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NunatuKavut

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This article is about the unrecognized territory. For the people who claim it, see NunatuKavummiut.

NunatuKavut
Proposed Autonomous area
The village of Mary's Harbour, in Southern Labrador
The village of Mary's Harbour, in Southern Labrador
CountryCanada
ProvinceNewfoundland and Labrador
CapitalVâli, Labrador
Government
 • TypeProposed parliamentary democracy within the parliamentary system of Canada
 • PresidentTodd Russell (since 2012)
Population
 (2007)
 • Total2,345
DemonymNunatuKavummiut
Time zoneUTC−04:00 (AST)
Postal code prefix
A0P
ISO 3166 codeNL
Federal ridingLabrador
Provincial ridingCartwright-L'Anse au Clair and Lake Melville
WebsiteNunatuKavut.ca
PeopleNunatuKavummiut
LanguageInuttitut;
Inuit Sign Language (Uukturausingit)

NunatuKavut (Inuktitut: ᓄᓇᑐᑲᕗᑦ) is a proposed NunatuKavummiut territory in central and southern Labrador.

The members of NunatuKavut claim to be the direct descendants of Inuit that lived in central and southern Labrador prior to European contact, with the European admixture primarily from English men.[1] According to recent censuses completed by Statistics Canada, the majority of individuals living in communities within the NunatuKavut claims area continue to identify as Métis as well as Inuit.[2]

NunatuKavut [ˈnuːnətuːhəvuːt] means "Our ancient land" in the ancestral Inuttitut dialect of central Labrador.

History

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North West River in 1894

Early European contact

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The area was known as Markland in Greenlandic Norse and its inhabitants were known as the Skræling though there is considerable debate as to whether contact was made with Thule culture or Dorset culture.

According to Gosling (1910), the earliest recorded contact between Inuit and Europeans occurred in 1501 when the Anglo-Azorean expedition visited Labrador and took three Inuit to England.[3] These Inuit were presented to Henry VII of England by Sebastian Cabot and were described as "clothed in beastes skinnes, who eat raw flesh".[3] It is unclear where in Labrador this first encounter occurred but according to Gosling (1910) records from voyages suggest Inuit were not documented by explorers in the southernmost portion of Labrador at the time.[3] In 1543, Inuit were encountered by Basque whalers in the Strait of Belle Isle with seasonal contact with Inuit likely occurring throughout the Basque occupation of the region.[4]

The first confirmation of Inuit occupation of south-central Labrador occurred in 1586 when a crew of explorers led by John Davies travelling north along the Labrador coast were attacked by Inuit living on outer islands near Sandwich Bay. Multi-century occupation of the Sandwich Bay area by Inuit has since been confirmed archaeologically[5][6][7] thus provided finality to a longstanding academic argument over whether pre-historic Inuit lived south of Hamilton Inlet year round.[8][9]

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Map with the location of the main NunatuKavut communities

Inuit expansion throughout southern Labrador occurred throughout the 1600s and 1700s[9] and extended as far south as the Côte-Nord.[10][11] In 1652, an Inuit community was recorded in what is now the Côte-Nord region of Quebec.[12] In 1659, Jacques Fremin described Cape St. Charles as an Inuit community. Louis Fornel named the area from Alexis Bay to Hamilton Inlet the "Coste des Eskimaux" in 1743 and claimed there were Inuit living around St. Michael's Bay ("Baye des Meniques"), Hawke Bay, Martin Bay and Hamilton Inlet. By 1750 Inuit no longer occupied the Côte-Nord,[11] but were still living in southern Labrador and visiting Chateau Bay for several more decades,[13]

Post-1763: Creation of Labrador and European contact

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Battle Harbour, a resettled community near Mary's Harbour
St. John's River (now Rivière-Saint-Jean, Quebec)
Labrador's boundary according to the Canadian government before 1927.

