonies and misdemeanours that the old common law rules on malice for the proof of mens rea in felonies could no longer apply.

Voluntary manslaughter defences

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The Act created two partial defences—diminished responsibility and suicide pact—to murder which, if satisfied, reduce a charge of murder to a charge of manslaughter. It also changed the law of another partial defence to murder provocation.

Diminished responsibility

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In 1953 the Report of the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment[10] took the view that mental abnormality which resulted in a diminished responsibility, was relatively common and potentially of importance to a wide range of offences. The Commission therefore asserted that a "radical" amendment to the existing law would not be justified for the "limited" purpose of enabling the courts to avoid imposing the death sentence. Parliament was not impressed and section 2 of the Act now provides that diminished responsibility is available as a defence where the accused was, at the time of the offence, suffering from an "abnormality of the mind" which substantially impaired his mental responsibility for his acts or omissions resulting in murder. The burden of proof is on the accused to show that she/he was suffering from diminished responsibility.

This defence is distinguishable from the defence of insanity for while the former requires a substantial impairment of mental responsibility arising from an abnormality of the mind, the latter requires a defect of reason arising from a disease of the mind. Broadly, the difference is that diminished responsibility is characterised by a temporary emotional or mental state which causes the accused to lose control over whether and how to act, whereas insanity is any inherent (internal) defect which so radically affects the defendant that he or she does not understand what is being done or that it is legally wrong to do it (other conditions may cause the accused to become an automaton, i.e. to be unable to control her/his body's movements, see automatism and its case law). A further distinction is that the defence of diminished responsibility reduces a murder charge to voluntary manslaughter, whereas the defence of insanity excuses the accused of all guilt (but may require the accused to be placed in special care, say, by imposing a hospital order under section 37 of the Mental Health Act 1983, and automatism results in a complete acquittal.

Abnormality of the mind
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An abnormality of the mind is a "state of mind so different from that of ordinary human beings that the reasonable man would term it abnormal".[11] This can arise from a mental incapacity to reason properly or from an inability to exercise willpower to control physical acts. Examples of an abnormality of the mind included:

  • post-natal depression (R v Reynolds [1988])
  • battered woman syndrome (R v Ahluwahlia [1992]; R v Hobson [1998])
  • excessive jealousy (R v Vinagre [1979])

Intoxication may not constitute an abnormality of the mind unless the craving for alcohol has become involuntary (R v Tandy [1989]). The Coroners and Justice Act [2009] s52(1) amended the Homicide Act 1957 to use the phrase "abnormal mental functioning" instead of "abnormal mind" to highlight the psychological focus of this defence.

Substantial impairment of mental responsibility
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There must be a "substantial" impairment of mental responsibility. Whether the impairment is "substantial" is defined either according to a common-sense standard or as "more than some trivial degree of impairment but less than total impairment" (R v Lloyd [1967]).

Section 3 - Provocation

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Main article: Provocation in English law

Provocation can be distinguished from diminished responsibility which recognises a reduction in culpability because the defendant does not have the capacity to choose whether to break the law or not. The defence of provocation was based on the argument that a person who was so provoked as to completely lose their self-control should not be punished in the same way as those who murder wilfully. The defence was available under common law where the accused was provoked to lose his self-control. Provocation could be caused by things done or things the accused heard or said himself. The jury then decided whether the provocation would have been sufficient to cause a reasonable man to lose his self-control. If so, the charge could be reduced from murder to voluntary manslaughter. The accused needed adduce only prima facie evidence of provocation. It was then up to the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused was not provoked. Two conditions had to be satisfied:

  • Subjective condition. For the jury to find provocation, they had to be satisfied that the accused was actually provoked and lost self-control (R v Duffy [1949]). This was a subjective test based solely on the actual effect the behaviour of the victim had on the accused.
  • Objective condition. The jury had also to find that the reasonable person would have done as the defendant did (R v Duffy [1949]).

