Kontra-Pencerahan
Kontra-Pencerahan adalah sebuah istilah yang dipakai oleh beberapa komentator abad ke-20 untuk menyebut berbagai gelombang pemikiran yang timbul pada akhir abad ke-18 dan akhir abad ke-19 dalam menentang Abad Pencerahan pada abad ke-18.
Meskipun pemakaian pertama yang diketahui dari istilah tersebut dalam bahasa Inggris adalah pada 1949 dan terdapat beberapa orang yang memakainnya,[1] termasuk oleh filsuf Jerman Friedrich Nietzsche, Kontra-Pencerahan biasanya diasosiasikan dengan Isaiah Berlin, yang sering kali disebut sebagai penemu ulangnya. Titik awalan dari diskusi tentang konsep tersebut dalam bahasa Inggris dimulai dengan esai tahun 1973 karya Isaiah Berlin, The Counter-Enlightenment.[2] Ia banyak menerbitkan soal Abad Pencerahan dan para penantangnya dan banyak mempopulerisasikan konsep gerakan Kontra-Pencerahan yang ia karakterisasikan sebagai relativis, anti-rasionalis, vitalis, dan organik,[3] yang ia sangat kaitkan dengan Romantisisme Jerman.
Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Listed by Henry Hardy in the second edition of Isaiah Berlin, Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas (Princeton University Press, 2013), p. xxv, note 1.
- ^ 1965-, Garrard, Graeme, (2006). Counter-enlightenments : from the eighteenth century to the present. Abingdon [England]: Routledge. ISBN 0203645669. OCLC 62895765.
- ^ Aspects noted by Darrin M. McMahon, "The Counter-Enlightenment and the Low-Life of Literature in Pre-Revolutionary France" Past and Present No. 159 (May 1998:77–112) p. 79 note 7.
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Barzun, Jacques. 1961. Classic, Romantic, and Modern. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226038520.
- Berlin, Isaiah, "The Counter-Enlightenment" in The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays, ISBN 0-374-52717-2.
- Berlin, Isaiah, Three Critics of the Enlightenment: Vico, Hamann, Herder. (Henry Hardy, editor). Princeton University Press, 2003
- Everdell, William R. Christian Apologetics in France, 1730–1790: The Roots of Romantic Religion. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press, 1987.
- Garrard, Graeme, Rousseau's Counter-Enlightenment: A Republican Critique of the Philosophes (2003) ISBN 0-7914-5604-8
- Garrard, Graeme, Counter-Enlightenments: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present (2006) ISBN 0-415-18725-7
- Garrard, Graeme, "Isaiah Berlin's Counter-Enlightenment" in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, ed. Joseph Mali and Robert Wokler (2003), ISBN 0-87169-935-4
- Garrard, Graeme, "The War Against the Enlightenment", European Journal of Political Theory, 10 (2011): 277–86.
- Humbertclaude, Éric, Récréations de Hultazob. Paris: L'Harmattan 2010, ISBN 978-2-296-12546-9 (sur Melech August Hultazob, médecin-charlatan des Lumières Allemandes assassiné en 1743)
- Israel, Jonathan, Enlightenment Contested, Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-954152-2.
- Jung, Theo, "Multiple Counter-Enlightenments: The Genealogy of a Polemics from the Eighteenth Century to the Present", in: Martin L. Davies (ed.), Thinking about the Enlightenment: Modernity and Its Ramifications, Milton Park / New York 2016, 209-226 (PDF).
- Masseau, Didier, Les ennemis des philosophes:. l’antiphilosophie au temps des Lumières, Paris: Albin Michel, 2000.
- McMahon, Darrin M., Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity details the reaction to Voltaire and the Enlightenment in European intellectual history from 1750 to 1830.
- Norton, Robert E. "The Myth of the Counter-Enlightenment," Journal of the History of Ideas, 68 (2007): 635–58.
- Schmidt, James, What Enlightenment Project?, Political Theory, 28/6 (2000), pp. 734–57.
- Schmidt, James, Inventing the Enlightenment: Anti-Jacobins, British Hegelians and the Oxford English Dictionary, Journal of the History of Ideas, 64/3 (2003), pp. 421–43.
- Wolin, Richard, The Seduction of Unreason: The Intellectual Romance with Fascism from Nietzsche to Postmodernism (Princeton University Press) 2004, sets out to trace "the uncanny affinities between the Counter-Enlightenment and postmodernism."
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Isaiah Berlin,"The Counter-Enlightenment", in Dictionary of the History of Ideas (1973)
- [pranala nonaktif permanen] Darrin M. McMahon, "The counter-Enlightenment and the low-life of literature in pre-Revolutionary France,"[pranala nonaktif permanen] from Past & Present, May 1998
