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Karatiyya

Coordinates: 31°38′37″N 34°43′33″E / 31.64361°N 34.72583°E / 31.64361; 34.72583
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This article is about the former village in Gaza Sub-district. For the former village in Jaffa Sub-district, see Al-Khayriyya.
Karatiyya
كرتيا
Karatayya, Karatiya, Qaratiyya
Etymology: "Thick, tangled grass" (possibly)[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Karatiyya (click the buttons)
Karatiyya is located in Mandatory Palestine
Karatiyya
Karatiyya
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°38′37″N 34°43′33″E / 31.64361°N 34.72583°E / 31.64361; 34.72583
Palestine grid124/116
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictGaza
Date of depopulation17–18 July 1948[4]
Area
 • Total13,709 dunams (13.709 km2 or 5.293 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total1,370[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesKomemiyut,[5] Revaha,[5] Nehora[5]

Karatiyya (Arabic: كرتيا) was a Palestinian Arab village of 1,370, located 29 kilometers (18 mi) northeast of Gaza, situated in a flat area with an elevation of 100 meters (330 ft) along the coastal plain of Palestine and crossed by Wadi al-Mufrid.[6]

History

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Byzantine ceramics have been found here.[7]

In the 12th century, a castle called Galatie was built on the village site by the Crusaders, it was subsequently captured by the Ayyubids under Saladin in 1187,[6] and destroyed in September 1191.[8]

Font, with decorations[9]

The place called Kulat el Fenish by the village was apparently once a church. The remains were seen in 1875: "The tower on the mound is called Kulat el Fenish. It is a solid block of masonry, standing some 20 or 30 feet in height. Near it lie shafts and bases of white marble, and an elaborate cornice, well and deeply cut. There is also a font, like that at Beit 'Auwa (Sheet XXI.), formed by four intersecting circles, and measuring 37 feet along the diameter, and 2 feet high."[10][11]

In 1226, Arab geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi writes of the village under Ayyubid rule as "Karatayya" as "a town near Bait Jibrin, in the Province of Filastin. It belongs to Jerusalem."[12]

The Mamluk sultan al-Nasir ibn Qalawun camped in Karatayya in 1299 on his way to fight the Mongols.[13] 14th-century Arab geographer Al-Dimashqi reports that at times it was a part of Mamlakat Ghazzah ("Kingdom of Gaza").[14]

Ottoman era

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Karatiyya was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with the rest of Palestine, and by the 1596 tax records it was named Karta, a village in the nahiya of Gaza, part of Sanjak of Gaza. It had a population of 46 Muslim households, an estimated 253 persons. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, fruit, vineyards, beehives, and goats; a total of 5,830 akçe.[15]

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the area of Karatiyya experienced a significant process of settlement decline due to nomadic pressures on local communities. The residents of abandoned villages moved to surviving settlements, but the land continued to be cultivated by neighboring villages.[16]

In 1838 Edward Robinson noted it as Kuratiyeh, a Muslim village in the Gaza district.[17] He further noted a ruined tower of "modern" date, built partly of (adobe) bricks; and a few ancient columns lying about.[18]

In 1863 Victor Guérin found it to be a small village with many houses demolished. To the north of this hamlet, on a nearby hill, were huge sections of walls and the remains of a square tower, three-quarters destroyed, called "El-Kala'", or "the Castle". South of the village was a maqām, decorated with two ancient grey-white marble columns.[19] An Ottoman village list of about 1870 indicated 73 houses and a population of 196, though the population count included men, only.[20][21]

In the 19th century, a ruined tower stood atop a mound just outside the village which was built in an open plain.[22][18]

British Mandate era

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Karatiyya 1930 1:20,000
Karatiyya 1945 1:250,000
Karatiyya 1948 1:20,000

During the British Mandate of Palestine period in the 20th century, the village houses were built of adobe brick and it relied on the nearby town of al-Faluja for medical, commercial, and administrative services. Karatiyya itself, had a mosque, a grain mill, and an elementary school—the latter was built in 1922 and had an enrollment of 128 students in the mid-1940s. Domestic water was supplied by two wells dug within the village and the primary agricultural crops were grain and prickly pears.[6]