It was thus possible for a person to have been subjectively provoked but not objectively provoked (e.g. a particularly sensitive person) or to have been objectively provoked but not subjectively provoked (e.g. a particular insensitive person). It was also possible for the provocation to have been built up over a period of time, provided that the outburst was sudden and temporary (R v Ahluwalia [1992]).

Section 3 of the Act made "the question whether the provocation was enough to make a reasonable man do as he did" the jury's responsibility. Previously this decision could be withdrawn from the jury by the judge.

In 2004 the Law Commission recommended substantial revision to this defence in their report on Partial Defences to Murder.[12] Section 3 was repealed on 4 October 2010 by section 56(2)(a) of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009.[13]

Suicide pact

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Parliament's intention in section 4 was to show some compassion for those who had been involved in a suicide pact but failed to die. The reason for the failure might be that the means adopted proved inadequate or the survivor's commitment was fragile. In either event, the trauma of involvement in such a pact was considered equivalent to a punishment and the mandatory life sentence of murder was considered an inappropriate sentence for such defendants. Thus the Act provides that where the accused kills a person, or is party to a person being killed, while acting in accordance with a suicide pact, the charge will be reduced from murder to manslaughter. A 'suicide pact' is a common agreement between two or more persons providing for the death of all those persons (whether they should take their own lives or those of each other). It is a requirement of the defence that the accused herself/himself had a "settled intention of dying in pursuance of the pact". This is to avoid the accused entering into a supposed pact with the real intention of committing murder. The burden is on the accused to prove that she/he:

  1. was party to a suicide pact, and
  2. had a settled intention of dying.

Part II – Liability to the death penalty

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Main article: Capital punishment in the United Kingdom

Until the Homicide Act was passed, the mandatory penalty for all adults convicted of murder was death by hanging. After decades of campaigning, abolitionists secured a partial victory with the Act, which limited the circumstances in which murderers could be executed, requiring mandatory life imprisonment in all other cases.

Section 5 – Capital murder

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This section created a new offence of capital murder. A person was guilty of this offence if he committed murder in one of five situations:

  • Murder in the course or furtherance of theft; s.5(1)(a)
  • Murder by shooting or by causing an explosion; s.5(1)(b)
  • Murder in the course or for the purpose of resisting, avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest, or of effecting or assisting an escape or rescue from legal custody; s.5(1)(c)
  • Murder of a police officer acting in the execution of his duty, or of a person assisting a police officer so acting; s.5(1)(d)
  • Murder of a prison officer acting in the execution of his duty, or of a person assisting a prison officer so acting, by a person who was a prisoner at the time when he did or was a party to the murder; s.5(1)(e).

Forms of indictment for this offence were provided by S.I. 1957/699.

Section 6 – Death penalty for repeated murders

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This section required the death penalty for anyone convicted of two murders. There were two subsections:

  • Two murders committed on separate occasions, provided both murders were committed in Great Britain; s.6(1)
  • The murder of two or more people being charged in the same indictment; s.6(2)

Section 7 – Abolition of the death penalty for other murders

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Part III - Amendments as to form and execution of death sentence in England and Wales

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Section 10 – Form of sentence of death for murder

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The wording of the death sentence was changed to "shall suffer death in the manner authorised by law" from "shall suffer death by hanging." [prior to 1948 the sentence read "shall be hanged by the neck until you are dead."]

All other murders were to be punished with mandatory life imprisonment.

Capital murder convictions

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There were 75 convictions for capital murder under the Act, 66 in England and Wales and nine in Scotland. Five were of people under the age of 18; six of the convictions were reduced either to non-capital murder or manslaughter on appeal, leaving 64 who were liable to be hanged. Of these, 32 (including the only woman) were recommended to mercy and were reprieved from the gallows. The other 32 men – 29 in England and Wales and three in Scotland – were hanged.

