Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/laŋiC

This Proto-Austronesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Austronesian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /laŋit͡s/

Noun

*laŋiC

1. sky (atmosphere above a point)

Descendants

• Tsouic
  • Tsou: engʉca
  • Saaroa: langica
• Puyuma: langitr
• Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *laŋit
  • Proto-Philippine: *laŋit
    • Alangan: langit
    • Bikol Central: langit
    • Binukid: langit
    • Cebuano: langit
    • Dupaningan Agta: langet
    • Ibanag: langi
    • Ilocano: langit
    • Kankanaey: langit
    • Kayapa Kallahan: langit
    • Limos Kalinga: langit
    • Lubuagan Kalinga: langit
    • Maranao: langit
    • Matigsalug Manobo: langit
    • Southern Kalinga: langit
    • Tagalog: langit
    • Tausug: langit
    • Waray-Waray: langit
  • Basap–Barito
    • Basap: langit
    • Sama–Bajaw
      • Inabaknon: langit
      • Yakan: langit
      • Inner Sulu
        • Pangutaran Sama: langit
        • Central Sama: langit
        • Southern Sama: langit
      • Borneo Coast
        • Mapun: langit
        • West Coast Bajau: langit
    • East Barito
      • Tawoyan: langit
      • Ma'anyan: langit
      • Malagasy: lanitra
    • West Barito
      • Ngaju: langit
      • Bakumpai: langit
  • North Bornean
    • Northeast Sabah
      • Bonggi: langit
      • Ida'an: langit
    • Southwest Sabah
      • Paitanic
        • Tombonuo: langit
        • Upper Kinabatangan: langit
    • North Sarawak
      • Bintulu: langit
      • Berawan–Lower Baram
        • Belait: langit
      • Dayic
        • Kelabit: langit
        • Lun Bawang: langit
      • Kenyah
        • Bakung: langit
        • Penan
          • Eastern Penan: langit
          • Western Penan: langit
    • Central Sarawak
      • Melanau–Kajang
        • Melanau
          • Central Melanau: langit
          • Kanowit: langit
        • Kajang
          • Kajaman: langit
          • Sekapan: langit
          • Lahanan: langit
      • Punan
        • Punan Aput: langit
        • Punan Bah-Biau: langit
        • Punan Tubu: langit
  • Kayanic
    • Kayan–Murik
      • Kayan
        • Busang Kayan: langit
        • Rejang Kayan: langit
        • Bahau: langit
      • Murik–Merap
        • Murik (Malaysia): langit
        • Punan Merap: laŋayc
    • Segai–Modang
      • Segai: langèt
      • Modang: lenget
  • Land Dayak
    • Benyadu–Bekati
      • Benyadu': rangit
      • Bekati': rangit
    • Bidayuh
      • Bau Bidayuh: longit
      • Biatah Bidayuh: rangit, rengit
      • Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh: rangit
    • Southern Land Dayak
      • Jangkang: ɣoñɛnt
      • Ribun: hoñiɛ̯ʔ
      • Sanggau: langit
  • Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
    • Batak
      • Northern
        • Karo Batak: langit
        • Dairi Batak: langit
      • Southern
        • Simalungun Batak: langit
        • Toba Batak: langit
        • Angkola Batak: langit
        • Mandailing Batak: langit
    • Gayo: langit
    • Nias: langi
    • Mentawai: langit
  • Lampungic
    • Abung: langek
    • Komering: langik
    • Lampung Api: langik, langit
  • Malayo-Sumbawan
    • Proto-Chamic: *laŋit
      • Acehnese: langèt
      • Coastal Chamic
        • Haroi: lơngĭk
        • Cham
          • Eastern Cham: ꨤꨊꨪꩀ (langik)
          • Western Cham: لاڠيٓک (langik)
      • Highlands Chamic
        • Chru–Northern Chamic
          • Chru: lơngik
          • Northern Chamic
            • Northern Roglai: langĩq
            • Tsat: ŋiʔ²⁴
      • Jarai–Rhade
        • Bih: angĭt
        • Jarai: rơngĭt
        • Rade: êngĭt
    • Proto-Malayic: *laŋit
      • Ibanic
        • Iban: langit
        • Keninjal: langit
        • Seberuang: langit
      • Malayan
        • Brunei Malay: langit
        • Kedah Malay: langit
        • Malay: langit
          • > Indonesian: langit (inherited)
        • Minangkabau: langik
        • Pattani Malay: لاڠيء (laŋiʔ)
      • Urak Lawoi': ลาแงะ (langäq)
    • Bali–Sasak
      • Balinese: ᬮᬗᬶᬢ᭄ (langit)
      • Sasak: langit
    • Madurese: langnge'
    • Sundanese: ᮜᮍᮤᮒ᮪ (langit)
  • Old Javanese: laṅit
    • Javanese: ꦭꦔꦶꦠ꧀ (langit)
  • South Sulawesi
    • Buginese: langiq
    • Makassaric
      • Makasar: langi'
      • Selayar: langi'
    • Northern
      • Mandar: langi'
      • Mamuju: langi'
      • Massenrempulu
        • Duri: langiq
      • Pitu Ulunna Salu
        • Aralle-Tabulahan: langi'
        • Bambam: langi'
      • Torajan
        • Toraja-Sa'dan: langi'
        • Mamasa: langi'
        • Tae': langi
    • Seko
      • Seko Padang: langi
      • Seko Tengah: langiq
  • Celebic
    • Saluan–Banggai
      • Balantak: langit
      • Andio: langit
    • Tomini–Tolitoli
      • Tajio: langit
      • Taje: langiti
    • Kaili–Pamona
      • Pamona: yangi
      • Uma: langi'
    • Bungku–Tolaki
      • Mori Atas: langi
      • Moronene: langi
    • Muna–Buton
