-o

See also: Appendix:Variations of "o"

Languages (32)

English

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Afar • Albanian • Esperanto • Finnish • Franco-Provençal • French • Garo • Gothic • Ido • Ingrian • Italian • Latin • Lithuanian • Lower Sorbian • Mokilese • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old Dutch • Old English • Old Galician-Portuguese • Old High German • Old Polish • Old Saxon • Polish • Portuguese • Romani • Romanian • Spanish • Swahili • Swedish • Volapük • Welsh

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English

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /əʊ/
• (General Australian) IPA^(key): /əʉ/, [æ̠ʉ~ɐʉ]
• (General American) IPA^(key): /oʊ/
• Homophones: o, owe, oh

Etymology 1

Perhaps from a special use of the interjection O, oh; and/or perhaps from o (“one”), from Middle English o, oo, variant of a, on, oon, an (“one”). See one and -y.

Alternative forms

• -oh

Suffix

-o (plural -os or -oes)

1. A colloquializing suffix, typically appended to names, abbreviations of long words, or substantive uses of adjectives.

   ‎kid + ‎-o → ‎kiddo

   ‎ugly + ‎-o → ‎uggo

   • 1991, Stephen Fry, chapter III, in The Liar, London: William Heinemann, →ISBN, page 26:

     Adrian thought it worth while to try out his new slang. ‘I say, you fellows, here's a rum go. Old Biffo was jolly odd this morning. He gave me a lot of pi-jaw about slacking and then invited me to tea. No rotting! He did really.’

Usage notes

-o generally does not change the meaning of the word or name but only makes it more colloquial, as with cheapo and Jacko. It is often appended to clipped or elided forms of longer words, as with ambo and parmo. Occasionally, the terminal consonant of the clipped form is doubled for clarity of meaning or pronunciation, as with uggo and doggo. It sometimes does change the meaning of words, usually by being applied to adjectives to indicate a person with a pronounced trait, as with weirdo (“weird person”), or to nouns used metonymously to indicate a person with a pronounced connection to the other object, as with wino (“poor or vagrant alcoholic”). Especially in American English, some uses of this suffix are understood as dated slang, as with bucko and neato. The suffix is most frequently and widely encountered in Australian English, which has additional uses (such as rego for registration and nasho for national service) that are never or only extremely rarely encountered in other dialects.

Its meaning is very similar to some uses of -y and its use is particularly common where use of -y might cause misunderstanding, as with randy and rando, journey and journo, whiny and wino.

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -o

• agro, aggro
• ambo
• bucko
• cheapo
• commo
• convo
• daddy-o
• Davo
• friendo
• journo
• kiddo
• lesbo
• neato
• parmo
• preggo
• preso
• psycho
• rando
• resto
• righto
• sicko
• thingo
• wacko
• weirdo
• whammo
• wino, wine-o
• yobbo

 

Australianisms

• arvo
• biffo
• bizzo
• bottlo
• compo
• dero, derro
• doco
• fisho
• Freo
• garbo
• goodo
• gyno
• kero
• lezzo
• metho
• milko
• muso
• nasho, Nasho
• reffo
• rego
• relo
• seppo, Seppo
• servo
• smoko
• the Salvos
• veggo

 

See also

• -ie, -y

Etymology 2

From many Spanish or Italian words that end in o. This ending in such Spanish or Italian words generally derives from -um, the accusative singular inflectional ending for masculine and neuter nouns in Latin.

Suffix

-o

1. (humorous) Converts certain words to faux Italian or Spanish. Can be used with Spanish el for expressions such as el stinko.

   no problemo

Derived terms

• problemo
• stinko
• enduro
• aggro

Etymology 3

Back-formation from typo.