While the death penalty was originally still available under the subsequent Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965, which replaced the Homicide Act 1957, the last executions in the United Kingdom were carried out on 13 August 1964, when Peter Allen and Gwynne Evans were hanged for murdering John Alan West during a theft four months earlier, a death penalty crime under the 1957 Act.[14]

England and Wales

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Date Defendant Court Section Outcome Reference
16 May 1957 Dunbar, Ronald Patrick Newcastle upon Tyne Assizes 5 (1) (a) reduced to manslaughter on appeal [15]
23 May 1957 Vickers, John Wilson Cumberland Assizes 5 (1) (a) hanged [16]
28 June 1957 McPherson, Franklin Rupert Nottingham Assizes 5 (1) (b) reduced to manslaughter on appeal [17]
18 October 1957 Howard, Dennis Worcester Assizes 5 (1) (a) and (b) hanged [18]
19 December 1957 Spriggs, John Francis Birmingham Assizes 5 (1) (b) reprieved [19]
30 January 1958 Matheson, Albert Edward Durham Assizes 5 (1) (a) reduced to manslaughter on appeal [20]
18 March 1958 Teed, Vivian Frederick Cardiff Assizes 5 (1) (a) hanged [21]
29 March 1958 Wilson, Mary Elizabeth Leeds Assizes 6 (2) reprieved [22]
30 April 1958 Bosworth, Arthur John Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (a) and (c) reprieved [23]
22 May 1958 Collier, George William Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (a) reprieved [24]
3 July 1958 Kavanagh, Matthew Warwick Assizes 5 (1) (a) hanged [25]
23 July 1958 Stokes, Frank Leeds Assizes 5 (1) (a) hanged [26]
20 October 1958 Chandler, Brian Durham Assizes 5 (1) (a) hanged [27]
10 December 1958 Jones, Ernest Raymond Leeds Assizes 5 (1) (a) hanged [28]
4 March 1959 Chrimes, Joseph Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (a) hanged [29]
19 March 1959 Marwood, Ronald Henry Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (d) hanged [30]
23 March 1959 Tatum, Michael George Hampshire Assizes 5 (1) (a) hanged [31]
13 April 1959 Di Duca, David Lancelot Hampshire Assizes 5 (1) (a) reprieved [32]
1 July 1959 Walden, Bernard Hugh Sheffield Assizes 5 (1) (b) hanged [33]
24 September 1959 Podola, Guenther Fritz Erwin Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (b), (c) and (d) hanged [34]
7 April 1960 Smith, Jim Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (d) reduced to manslaughter on appeal; conviction
restored by the House of Lords; reprieved		 [35]
1 June 1960 Pocze, Mihaly Lancaster Assizes 5 (1) (a) reprieved [36]
22 July 1960 Constantine, John Louis Birmingham Assizes 5 (1) (a) hanged [37]
26 September 1960 Harris, Norman James Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (a) hanged [38]
26 September 1960 Forsyth, Francis Robert George Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (a) hanged [38]
26 September 1960 Lutt, Terence Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (a) detained at HM pleasure (aged 17) [38]
20 October 1960 Rogers, John Somerset Assizes 5 (1) (a) reprieved [39]
18 November 1960 Gnypiuk, Wasyl Nottingham Assizes 5 (1) (a) hanged [40]