      • Muna: lani
      • Bonerate: langi
      • Tukang Besi South: langi
  • Chamorro: långet
  • Palauan: eanged
  • Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
    • Central Malayo-Polynesian
      • Bima: langi
      • Sumba–Flores
        • Weyewa: langita
        • Laboya: langta
      • Timoric
        • Galoli: lanit
        • Leti: lianti
        • Luang: lianti
      • Kei–Tanimbar
        • Yamdena: langit
      • Aru
        • Ujir: langit
      • Central Maluku
        • West
          • Ambelau: lanire
          • Buru (Indonesia): langit
        • East
          • East Seram
            • Bobot: lakit
          • Nunusaku
            • Kayeli: langit
            • Patakai–Manusela
              • North Nuaulu: nant-e
            • Three Rivers
              • Alune: lanite
            • Piru Bay
              • Kamarian: lanit
              • Laha (Indonesia): lanita
              • Hitu: lanit
              • Asilulu: lanit
    • Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
      • Halmahera-Cenderawasih
        • Halmahera Sea
          • As: lanit
          • Buli (Indonesia): langit
          • Gane: langit
          • Sawai: langét
        • Cenderawasih Bay
          • Dusner: ranet
          • Roon: ranek
      • Proto-Oceanic: *laŋit
        • Admiralty Islands
          • Manus
            • Intermediate
              • Loniu: lang
              • Mokerang: lang
            • East
              • Nali: yang
              • Ere: lang
              • Titan: lang
              • Lele (Papua New Guinea): yang
              • Gele': langi
          • Yapese: laeng, laang
        • Western Oceanic
          • North New Guinea
            • Huon Gulf
              • Hote: len
              • Patep: lag
            • Ngero–Vitiaz
              • Arop-Lokep: lang
            • Schouten
              • Manam: lang
              • Wogeo: lang
          • Meso-Melanesian
            • Kimbe
              • Nakanai: lagi
              • Meramera: langi
              • Muduapa: langi
            • New Ireland–Northwest Solomonic
              • Tungag–Nalik
                • Tigak: langit
              • Tabar
                • Mandara: rangiti
              • St. George
                • Ramoaaina: langit
                • Siar-Lak: langit
              • Northwest Solomonic
                • Nehan–North Bougainville
                  • Solos: nengit
                  • Nehan: langit
                  • Halia: langits
                  • Hakö: ilangit
                • Piva–Bannoni
                  • Lawunuia: nanitsi
                • Mono–Uruavan
                  • Alu: laiti
                  • Uruava: ranisi
                • Choiseul
                  • Babatana: rani
                  • Varisi: rani
                  • Vaghua: rani
                  • Ririo: rén
                • New Georgia–Ysabel
                  • Simbo: langite
          • Papuan Tip
            • Motu: lai
        • Central-Eastern Oceanic
          • Southeast Solomonic
            • Guadalcanal
              • Talise: langi
            • Makira
              • Arosi: rangi
          • Southern Oceanic
            • Mwerlap: lang
            • Mav̋ea: tailangi
          • Micronesian
            • Kosraean: lucng
            • Gilbertese: nang
            • Marshallese: lañ
            • Chuukic
              • Chuukese: nang
              • Puluwat: láng
              • Woleaian: lang
            • Pohnpeic
              • Mokilese: loang
              • Pohnpeian: lahng
          • Central Pacific
            • West Fijian–Rotuman
              • Western Fijian: lagi
              • Rotuman: lạgi (long form), lȧg (short form)
            • East Fijian–Polynesian
              • Fijian: lagi
              • Proto-Polynesian: *laŋi
                • Tongic
                  • Niuean: lagi
                  • Tongan: langi
                • Nuclear Polynesian
                  • Samoic–Outlier
                    • Ellicean
                      • Sikaiana: lani
                      • Takuu: rani
                      • Tuvaluan: lagi
                    • Futunic
                      • Anuta: rangi
                      • East Futuna: lagi
                      • Futuna-Aniwa: ragi
                    • Samoic
                      • Samoan: lagi
                      • Tokelauan: lagi
                  • Eastern Polynesian
                    • Marquesic
                      • Hawaiian: lani
                        • ⇒ Hawaiian: Lani
                          • → English: Lani
                      • Mangarevan: ragi
                      • North Marquesan: ʻaki
                      • South Marquesan: ʻani
                    • Tahitic
                      • Maori: rangi
                      • Rarotongan: rangi
                      • Tahitian: raʻi
                    • Rapa Nui: ragi, rangi

References

• Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary — *laŋiC