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Equisetites

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Equisetites
Temporal range: Westphalian–Maastrichtian
319.0–66.043 Ma
Specimens of E. arenaceus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Subclass: Equisetidae
Order: Equisetales
Family: Equisetaceae
Genus: †Equisetites
Sternberg, 1833[1]
Type species
†Equisetites muensteri
Sternberg, 1833[1]
Other species[17]
  • †E. aequecaliginosus Weber, 2005[2]
  • †E. angarensis Gutova et al., 1969[3]
  • †E. arenaceus von Jaeger, 1864
  • †E. asiaticus Gutova et al., 1969[3]
  • †E. carbonarium (Koenig, 1827 [originally Oncylogonatum])
  • †E. conicus Sternberg, 1833
  • †E. ectypus Ilyina, 1964[4]
  • †E. elegans Ilyina et al., 1966[5]
  • †E. ferganensis Gutova et al., 1969[3]
  • †E. filus Xu, 2003[6]
  • †E. glaber Kara-Murza, 1960[7]
  • †E. glaburus Kara-Murza, 1960[7]
  • †E. gracilis Marcinkiewicz, Orlowska & Rogalska, 1960[8]
  • †E. hemingwayi Kidston, 1901
  • †E. hojedkii Ameri, Khalilizade & Zamani, 2014[9]
  • †E. inoratus Gutova et al., 1964 and Ilyina, 1964[10][4]
  • †E. irregularii Ameri, Khalilizade & Zamani, 2014[9]
  • †E. latissimus Verbitskaya, 1962[11]
  • †E. lyelli Allen et al., 1991[12]
  • †E. keuperina Morton, 1863
  • †Equishetites langevaginattis Wu, 2008[13]
  • †E. lateralis Gnaedinger, Villalva & Zavattieri, 2023[14]
  • †E. magnus Gutova et al., 1964[10]
  • †E. microrugosus Verbitskaya, 1962[11]
  • †E. meugeoti (Brongniart, 1828)
  • †E. nathorsti Klaus, 1960[15]
  • †E. obbatus Verbitskaya, 1962[11]
  • †E. pabdanaii Ameri, Khalilizade & Zamani, 2014[9]
  • †E. palustriformis Gutova et al., 1964[10]
  • †E. platyodon Potonie, 1962[16]
  • †E. punctatus Gutova et al., 1964[10]
  • †E. pusillus Villar de Seoane, 2005[17]
  • †E. sparseii Ameri, Khalilizade & Zamani, 2014[9]
  • †E. spatulatus Zeiller, 1895
  • †E. rotundiformis Prosviryakova, 1966[18]
  • †E. rotundum Kara-Murza, 1958[19]
  • †E. rotundus Kara-Murza, 1960[7]
  • †E. subteres Verbitskaya, 1962[11]
  • †E. suecicus Balme, 1995[20]
  • †E. variabilis Vinogradova, 1971[21]
Synonyms
  • Bajera Sternberg, 1825
  • Equisetites mougeotii Wills, 1910
  • E. arenaceous Schenk emend. Kelber & van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, 1998
  • Equisetum laterale Gould, 1968[14]
  • Oncylogonatum Koenig, 1827

Equisetites is an extinct genus of vascular plants within Equisetaceae, a family of vascular plants that reproduce by spores rather than seeds.[22] The genus was named by Sternberg (1833)[1] and contains at least 40 named species and two unnamed species,[23] with the earliest known species being E. hemingwayi from the Westphalian of Yorkshire, England, though the affinity of this genus to modern Equistaceae is uncertain.[24]

Systematics

[edit]

Equisetites is a "wastebin taxon" uniting all sorts of large horsetails from the Mesozoic; it is almost certainly paraphyletic and would probably warrant being subsumed in Equisetum. But while some of the species placed there are likely to be ancestral to the modern horsetails, there have been reports of secondary growth in other Equisetites, and these probably represent a distinct and now-extinct horsetail lineage. Equicalastrobus is the name given to fossil horsetail strobili, which probably mostly or completely belong to the (sterile) plants placed in Equisetites.[2]