12 December 1960 Riley, George Stafford Assizes 5 (1) (a) hanged [41]
20 January 1961 Day, Jack Bedford Assizes 5 (1) (b) hanged [42]
20 March 1961 Duffy, Christopher John Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (a) detained at HM pleasure (aged 16) [43]
28 March 1961 Terry, Victor John Sussex Assizes 5 (1) (a) and (b) hanged [44]
26 April 1961 Pankotai, Zsiga Leeds Assizes 5 (1) (a) hanged [45]
1 May 1961 Singleton, Sidney Manchester Crown Court 5 (1) (a) detained at HM pleasure (aged 17) [46]
12 May 1961 Bush, Edwin Albert Arthur Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (a) hanged [47]
4 July 1961 Porritt, George Anthony Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (b) reduced to manslaughter on appeal [48]
20 July 1961 Niemasz, Hendryk Lewes Assizes 5 (1) (a) hanged [49]
1 November 1961 McMenemy, John Christopher Liverpool Assizes 5 (1) (a) reprieved [50]
17 February 1962 Hanratty, James Bedford Assizes 5 (1) (b) hanged [51]
20 July 1962 McCrorey, Bernard Joseph Manchester Crown Court 5 (1) (a) reduced to manslaughter on appeal [52]
12 October 1962 Grey, Oswald Augustus Birmingham Assizes 5 (1) (a) and (b) hanged [53]
18 October 1962 Smith, James Liverpool Crown Court 5 (1) (a) hanged [54]
12 March 1963 Thatcher, George Frederick Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (a) and (b) reduced to non-capital murder on appeal [55]
7 October 1963 Black, Edgar Valentine Glamorgan Assizes 5 (1) (b) reprieved [56]
2 November 1963 Pascoe, Russell Cornwall Assizes 5 (1) (a) hanged [57]
2 November 1963 Whitty, Dennis John Cornwall Assizes 5 (1) (a) hanged [57]
6 February 1964 Simcox, Christopher Stafford Assizes 5 (1) (b) and 6 (1) reprieved [58]
1 May 1964 Masters, Joseph William Lancaster Assizes 5 (1) (a) reprieved [59]
26 June 1964 Dobbing, William Joseph Leeds Assizes 5 (1) (b) reprieved [60]
7 July 1964 Allen, Peter Anthony Manchester Crown Court 5 (1) (a) hanged [61]
7 July 1964 Evans, Gwynne Owen Manchester Crown Court 5 (1) (a) hanged [61]
14 December 1964 Cooper, Ronald John Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (b) reprieved [62]
17 December 1964 Dunford, Peter Anthony Leeds Assizes 6 (1) reprieved [63]
8 February 1965 Lawrence, Joseph Stafford Assizes 5 (1) (a) reprieved [64]
22 March 1965 Dunning, William Roger Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (a) reprieved [65]
22 March 1965 Simpson, John Cummins Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (a) reprieved [65]
22 March 1965 Odam, Michael William Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (a) reprieved [65]
26 March 1965 Pockett, Frank Gordon Birmingham Assizes 5 (1) (a) reprieved [66]
30 March 1965 Latham, Richard Terence Leeds Assizes 5 (1) (b) reprieved [67]
7 April 1965 Stoneley, John William Winchester Assizes 5 (1) (a) reprieved [68]
26 July 1965 Williams, Frederick Worcester Assizes 5 (1) (b) reprieved [69]
27 July 1965 Burgess, Henry Francis Central Criminal Court 5 (1) (b) reprieved [70]
27 October 1965 Wardley, David Henry Stafford Assizes 5 (1) (d) reprieved [71]
1 November 1965 Chapman, David Stephen Leeds Assizes 5 (1) (a) reprieved [72]