In 1763, Labrador was ceded to the Colony of Newfoundland. It included coastal area between the St. John's River and Cape Chidley and was meant as extra fishing grounds for Newfoundland fishermen. Labrador has been created using territory from the French colony of New France and the British colony of Rupert's Land. The inland boundary of Labrador was undefined until 1927, so Canada claimed the interior of Labrador as part of Quebec and the Northwest Territories while Newfoundland claimed that Labrador extended far inland. Labrador was ceded back to New France (now Lower Canada) and Rupert's Land in 1791 but then in 1809 it rejoined Newfoundland. In 1825 Blanc-Sablon and territory to the west was ceded to Lower Canada however this region (Le Golfe-du-Saint-Laurent Regional County Municipality) remains culturally close to NunatuKavut.[14]

In 1764, Jens Haven arrived at Quirpon, Newfoundland and to Chateau Bay. He was a missionary from the Moravian Church. Haven learned the Inuit language and explained to them that the Colony of Newfoundland wished to enter a peaceful relationship with them. Haven had previously worked in Greenland which is where he learned the Greenlandic language (which is a similar language to the Inuttitut language spoken by Labradorian Inuit).

The Moravian Church set up missionary posts in northern Labrador since the British hoped to colonize the south. They restricted access by Europeans to territory between Cape Chidley and Cape Harrison which created a cultural divide between the Inuit of the north and the Inuit of the south.[12]

1800s: Intermarriage between Inuit and Europeans

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A former Newfoundland Ranger Force detachment in Battle Harbour
Birchy Cove, Labrador in 1908

In 1810,[12] an Englishman named William Phippard married an Inuk woman named "Sarah" and they had a son. During this time some other English fishermen started marrying Inuit women as well. They were later joined by large numbers of fishermen from Conception Bay and Trinity Bay (who were mostly of English and Irish descent). Most Inuit in southern Labrador received European surnames through intermarriage with Europeans. However, some Inuit surnames were anglicized such as "Paulo", "Kippenhuck", "Shuglo", "Tuccolk", "Elishoc", "Alliswack", "Penneyhook", and "Maggo" ("Kippenhuck" and "Toomashie" are the only remaining Inuit surnames (excluding names of people that have moved to NunatuKavut from other places). In 1824, it was recorded that the population around Lake Melville consisted of 160 Inuit, 90 European settlers and 60 "half-breeds" (people of European and Inuit descent).[15] Of marriages recorded between 1773 and 1891 in southern and central Labrador, it was shown that 152 married people were Inuit, 27 were European, 14 were mixed and 1 was Mi'kmaq while the ethnic origin of 26 people could not be identified.[12]

The racial composition of southern Labrador during the 1800s was a mix of the Inuit and English settlers while the north remained Inuit dominant. The culture of southern Labrador was (and remains) a unique blend of Newfoundland's Celtic-influenced culture and the native Inuit culture.

Newfoundland exerted significantly more control over Labrador than Canada did over its northern regions. The Newfoundland Ranger Force enforced colonial laws in Labrador like it also did in rural Newfoundland.

Post-confederation

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In 1946, the Dominion of Newfoundland conducted an election to choose delegates for the Newfoundland National Convention. This was the first time that an election was held in Labrador and Lester Burry of Bonavista Bay was elected to represent Labrador. Burry wanted the Dominion of Newfoundland to become a province of Canada and in 1949, Newfoundland became Canada's 10th province.

Before Canadian Confederation, most Inuit lived in small settlements of a few families in isolated harbours and on islands off the coast of Labrador. During the 1950s and 1960s many communities across the province were resettled to larger population centres as part of a provincial government-sponsored program. The collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery also had a huge impact on central and southern Labrador like it had on the province as a whole and many people left the province to find work elsewhere.

In 1996, the then-Labrador Metis Association vigorously protested the KGY Group's proposed Eagle River fishing camp.[16] The issue came up as a result of a decision by the provincial government in 1996 to call for proposals for the development of a quality sports fishing camp on the Eagle River in Labrador.[17] Corner Brook based KGY Group (a non-aboriginal application) was selected over a Labrador company.[18] The Labrador Metis Association claimed Eagle River as a traditional salmon fishing area.[19] For about nine days in 1996, hundreds of residents from Cartwright and nearby communities in the Sandwich Bay area kept a supply vessel and helicopter from delivering materials to the construction site. A joint Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and Coast Guard operation arrested at least 47 residents involved in the protests and charged most of them with mischief. In June 1999, the Crown entered a stay of proceedings on all charges laid against members of the Labrador Metis Nation during the Eagle River protests.[16]

In 2002, a gravel road opened between Red Bay and Cartwright. This road was later extended to reach Happy Valley-Goose Bay.

