kula

See also: Appendix:Variations of "kula"

English

Etymology 1

From a South Slavic language, from Turkish kule, from Persian قله (qolle), from Arabic قُلَّة (qulla, “pinnacle, zenith”).

Noun

kula (plural kulas)

1. A tower, turret or steeple in Southeast Europe erected during the period of Ottoman domination on the area.
   • 1867, Georgina Mary Muir Mackenzie, Lady Georgina Mary Muir Sebright, Mackenzie Sebright, Adeline Paulina Irby, Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey-in-Europe, page 107:

     Instead of the haïdooks, their next of kin, the zaptiés now hold a kula on the highest point of the pass; here one pauses to rest after scrambling up the vile Turkish road on one side of the ravine, and before scrambling down the vile Turkish road on the other.

   • 1998, Adil Zulfikarpašić, Milovan Djilas, Nadežda Gaće, The Bosniak‎^[1], page 5:

     The most important kulas of the Čengić-begs are those in Zagorje, in Rataji and the River Odžak near Ustikolina.

   • 1998, Miranda Vickers, Between Serb and Albanian, page 111:

     The kulas were indeed like fortresses, with as many as twenty 'guns', ie. adult men ready to fight.

Etymology 2

Noun

kula (uncountable)

1. A ceremonial exchange system conducted in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea, involving the exchange of bracelets and necklaces, and linked to political authority.

Anagrams

• Kalu, Luka, lauk

Balinese

Romanization

kula

1. Romanization of ᬓᬸᬮ

Cebuano

Noun

kula

1. glue; or any sticky adhesive substance

Verb

kula

1. to glue; to join or attach something using glue

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkula]

Participle

kula

1. inflection of kout:
   1. feminine singular past active participle
   2. neuter plural past active participle

Hawaiian

Noun

kula

1. field, open area

   kula mauʻu

   meadow, field of grass

2. school

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈkulɒ]
• Hyphenation: ku‧la
• Rhymes: -lɒ

Noun

kula (plural kulák)

1. (slang) shit

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	kula	kulák
accusative	kulát	kulákat
dative	kulának	kuláknak
instrumental	kulával	kulákkal
causal-final	kuláért	kulákért
translative	kulává	kulákká
terminative	kuláig	kulákig
essive-formal	kulaként	kulákként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	kulában	kulákban
superessive	kulán	kulákon
adessive	kulánál	kuláknál
illative	kulába	kulákba
sublative	kulára	kulákra
allative	kulához	kulákhoz
elative	kulából	kulákból
delative	kuláról	kulákról
ablative	kulától	kuláktól
non-attributive possessive - singular	kuláé	kuláké
non-attributive possessive - plural	kuláéi	kulákéi

Possessive forms of kula
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	kulám	kuláim
2nd person sing.	kulád	kuláid
3rd person sing.	kulája	kulái
1st person plural	kulánk	kuláink
2nd person plural	kulátok	kuláitok
3rd person plural	kulájuk	kuláik

Javanese

Romanization

kula

1. Romanization of ꦏꦸꦭ.

Khalaj

Perso-Arabic		کُله

Etymology

Ultimately from Persian کل (kol).

Pronunciation

• (Mansûrâbâdî) IPA^(key): [qulɒ]
• (Xarrâbî) IPA^(key): [kʊla(ː)], [ku̞laː]

Adjective

kula (comparative kulatar)

1. short, small

References

• Doerfer, Gerhard (1980) Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Charrab) [Khalaj dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó
• Doerfer, Gerhard (1971) Khalaj Materials, Indiana University, →ISBN

Lindu

Noun

kula

1. ginger

Malay

Etymology

From Javanese ꦏꦸꦭ (kula).

Pronunciation

• (Johor-Selangor) IPA^(key): /kulə/
• (Riau-Lingga) IPA^(key): /kula/
• Rhymes: -ulə, -lə, -ə

Noun

kula (Jawi spelling کولا, plural kula-kula, informal 1st possessive kulaku, 2nd possessive kulamu, 3rd possessive kulanya)

1. (Javanese) slave

Pronoun

kula (Jawi spelling کولا)

1. (Javanese, possibly obsolete) I (me, my)

Synonyms

• aku
• saya

Further reading

• “kula” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.

Mudburra

Particle

kula

1. not (negative particle)

Ngarrindjeri

Noun

kula

1. male she oak tree.