Scotland

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Date Accused Court Section Outcome Reference
29 May 1958 Manuel, Peter Thomas Anthony High Court at Glasgow 5 (1) (b) and 6 (2) hanged [73]
25 September 1958 Forbes, Donald Ferguson High Court at Edinburgh 5 (1) (a) reprieved [74]
7 July 1959 McGilvray, John High Court at Glasgow 5 (1) (a) detained at HM pleasure (aged 17) [75]
9 March 1960 Stirling, Alexander Main High Court at Edinburgh 5 (1) (b) and 6 (2) reprieved [76]
16 November 1960 Miller, Anthony Joseph High Court at Glasgow 5 (1) (a) hanged [77]
30 November 1960 Dickson, Robert McKenna Cribbes High Court at Dumfries 5 (1) (b) reprieved [78]
8 May 1962 Rodger, William High Court at Glasgow 5 (1) (a) detained at HM pleasure (aged 17) [79]
25 July 1963 Burnett, Henry John High Court at Aberdeen 5 (1) (b) hanged [80]
20 February 1964 McCarron, Patrick High Court at Perth 5 (1) (b) reprieved [81]

Abolition of the death penalty

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The death penalty for murder was suspended for five years in 1965, and permanently abolished in 1969 (although it still remained for treason until 1998). The penalty today is life imprisonment under the Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ The Act came into force on the date it received royal assent because no other date was specified.
  2. ^ "Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1949–53" Cmd. 8932, p. 278 para 41.
  3. ^ Link to judgement Archived 2006-02-03 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ^ On this paragraph in general see James B. Christoph, "Capital Punishment and British Politics" (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1962), chapters 4 and 5, pp 96-125.
  5. ^ James B. Christoph, "Capital Punishment and British Politics" (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1962), pp 127-129.
  6. ^ HC Deb 5 ser vol 548 cc2536-655; James B. Christoph, "Capital Punishment and British Politics" (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London, 1962), pp. 129-137.
  7. ^ The Homicide Act 1957, section 13(1)
  8. ^ (1960) 3 AER 161
  9. ^ see Glanville Williams "Constructive Malice revived" (1960) 23 MLR 604 and J.C. Smith, "Case and Comment: DPP v Smith" (1960) Crim. LR 765).
  10. ^ (1953) Cmd 8932
  11. ^ R v Byrne [1960])
  12. ^ available at [1].
  13. ^ The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 (Commencement No. 4, Transitional and Saving Provisions) Order 2010 (S.I. 2010/816 (C. 56)), article 5(g)(i)
  14. ^ Seal, Lizzie (12 March 2019). "A brief history of capital punishment in Britain". BBC History Magazine. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  15. ^ "Law Report, July 1". The Times. 2 July 1957. p. 11..
  16. ^ "Law Report, July 5". The Times. 6 July 1957. p. 10.
  17. ^ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 23 July 1957. p. 12.
  18. ^ "Capital Murder Appeal Dismissed". The Times. 19 November 1957. p. 14.
  19. ^ "Murder of Barman by Shooting". The Times. 20 December 1957. p. 7.
  20. ^ "Death Sentence on Handyman". The Times. 31 January 1958. p. 4.
  21. ^ "Execution Date Fixed". The Times. 24 April 1958. p. 7.
  22. ^ "Murder of Two Husbands". The Times. 31 March 1958. p. 5.
  23. ^ "Labourer Sentenced to Death". The Times. 1 May 1958. p. 7.
  24. ^ "Capital Murder of Recluse". The Times. 23 May 1958. p. 7.
  25. ^ "No Reprieve Recommended". The Times. 11 August 1958. p. 6.
  26. ^ "Death Sentence for Hammer Murder". The Times. 24 July 1958. p. 6.
  27. ^ "Capital Murder appeal dismissed". The Times. 2 December 1958. p. 3.
  28. ^ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 27 January 1959. p. 3.
  29. ^ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 11 April 1959. p. 10.