In 1996, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP) identified Labrador Metis Association (LMA) as one of two Metis groups in Canada (with the Métis Nation) as meeting the criteria for nationhood. RCAP clearly stated that the LMA's claims were based on Inuit rather than First Nation rights and ancestry. Despite this finding, the Federal Government did not formally recognize the LMA and / or the Labrador Metis Nation (LMN) throughout its existence.

In 2006, LMN initiated a project with Memorial University of Newfoundland to better understand their past through the Community-University Research Association (CURA).[12] Research by CURA has been used to argue that the "Labrador Metis" could be interpreted as a continuation of the Inuit of southern Labrador.[20]

Labrador Metis began calling themselves the Southern Inuit of NunatuKavut following a membership renewal process that required all members to submit proof of Inuit ancestry. [21] Both Innu and Inuit have criticized the Federal Government for its formal recognition of NCC.[22]

NunatuKavut claims to represent approximately 6,000 members covering a third of Labrador's landmass. Many residents of anglophone communities in northeastern Quebec (between the Natashquan River and the Strait of Belle Isle, sometimes called the "forgotten Labrador"[23]) claim a similar Inuit and European heritage as the people of NunatuKavut.[24]

Lower Churchill project

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The NunatuKavut have been vocal in their opposition to the Muskrat Falls hydroelectric project.[25][26]

Flag

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Flag of NunatuKavut

In 2016, the NunatuKavut Community Council unveiled a proposal for its flag.[27] The flag was designed by Barry Pardy of Cartwright. According to NunatuKavut the flag

...reflects our Inuit history, culture and way of life. Its symbolism honours the historic and present role of women as culture carriers in our homes and communities.

— NunatuKavut[28]

The flag features an ulu with a qulliq on the blade. A traditional dog team with the dog sled carrying a Inuk and a seal is on the handle. The three main colours, green, blue, and white, represent the waters, lands, and sky along with snow and ice.[28]

Communities

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Organization and membership

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In the mid 1980s, the Labrador Metis Association (LMA) was created by the inhabitants of central and southern Labrador to gain recognition as a distinct ethnocultural group.[12] At the time, the LMA allowed individuals with any Labrador Indigenous ancestry to apply for membership regardless of whether it was Inuit or First Nations ancestry.[29] LMA also allowed members to be enrolled who lacked any Indigenous ancestry but whose descendants were from north of the Pinware River.[29] In 1998, LMA changed its name to the LMN.[30]

In 2010, the Labrador Metis Association changed its name to reflect new membership criteria, and became the NunatuKavut Community Council.[21] As a part of this land claim, the NunatuKavut Community Council asserts that the Muskrat Falls and Lower Churchill hydroelectric project fall on their territory.[26] The Lower Churchill hydroelectric project injunction was rejected in 2019 by the Newfoundland supreme court.[31]

Criticism

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The legitimacy of the territory as claimed by NunatuKavut has been disputed by several Inuit and First Nations groups.[22][32] Nunatsiavut does not consider NunatuKavut an Indigenous collective[33][34] while the Innu Nation considers NunatuKavut a "settler organization".[33] The Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami officially rejects NunatuKavut as an Indigenous organization.[33]