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Karatiya had a population of 736 Muslims,[23] increasing in the 1931 census to 932, still all Muslims, in 229 houses.[24]

In the 1945 statistics Karatiyya had a population of 1,370 Muslims,[2] with a total of 13,709 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[3] Of this, 321 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 12,928 for cereals,[25] while 48 dunams were built-up land.[26]

1948 War, and aftermath

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As a part of a new policy the Haganah blew up a house in Karatiyya on the night of December 9, 1947,[27] the orders to the Givati Brigade who executed the order[28] had been for "two houses".[29]

Karatiyya was captured by the Israeli Army's 89th Mechanized Battalion, commander Moshe Dayan, on July 18, 1948, as part of Operation Death to the Invader. Its inhabitants fled upon their arrival, according to Dayan.[30] According to Benny Morris, the village "was harassed by machine-gun fire and abandoned by its inhabitants".[31] Israeli forces intended to link their northern territory with that held by Israeli forces in the Negev, but succeeded only partially, only taking control of Hatta and Karatiyya. After it was stormed by Dayan's troops he controversially withdrew them leaving a Givati infantry company to hold the position.[32] A fierce battle ensued between them and the Egyptian Army who got as far as the village outskirts. When two Egyptian tanks were on the verge of breaking the Israeli defenses from the south, a unit hiding behind a wall of prickly pear cacti, armed with anti-tank weapons "changed the course of the battle", according to Haganah accounts.[6]

Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. On August 20, 1948, Ben-Gurion together with Yehoshua Eshel, presented a plan for 32 new Jewish settlements on newly depopulated Palestinian villages, with a settlement named Otzem or Komemiyut proposed for Karatiyya.[33] Three villages were eventually founded on village land; Komemiyut in 1950 and Revaha in 1953, close to the village site. Nehora, established in 1956, is partly on village land, and partly on land belonging to al-Faluja.[5]

The Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described Karatiyya in 1992: "Piles of debris are scattered on the site, and a destroyed cemetery (partially hidden among eucalyptus trees) can be seen. An agricultural road runs through it. Grain and alfalfa are grown by Israeli farmers on the site and surrounding lands."[5]

Some of Karatiyya's residents came from Egypt and Transjordan, and some had long-standing roots in the area.[34]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 368
  2. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 31
  3. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 46
  4. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xix, village # 302. Also gives the cause for the depopulation
  5. ^ a b c d e Khalidi, 1992, p. 119
  6. ^ a b c d Khalidi, 1992, p.118
  7. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 874
  8. ^ Pringle, 1997, p. 84
  9. ^ Conder and Kitchener, SWP III, 1883, p. 277
  10. ^ Conder and Kitchener, SWP III, 1883, p. 294
  11. ^ Conder and Kitchener, SWP III, 1883, p. 278
  12. ^ Yaqut al-Hamawi quoted in Le Strange, 1890, p.480.
  13. ^ Atallah, 1986, pp. 76–77. Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p.118.
  14. ^ Le Strange, 1890, p.41.
  15. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 149; quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.118
  16. ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (2023-01-01). "Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalān's hinterland, 1270 – 1750 CE". Journal of Historical Geography. 82: 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003.
  17. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 118
  18. ^ a b Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 370
  19. ^ Guérin, 1869, p. 124
  20. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 155
  21. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 133, also noted 73 houses
  22. ^ Conder and Kitchener, SWP III, 1883, p. 260, Cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 118
  23. ^ Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. 9
  24. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 4.
  25. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 87
  26. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 137
  27. ^ Morris, 2004, pp. 75, 141
  28. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 437
  29. ^ Morris, 2004, pp. 343, 396
  30. ^ Moshe Dayan, "Story of My Life". ISBN 0-688-03076-9. Pages 112–121.
  31. ^ Givati HQ to (?) General Staff\Operations, 09:45 hours, ? July 1948, IDFA 922\75\\908. Cited in Morris, 2004, p. 437, note 130, p. 456
  32. ^ Shabtai Teveth, "Moshe Dayan". ISBN 0-7043-1080-5. Page 189.
  33. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 376
  34. ^ Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in Shomron studies. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 381

Bibliography

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