  30. ^ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 21 April 1959. p. 3.
  31. ^ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 28 April 1959. p. 14.
  32. ^ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 27 May 1959. p. 13.
  33. ^ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 28 July 1959. p. 7.
  34. ^ "Podola sentenced to death for "Foul and Terrible deed"". The Times. 25 September 1959. p. 6.
  35. ^ "Law Report, July 28". The Times. 29 July 1960. p. 5.
  36. ^ "Two Murderers are Reprieved". The Times. 1 August 1960.
  37. ^ "Capital Murder appeal dismissed". The Times. 16 August 1960.
  38. ^ a b c "Law Report, October 24". The Times. 25 October 1960.
  39. ^ "Court of Criminal Appeal". 22 November 1960. p. 3.
  40. ^ "Court of Criminal Appeal". The Times. 12 January 1961. p. 16.
  41. ^ "Murder Appeal dismissed". The Times. 24 January 1961. p. 3.
  42. ^ "Sentence of Death on 'Guns my Hobby' Man". The Times. 21 January 1961. p. 4.
  43. ^ "Boy of 16 Guilty of Capital Murder". The Times. 21 March 1961. p. 7.
  44. ^ "Murder Appeal Dismissed". The Times. 9 May 1961. p. 15.
  45. ^ "No Appeal to Lords". The Times. 15 June 1961. p. 22.
  46. ^ "Youth Guilty of Lift Shaft Murder". The Times. 2 May 1961. p. 15.
  47. ^ "Death for Curio Shop Murder". The Times. 13 May 1961. p. 6.
  48. ^ "Capital Murder Appeal Allowed". The Times. 27 July 1961. p. 15.
  49. ^ "Murder Appeal Dismissed". The Times. 16 August 1961. p. 12.
  50. ^ "Reprieve for John McMenemy". The Times. 25 November 1961. p. 6.
  51. ^ "Murder Appeal Dismissed". The Times. 14 March 1962. p. 3.
  52. ^ "Capital Murder Appeal Allowed". The Times. 31 July 1962. p. 13.
  53. ^ "Murder Appeal Dismissed". The Times. 30 October 1962. p. 3.
  54. ^ "Capital Murder". The Times. 6 November 1962. p. 16.
  55. ^ "Defective Summing-up: Appeal Allowed". The Times. 6 April 1963. p. 6.
  56. ^ "Reprieve for Father of Three". The Times. 7 November 1963. p. 6.
  57. ^ a b "2 Men Sentenced to Death". The Times. 4 November 1963. p. 14.
  58. ^ ""Paranoid Personality": Two Murders". The Times. 25 February 1964. p. 7.
  59. ^ "Capital Murder". The Times. 15 May 1964. p. 10.
  60. ^ "Capital Murder". The Times. 14 July 1964. p. 5.
  61. ^ a b "Capital Murder". The Times. 21 July 1964.
  62. ^ "Murder Appeal Abandoned". The Times. 13 January 1965. p. 7.
  63. ^ "Death Sentence on Youth for Second Murder". The Times. 18 December 1964. p. 4.
  64. ^ "Life sentence reduced to seven years". The Guardian. 3 March 1965. p. 7. ProQuest 185053909.
  65. ^ a b c "Death Sentence on Three Men". The Times. 23 March 1965. p. 15.
  66. ^ "Capital Murder". The Times. 20 July 1965. p. 19.
  67. ^ "Premeditated Murder". The Times. 29 April 1965. p. 3.
  68. ^ "Two Guilty of Taxi Driver's Murder". The Times. 8 April 1965. p. 7.
  69. ^ "Retrial on Murder Charge Refused". The Times. p. 6.
  70. ^ "Police-Sergeant's Appeal Dismissed". The Times. p. 3.
  71. ^ "Youth Sentenced to Death". The Times. p. 5.
  72. ^ "Death Sentence in Swim Pool Case". The Times. p. 6.
  73. ^ ""Tragic Mistake" cost Watts their lives". The Glasgow Herald. 30 May 1958. p. 6.
  74. ^ "Trawlerman sentenced to death". The Times. 26 September 1958. p. 3.
  75. ^ "Cambuslang Youth Guilty of Capital Murder". The Glasgow Herald. 8 July 1959. p. 1.
  76. ^ "Murder of Woman and Father". The Glasgow Herald. 10 March 1960. p. 10.
  77. ^ "Death sentence on Glasgow youth". The Times. 17 November 1960. p. 19.
  78. ^ "Death Sentence on Lighthouse Man". The Times. 1 December 1960. p. 9.
  79. ^ "Youth Guilty of Widow's Murder". The Glasgow Herald. 9 May 1962. p. 5.
  80. ^ "Burnett Sentenced to Death". The Glasgow Herald. 26 July 1963. p. 8.
  81. ^ "Miner Sentenced to Death". The Glasgow Herald. 21 February 1964. p. 12.
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