Suffix

-o (plural -os)

1. Added to verb stems to create a noun describing an error relating to the action described by the verb.

Derived terms

• clicko
• copy-pasto
• printo
• scanno
• speako
• spello
• thinko
• writo

 

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -o

Afar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-ˈo/ [-ˈɔ]

Suffix

-ó

1. Used to form feminine nouns from verbs.

Derived terms

Afar terms suffixed with -o

References

• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Albanian

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔ/

Suffix

-ó

1. Creates a second-person singular active imperative verb form from a non-verb.

   ‎áfër (“close, nearby”, adverb/preposition) + ‎-o → ‎afró! (“bring closer”)

   ‎báraz (“equal”, adverb) + ‎-o → ‎barazó! (“eqalize!”)

   ‎kráhas (“arm in arm, side by side”, adverb/preposition) + ‎-o → ‎krahasó! (“compare!”)

   ‎pástër (“clean”, adjective/adverb) + ‎-o → ‎pastró! (“cleanse”)

   ‎zhúrmë (“noise”, noun) + ‎-o → ‎zhurmó! (“make a noise, scream!”)

Etymology 2

Particle

-o

2. Alternative form of o

Esperanto

Etymology

• From the masculine singular of the Romance languages, such as Italian (amico); perhaps also the neuter singular common to all Slavic languages (окно (okno))
• Perhaps from the above (Italian quello, Russian то (to))
• Possibly derived from Greek second declension syllabic nucleus -o, from which plural -oj in greek is likely also derived.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• IPA^(key): /o/

Suffix

-o

1. Nominal suffix. Most Esperanto nouns end in -o. (A few nouns end in -aŭ, and with some writers some feminine names end in -a.)
   • amiko (“friend”)
   • patro (“father”)
   • vorto (“word”)
2. -thing. (correlative object ending.)
   • kio (“what?, what”)
   • tio (“that”)
   • ĉio (“everything”)
   • io (“something”)
   • nenio (“nothing”)

Finnish

Etymology

Conflated:

• from Proto-Finnic *-o (forms action/result nouns), from Proto-Uralic *-w (as applied to stems ending in -a).
• from Proto-Finnic *-oi (variant/diminutive), from Proto-Uralic *-j (diminutive ending); the -o- is a re-extraction from the suffix being applied to stems ending in -a which was labialized by -j.

Suffix

-o (front vowel harmony variant -ö, linguistic notation -O)

1. Forms result or action nouns from verbs.

   ‎huutaa (“shout”) + ‎-o → ‎huuto (“shout”)

   ‎keittää (“boil, cook”) + ‎-o → ‎keitto (“cooking; soup”)

   ‎nähdä (“see”) + ‎-o → ‎näkö (“vision”) (ability to see)

2. Forms variants or diminutives from a few nominal roots.

   ‎hilla (“cloudberry”) + ‎-o → ‎hillo (“jam”)

   ‎lehti (“leaf”) + ‎-o → ‎lehto (“grove”)

   ‎tasa (“level”) + ‎-o → ‎taso (“plane”)

Usage notes

• Used deverbally especially with those verbs whose dictionary form (first infinitive) ends with -aa or -ää. Somewhat unusually, the front-vowel form -ö is used only with stems that contain a front vowel; if it only contains neutral vowels (e, i), the back-vocalic form -o is used, even though such words or stems have front vowel harmony by default.