Norwegian Bokmål

Alternative forms

• kulen

Noun

kula f

1. definite feminine singular of kule

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

kula f

1. definite singular of kule

Old Javanese

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit कुल (kula, “family; clan; lineage; herd; flock”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ku.la/
• Rhymes: -la
• Homophones: kula, kūla
• Hyphenation: ku‧la

Noun

kula

1. family
2. descent, origin

Derived terms

• kakulan

 

• amarakula
• apsarakula
• buddhakula
• dwijakula
• dānawakula
• gokula
• gurukula
• jinakula
• jātikula
• raṇakula
• ripukula
• rājakula
• rākṣasakula
• sambadhakula
• satkula
• siṅhakula
• tathāgatakula

 

Descendants

• > Javanese: ꦏꦸꦭ (kula) (inherited)
  • → Malay: kula
  • → Musi: kulo
• → Balinese: ᬓᬸᬮ (kula)

Noun

kula

1. wife of lower rank, second wife to the queen

Derived terms

• aṅulani
• kinulan
• kula-kula
• makula-kulan
• pakulan-kulan

 

References

• "kula" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson, Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

• 𑀓𑀼𑀮 (Brahmi script)
• कुल (Devanagari script)
• কুল (Bengali script)
• කුල (Sinhalese script)
• ကုလ or ၵုလ (Burmese script)
• กุล or กุละ (Thai script)
• ᨠᩩᩃ (Tai Tham script)
• ກຸລ or ກຸລະ (Lao script)
• កុល (Khmer script)
• 𑄇𑄪𑄣 (Chakma script)

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit कुल (kula).

Noun

kula n

1. clan, caste, family

Declension

Declension table of "kula" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	kulaṃ	kulāni or kulā
Accusative (second)	kulaṃ	kulāni or kule
Instrumental (third)	kulena	kulehi or kulebhi
Dative (fourth)	kulassa or kulāya or kulatthaṃ	kulānaṃ
Ablative (fifth)	kulasmā or kulamhā or kulā	kulehi or kulebhi
Genitive (sixth)	kulassa	kulānaṃ
Locative (seventh)	kulasmiṃ or kulamhi or kule	kulesu
Vocative (calling)	kula	kulāni or kulā

Descendants

• → Burmese: ကုလား (ku.la:)
• → Thai: กุล (gun)

References

Pali Text Society (1921–1925) “kula”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead

Polish

Etymology

Apparently borrowed from Middle High German kūle. In most senses cognate with German Kugel, in the sense “crutch” cognate with German Keule.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈku.la/

• (Greater Poland):
  • (Western Greater Poland) IPA^(key): /ˈku.la/
  • (Central Greater Poland) IPA^(key): /ˈku.la/

• Audio 1:

  (file)

• Audio 2:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ula
• Syllabification: ku‧la
• Homophone: Kula

Noun

kula f (diminutive kulka)

1. ball (spherical object)

   kula śnieżna ― snowball

2. (mathematics, geometry, topology) ball
3. bullet
4. crutch

   chodzić o kulach ― to walk on crutches

5. (sports) shot (the heavy iron ball)

   pchnięcie kulą ― shot put

6. (Central Greater Poland, humorous or Western Greater Poland, figuratively) Synonym of głowa

Declension

Declension of kula

	singular	plural
nominative	kula	kule
genitive	kuli	kul/kuli
dative	kuli	kulom
accusative	kulę	kule
instrumental	kulą	kulami
locative	kuli	kulach
vocative	kulo	kule

Descendants

• → Belarusian: ку́ля (kúlja)
• → Russian: пу́ля (púlja) (with sound changes)
• → Ukrainian: ку́ля (kúlja)

See also

• piłka
• kłębek

Further reading

• kula in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• kula in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• Oskar Kolberg (1877) “kula”, in “Rzecz o mowie ludu wielkopolskiego”, in Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowéj (in Polish), volume 1, III (Materyjały etnologiczne), page 19
• Oskar Kolberg (1877) “kula”, in “Rzecz o mowie ludu wielkopolskiego”, in Zbiór wiadomości do antropologii krajowéj (in Polish), volume 1, III (Materyjały etnologiczne), page 27

Anagrams

• luka

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قله (kulle) (Turkish kule), from Persian قله (qolle), from Arabic قُلَّة (qulla, “pinnacle, zenith”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kǔːla/
• Hyphenation: ku‧la