References

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  1. ^ a b c K. Sternberg, von Graf. (1833). Versuch einer geognostisch-botanischen Darstellung der Flora der Vorwelt, Heft V. Prag (1833–1838)
  2. ^ a b Weber, Reinhard (2005): Equisetites aequecaliginosus sp. nov., ein Riesenschachtelhalm aus der spättriassischen Formation Santa Clara, Sonora, Mexiko [Equisetites aequecaliginosus sp. nov., a tall horsetail from the Late Triassic Santa Clara Formation, Sonora, Mexico]. Revue de Paléobiologie 24(1): 331–364 [German with English abstract]. PDf fulltext
  3. ^ a b c Gutova, L. N. et al. (1969). Vegetation of Early and Middle Jurassic Epochs of the Irkutsk Coal Basin. Trudy Sibirskoye Otdeleniye, Institut Zemnoi Kory, Akademiya Nauk SSR.Voprosy Biostratigrafii i Paleogeografii Sibirskoy Platformy p. 73- 88
  4. ^ a b Ilyina,V.I. (1964) Comparison of spore and pollen assemblages of Jurassic deposits of northeastern Kazakstan and the Kuznetsk Basin. (Taxonomy and Methods for the Study of Fossil Pollen and Spores. V.N. Saks and A.F. Khlonova, editors) p. 125- 140
  5. ^ Comparative analysis of spore and pollen complexes in Jurassic deposits of the southern part of Western Siberia. (In: Palynology of Siberia. A.F.Chlonova, editor) p. 30-40
  6. ^ Li, X. B.; Meng, F. S. (2003). "Discovery of fossil plants from the Ziliujing Formation in Hechuan of Chongqing". Geol. Min. 641 (3): 60–65. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-3701.2003.03.011. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  7. ^ a b c Kara-Murza, E. N. (1960) Palynological basis of stratigraphical subdivision of the Mesozoic deposits of the Khatanga Depression. Transactions Ministry of Resource USSR, Leningrad, Science Research, Institute of Arctic Geology Vol. 109 P. 1- 134
  8. ^ Marcinkiewicz,T. et al. (1960) Age of the Upper Helenow Beds, (Lias), in view of mega and microspore investigations, (Geological section Gorzow Slaski-Praska). Kwartalnik Geologiczny (Instytut Geologiczy) Vol. 4 # 2 p. 386- 398
  9. ^ a b c d Ameri, Hamed; Khalilizade, Hadis; Zamani, Fatane (2014). "Four New Equisetites Species (Sphenophyta) from the Hojedk Formation, Middle Jurassic (Bajocian-Bathonian), the North of Kerman, Iran". Journal of Sciences, Islamic Republic of Iran. 25: 253–264. S2CID 131407730.
  10. ^ a b c d Gutova, L. N. et al. (1964) Solution of problems of taxonomy and nomenclature obtained from the study of spores and pollen occurring in Jurassic Depoits of the Siberian Platform. (Taxonomy and Methods for the Study of Fossl Pollen and Spores. V.N. Saks and A.F. Khlonova, editors) p. 120- 138
  11. ^ a b c d Verbitskaya, Z. I. (1962) Stratigraphical subdivision of Cretaceous sediments of Suchan Coal Basin based on palynology. Trudy Laboratoriya Geologii Uglya, Akademiya Nauk SSR, (Moscow-Leningrad) Vol. 15 p. 1- 165
  12. ^ Allen,P. et al. (1991) Correlation of northwest European Purbeck-Wealden, (nonmarine Lower Cretaceous), as seen from the English type areas. Cretaceous Research Vol. 12 # 5 p. 511- 526
  13. ^ Shum-qing Wu, in The Jehol Fossils, 2008
  14. ^ a b Gnaedinger, Silvia; S. Villalva, Alejandra; Zavattieri, Ana María (2023). "Triassic Equisetites lateralis Phillips with strobilus in organic connection from Patagonia of Argentina and endophytic oviposition insect scars". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 13.
  15. ^ Klaus,W. (1960) Spores of the Karnian Stage of the eastern Alps Triassic. Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt Vol. 5 p. 107- 184
  16. ^ Potonie, R. (1962) Synopsis of the Sporae in situ. [Beihefte zum Geologischen Jahrbuch Vol. 52 p. 1- 204
  17. ^ a b Villar de Seoane, Liliana (2005). "Equisetites pusillus sp. nov. from the Aptian of Patagonia, Argentina". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. 7: 43–49. doi:10.22179/revmacn.7.347. ISSN 1514-5158.
  18. ^ Prosviryakova, Z. P. (1966) The Jurassic flora of the Mangyshlak Peninsula and its stratigraphic significance. Trudy Ministerstvo Geologii SSR,Akademiya Nauk SSR,VSEGEI P. 1- 164
  19. ^ Kara-Murza, E. N. (1958) Spore-pollen complexes in Triassic deposits of the Cape Tsvetkov Region. Nauchno-Issledovatelskii Institut Geologii Arktiki, Leningrad, Sbornik Statei po Paleontologii I Biostratigrafii, #8 # 8 p. 33- 58
  20. ^ Balme, B. E. (1995) Fossil in situ, spores and pollen grains: An annotated catalogue. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology Vol. 87 p. 81- 323
  21. ^ Vinogradova, K. V. (1971) Jurassic spore and pollen assemblages of Mangyshlak and Western Turkmeniya. (In: Spore and pollen of the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous from Central Asia. N.A. Bolkhovitina and N.I. Fokina, editors.) Trudy VNIGNI, (Moscow) Vol. 104 p. 12- 18
  22. ^ Dunmire, John R.; Williamson, Joseph F. (1995). "EQUISETUM hyemale". In Brenzel, Kathleen N. (ed.). Western Garden Book. Menlo Park, CA: Sunset. pp. 274, 606. ISBN 0376038500.
  23. ^ Zauer, V. V. (1965) The Permian flora of Solikamsk. Trudy Vsesoyuznyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Geologorazvedochniy Neftyanoy Institut (VNIGRI). Paleophytological Collection.(Samoilovich,S.R.,editor) Vol. 239 p. 53- 78
  24. ^ Elgorriaga, Andrés; Escapa, Ignacio H.; Rothwell, Gar W.; Tomescu, Alexandru M. F.; Rubén Cúneo, N. (August 2018). "Origin of Equisetum : Evolution of horsetails (Equisetales) within the major euphyllophyte clade Sphenopsida". American Journal of Botany. 105 (8): 1286–1303. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1125. ISSN 0002-9122.
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