Declension

Inflection of -o (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation)
nominative		-o	-ot
genitive		-on	-ojen
partitive		-oa	-oja
illative		-oon	-oihin
		singular	plural
nominative		-o	-ot
accusative	nom.	-o	-ot
	gen.	-on
genitive		-on	-ojen
partitive		-oa	-oja
inessive		-ossa	-oissa
elative		-osta	-oista
illative		-oon	-oihin
adessive		-olla	-oilla
ablative		-olta	-oilta
allative		-olle	-oille
essive		-ona	-oina
translative		-oksi	-oiksi
abessive		-otta	-oitta
instructive		—	-oin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -o (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -oni -oni accusative nom. -oni -oni gen. -oni genitive -oni -ojeni partitive -oani -ojani inessive -ossani -oissani elative -ostani -oistani illative -ooni -oihini adessive -ollani -oillani ablative -oltani -oiltani allative -olleni -oilleni essive -onani -oinani translative -okseni -oikseni abessive -ottani -oittani instructive — — comitative — -oineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -osi -osi accusative nom. -osi -osi gen. -osi genitive -osi -ojesi partitive -oasi -ojasi inessive -ossasi -oissasi elative -ostasi -oistasi illative -oosi -oihisi adessive -ollasi -oillasi ablative -oltasi -oiltasi allative -ollesi -oillesi essive -onasi -oinasi translative -oksesi -oiksesi abessive -ottasi -oittasi instructive — — comitative — -oinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -omme -omme accusative nom. -omme -omme gen. -omme genitive -omme -ojemme partitive -oamme -ojamme inessive -ossamme -oissamme elative -ostamme -oistamme illative -oomme -oihimme adessive -ollamme -oillamme ablative -oltamme -oiltamme allative -ollemme -oillemme essive -onamme -oinamme translative -oksemme -oiksemme abessive -ottamme -oittamme instructive — — comitative — -oinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -onne -onne accusative nom. -onne -onne gen. -onne genitive -onne -ojenne partitive -oanne -ojanne inessive -ossanne -oissanne elative -ostanne -oistanne illative -oonne -oihinne adessive -ollanne -oillanne ablative -oltanne -oiltanne allative -ollenne -oillenne essive -onanne -oinanne translative -oksenne -oiksenne abessive -ottanne -oittanne instructive — — comitative — -oinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -onsa -onsa accusative nom. -onsa -onsa gen. -onsa genitive -onsa -ojensa partitive -oaan -oansa -ojaan -ojansa inessive -ossaan -ossansa -oissaan -oissansa elative -ostaan -ostansa -oistaan -oistansa illative -oonsa -oihinsa adessive -ollaan -ollansa -oillaan -oillansa ablative -oltaan -oltansa -oiltaan -oiltansa allative -olleen -ollensa -oilleen -oillensa essive -onaan -onansa -oinaan -oinansa translative -okseen -oksensa -oikseen -oiksensa abessive -ottaan -ottansa -oittaan -oittansa instructive — — comitative — -oineen -oinensa

Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -o

• -oinen
• -onen
• -os

 

See also

• -u
• -uu

Franco-Provençal

Pronoun

-o

1. postpositive form of o

French

Etymology

Analogically extended from various clippings with etymological o, such as vélo, resto < vélocipède, restaurant. Its pronunciation perhaps had input from -aud.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /o/

Suffix

-o (informal)

1. Added to a clipped noun or adjective

Derived terms

French terms suffixed with -o

See also

• hosto

Garo

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-o

1. (inflectional suffix) forms the locative case

Synonyms

• -no (“forms locative”)

See also

• -na (“forms dative”)
• -ko (“forms accusative”)
• -chi (“forms instrumental”)
• -ni (“forms genitive”)

Gothic

Romanization

-o

1. Romanization of -𐍉

Ido

Etymology

From Esperanto -o, from Romance languages.

Suffix

-o

1. Nominal suffix. All Ido nouns end in -o.

Ingrian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-o. Cognates include Finnish -o.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-o/, [-o̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-o/, [-o̞]

Suffix

-o (front vowel variant -ö)

2. Used to form result or action nouns from verbs.
4. (rare) Used to form nouns denoting something related to the suffixed noun.

Declension

Declension of -o (type 4/koivu, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-o	-ot
genitive	-on	-oin, -oloin
partitive	-oa	-oja, -oloja
illative	-oo	-oi, -oloihe
inessive	-os	-ois, -olois
elative	-ost	-oist, -oloist
allative	-olle	-oille, -oloille
adessive	-ol	-oil, -oloil
ablative	-olt	-oilt, -oloilt
translative	-oks	-oiks, -oloiks
essive	-onna, -oon	-oinna, -oloinna, -oin, -oloin
exessive1)	-ont	-oint, -oloint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -o (deverbal)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-oi. Cognates include Finnish -o.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-o/, [-o̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-oi̯/, [-o̞i̯]