Noun

kúla f (Cyrillic spelling ку́ла)

1. tower

   Synonym: toranj

2. turret

   Synonym: kupola, toranj

3. belfry, steeple

   Synonym: zvonik

4. (chess) rook

Declension

Declension of kula

	singular	plural
nominative	kúla	kule
genitive	kule	kula
dative	kuli	kulama
accusative	kulu	kule
vocative	kulo	kule
locative	kuli	kulama
instrumental	kulom	kulama

See also

Chess pieces in Serbo-Croatian · šahovske figure / шаховске фигуре (layout · text)
kralj краљ	dama, kraljica дама, краљица	top, kula топ, кула	lovac, trkač, laufer ловац, тркач, лауфер	skakač, konj скакач, коњ	pješak, pešak, pion, pijun пјешак, пешак, пион, пијун

Sidamo

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkula/
• Hyphenation: ku‧la

Verb

kula

1. (transitive) to tell

References

• Kazuhiro Kawachi (2007) A grammar of Sidaama (Sidamo), a Cushitic language of Ethiopia, page 30
• Gizaw Shimelis, editor (2007), “kula”, in Sidaama-Amharic-English dictionary, Addis Ababa: Sidama Information and Culture department

Sotho

Etymology

Cognate with Swahili -ugua.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Verb

kula

1. to be sick/ill

Swahili

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Verb

kula (verbal noun of the ku class)

1. infinitive of -la

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse kúla (“lump, swelling”), with the meaning of "sphere" influenced by Middle Low German kule (“depression, bulge”) and German Kugel (“ball, sphere, bullet”).

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -²ʉːla

Noun

kula c

1. a small ball made of earthenware, glass (marble) or a similar hard material; marble: spela kula; of steel in a ball bearing; sphere; testicle, often in the compound pungkula
2. a bullet

   En kula träffade honom rakt i tinningen.

   A bullet hit him right in the temple.

3. a den (inhabited cavern or hollow)

   lejonkula

   lion's den

   rövarkula

   den of robbers

4. (slang, chiefly in the plural) money

   Jag har tjänat massa kulor med den här bilen.

   I've made tons of cash with this car.

5. (heraldry) roundel
6. (athletics) shot put (athletics event)

   Synonym: kulstötning

7. (of icecream) scoop

Declension

Declension of kula

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	kula	kulas
	definite	kulan	kulans
plural	indefinite	kulor	kulors
	definite	kulorna	kulornas

Derived terms

• geishakula
• jordkula
• julkula
• knipkula
• kulform
• kulformad
• kulfång
• kulgevär
• kullager
• kulled
• kulspruta (abbreviated ksp )
• kulsprutegevär (abbreviated kg )
• kulsprutepistol (abbreviated kpist )
• kulventil
• lejonkula
• malkula
• pungkula
• samlagskula
• spelkula
• vaginalkula

 

Descendants

• → Finnish: kuula

See also

• stöta

References

• kula in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• kula in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• kula in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

Tabaru

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈku.la]

Verb

kula

1. (ditransitive) to give

References

• Edward A. Kotynski (1988) “Tabaru phonology and morphology”, in Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session, volume 32, Summer Institute of Linguistics

Tagalog

Etymology 1

Possibly from Spanish colar (“to sift; to strain”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /kuˈla/ [kʊˈla]
• Rhymes: -a
• Syllabification: ku‧la

Noun

kulá (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜓᜎ)

1. bleaching of clothes under the sun (usually with blueing)

   Synonym: pagkukula

2. clothes being bleached under the sun

Derived terms

• ikula
• kulahin
• magkula

 

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈkula/ [ˈkuː.lɐ]
• Rhymes: -ula
• Syllabification: ku‧la

Noun

kula (Baybayin spelling ᜃᜓᜎ) (botany)

1. Geodorum densiflorum (terrestrial orchid)

Further reading

• “kula”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

Anagrams

• ulak

Turkish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kʊˈla/
• Hyphenation: ku‧la

Noun

kula

1. accusative singular of kul

Zacatepec Chatino

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Adjective

kula

1. old

Etymology 2

From Proto-Chatino *kwela, from Proto-Zapotecan *kw-ella.

Noun

kula

1. fish

Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

kula

1. star