A memorandum of understanding between the NCC and the Canadian government was challenged by both the Innu Nation and Nunatsiavut.[35][22] The Innu Nation does not consider the inhabitants of NunatuKavut to be Indigenous under the provisions of Section 35 of the Constitution Act.[35] The Innu Nation's claim lands additionally significantly overlap with the lands claimed to be under NunatuKavut.[35][36] The grand chief of the Innu Nation, Gregory Rich was critical of the memorandum of understanding, stating that the land claim "is basically the land and the rights of the Innu people."[36] Negotiator and former MP Peter Penashue was critical of the NCC, stating: "There has never been a group that sprung out of nowhere, that suddenly became an Aboriginal group, now here we are in a very unusual circumstance: settlers becoming Métis, becoming Inuit and now are going to fight us over land."[22] The Innu have been additionally critical of the presence of MP Yvonne Jones, a member of the NCC, describing it as a "conflict of interest".[36] Todd Russell described the Innu Nation's court action as a form of lateral violence.[36]

Natan Obed, president of the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, was critical of the NunatuKavut's recognition by the federal government, considering the organization to be pretendians (fraudulently claiming Indigenous identity). Obed expressed his concerns that further recognition of NunatuKavut would weaken the negotiating authority of Inuit groups.[37] Stating that the potential for the group to receive rights and territory was perplexing "on the basis of assertions that appear unfounded."[22][38][34] In addition, stating that "an Inuit territory outside of the four regions that constitute Inuit Nunangat does not exist."[22][38] Mumilaaq Qaqqaq, former MP for Nunavut, was critical of Yvonne Jones (NCC member and MP), tweeting "Jones is not an Inuk",[39] Qaqqaq reiterated the positions shared by the ITK, Nunatsiavut, and the Innu Nation in disputing NunatuKavut's claim to Indigenous identity.[39] Qaqqaq would later apologize for the tone of the comments made towards Jones without retracting her criticism.[40]

For its part, NunatuKavut has pointed to several successful court decisions to justify its claims. Further the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples provided significant support for the claims of the precursor to NCC (LMA).[citation needed]

See also

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Further reading

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References

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  1. ^ "Southern Inuit of NunatuKavut History".
  2. ^ "Statistics Canada. Division No. 10, Census division".
  3. ^ a b c Gosling, William (1910). "Labrador its discovery, exploration, and development".
  4. ^ Loewen, Brad (2024). "Sea Change: Indigenous Navigation and Relations with Basques around the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, ca. 1500–1700". Before Canada. pp. 109–152. doi:10.1515/9780228019558-008. ISBN 978-0-2280-1955-8.
  5. ^ Rankin, Lisa; Beaudoin, Matthew; Brewster, Natalie (2012). "Southern Exposure: The Inuit of Sandwich Bay, Labrador". Settlement, Subsistence, and Change Among the Labrador Inuit. pp. 61–84. doi:10.1515/9780887554193-005. ISBN 978-0-88755-419-3.
  6. ^ Rankin, Lisa K. (2015). "Identity markers: Interpreting sod-house occupation in Sandwich Bay, Labrador". Études/Inuit/Studies. 39 (1): 91–116. doi:10.7202/1036079ar. JSTOR 44090774.
  7. ^ Rankin, Lisa K. (2024). "6 Labrador Inuit at the Crossroads of Cultural Interaction". Before Canada. pp. 193–220. doi:10.1515/9780228019558-010. ISBN 978-0-2280-1955-8.
  8. ^ Fitzhugh, W.W. (1980). "A review of Paleo-Eskimo culture history in southern Quebec-Labrador and Newfoundland". Études/Inuit/Studies. 4 (1/2): 21–31. JSTOR 42869795.
  9. ^ a b Stopp, Marianne P. (June 22, 2004). "Reconsidering Inuit presence in southern Labrador". Études/Inuit/Studies. 26 (2): 71–106. doi:10.7202/007646ar.
  10. ^ Fitzhugh, William (2016). Friesen, Max; Mason, Owen (eds.). doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.47. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ a b Fitzhugh, William W. (January 2019). "Paradise Gained, Lost, and Regained: Pulse Migration and the Inuit Archaeology of the Quebec Lower North Shore". Arctic Anthropology. 56 (1): 52–76. doi:10.3368/aa.56.1.52.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Clarke, D. Bruce; Mitchell, Gregory E. (2010). "Unveiling Nunatukavut" (PDF). NunatuKavut Community Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  13. ^ Stopp, Marianne P. (April 2016). "Faceted Inuit-European contact in southern Labrador". Études/Inuit/Studies. 39 (1): 63–89. doi:10.7202/1036078ar.
  14. ^ Kuitenbrouwer, Peter (August 20, 2014). "Blanc-Sablon fed up with Quebec government, wants to leave province so it can 'join Newfoundland,' mayor says". National Post. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  15. ^ Kennedy, John C. (1999). "Southern Inuit of NunatuKavut: the Historical Background". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  16. ^ a b Brake, Justin (November 3, 2015). "Liberal MP's claim she was shot at during Indigenous protest questioned". ricochet.media. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  17. ^ "Minister responsible for Labrador comments on Labrador Metis Association response to proposed Eagle River fishing camp". Government of Newfoundland and Labrador - Government Services and Lands. September 19, 1996. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  18. ^ "Statement issued by Ernest McLean". Government of Newfoundland and Labrador - Government Services and Lands. September 16, 1996. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  19. ^ "NunatuKavut On-the-Ground Action: Why the fight for our rights must continue" (PDF). NunatuKavut News. 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  20. ^ Stopp, Marianne (2002). "Reconsidering Inuit presence in southern Labrador". La revue Études Inuit. 26 (2): 71–106. doi:10.7202/007646ar.
  21. ^ a b "Labrador's Métis Nation adopts new name". CBC News. April 13, 2010. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  22. ^ a b c d e f "NunatuKavut Inuit identity dispute has long history". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. March 2, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  23. ^ Pope, Peter E. (July 18, 2008). "The Forgotten Labrador: Kegashka to Blanc-Sablon (review)". The Canadian Historical Review. 89 (2): 294–295. doi:10.1353/can.0.0065. S2CID 162191344.
  24. ^ "Culture and Heritage". Tourism Lower North Shore. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008.
  25. ^ "NunatuKavut protesting against Muskrat Falls project". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. September 27, 2012. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
  26. ^ a b Fitzpatrick, Ashley (September 17, 2012). "NunatuKavut says it's not backing away from the Lower Churchill development". The Telegram. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  27. ^ "Proposed NunatuKavut flag". PBS. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  28. ^ a b "Our Flag". Retrieved September 15, 2024.
  29. ^ a b Kennedy, John C (1988). "The Changing Significance of Labrador Settler Ethnicity". Canadian Ethnic Studies. 20 (3): 94. ProQuest 1293207387.
  30. ^ "Land Claims of Southern Inuit of NunatuKavut". www.heritage.nf.ca. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
  31. ^ "La cause des Métis du Labrador sur le bas Churchill est rejetée" [The cause of the Métis of Labrador on the lower Churchill is rejected]. Radio-Canada (in French). 2019.
  32. ^ "New film featuring legend of Sedna has hit Iqaluit theatre, but not everyone is happy with it". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. November 26, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  33. ^ a b c "Nunatsiavut government claims 'cultural appropriation' in NunatuKavut's plans for Inuit curriculum". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. November 28, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  34. ^ a b Careen, Evan (October 14, 2021). "Canadian Inuit organization says recognizing Labrador group would set 'disturbing precedent'". SaltWire. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  35. ^ a b c "NunatuKavut's negotiations with Ottawa face another challenge, as Nunatsiavut enters the fray". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. July 29, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  36. ^ a b c d Barker, Jacob (October 8, 2019). "Innu Nation asks federal court to quash NunatuKavut agreement with federal government". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  37. ^ Cecco, Leyland (October 24, 2021). "'We know who we are': Inuit row raises questions over identity and ancestry". The Observer. The Guardian. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  38. ^ a b "NunatuKavut community council accused of not being an Inuit organization, as identity tensions escalate". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. October 14, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  39. ^ a b "'I know who I am:' Labrador MP defends Inuk identity after Nunavut MP's questions". CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. April 23, 2021. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
  40. ^ Larocque, Corey (April 22, 2021). "Qaqqaq apologizes for telling Labrador MP, 'Validate your Inuk-ness'". Nunatsiaq News. Retrieved March 10, 2023.
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