Suffix

-o (front vowel variant -ö)

2. Used to form diminutives.

Declension

Declension of -o (type 4/koivu, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-o	-ot
genitive	-on	-oin, -oloin
partitive	-oa	-oja, -oloja
illative	-oo	-oi, -oloihe
inessive	-os	-ois, -olois
elative	-ost	-oist, -oloist
allative	-olle	-oille, -oloille
adessive	-ol	-oil, -oloil
ablative	-olt	-oilt, -oloilt
translative	-oks	-oiks, -oloiks
essive	-onna, -oon	-oinna, -oloinna, -oin, -oloin
exessive1)	-ont	-oint, -oloint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -o (denominal)

Italian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -us, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (creates action nouns from verbs).

Suffix

-o m (noun-forming suffix, plural -i)

2. (productive) used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun, usually a deverbal

   Synonym: -a

Derived terms

Italian terms suffixed with -o (deverbal)

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-o (past participle-forming suffix, feminine -a, masculine plural -i, feminine plural -e)

2. (not productive) used with a verb stem to form a past participle

Derived terms

Italian terms suffixed with -o (participle)

Etymology 3

From Latin -ō.

Suffix

-o (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

1. (productive) used with a stem to form the first-person singular present of regular are and ere verbs and those -ire verbs that do not take -isc-

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /oː/, [oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /o/, [o]

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂- (with nominative ō made common to all cases). Etymologically, it forms part of the abstract noun suffixes -iō f, -tiō f, -āgō f, -īgō f, -ūgō f, -tūdō f, -ēdō f, but synchronically, these have become differentiated in Latin: abstract nouns in -ō are regularly feminine (and those that end in a consonant + -ō show -in- rather than -ōn- in oblique cases), whereas non-abstract nouns in -ō, -ōnis are typically masculine.

Suffix

-ō m (genitive -ōnis); third declension

1. Used to form masculine nouns with various meanings:
   1. forms agent nouns, positive and especially negative nicknames and other personal designations, especially in colloquial language.

      combibere (“to drink together”) → combibō (“drinking buddy”)

      vāpulāre (“to get beaten”) → vāpulō (“who gets frequently flogged”)

      ?cōci- → cōciō (“broker”)

      centuria (“century”) → centuriō (“centurion”)

      mūlus (“mule”) → mūliō (“muleteer”)

      Ancient Greek μωρός (mōrós, “dull, sluggish”) → mōriō (“idiot”)

   2. also forms names, especially cognomina.

      aquila (“eagle”) → Aquilō (“the North wind”)

      incubāre (“to lie on top”) → Incubō (“a spirit that watches over buried treasures”)

      cūria (“curia”) → Cūriō

      cicer (“chickpea”) → Cicerō

      vārus (“bow-legged”) → Varrō

      catus (“clever, shrewd”) → Catō

      conger (“sea-eel”) → Congriō (“name of a cook in Plautus”)

   3. (Late Latin) also used as an ending for some inanimate nouns.

Declension

Third-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-ō	-ōnēs
Genitive	-ōnis	-ōnum
Dative	-ōnī	-ōnibus
Accusative	-ōnem	-ōnēs
Ablative	-ōne	-ōnibus
Vocative	-ō	-ōnēs

Synonyms

• (forms masculine agent nouns): -a¹, -ārius, -ātor

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -o (noun)

Descendants

• Franco-Provençal: -on
• French: -on
  • → English: -oon
• Italian: -one
• Portuguese: -ão
• Romanian: -oi, -oni
• Sicilian: -uni, -una
• Spanish: -ón

References

• “-ō¹” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Italic *-ōd, an ablative suffix, derived from Proto-Indo-European *-éad.

Suffix

-ō (comparative -ius, superlative -issimō)

1. forms adverbs

   prīmus + -ō → prīmō

   tūtus + -ō → tūtō

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -o (adverb)

References

• “-ō²” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Italic *-āō, from the following sources:

• Denominative verbs with *-eh₂-yé-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-eh₂-yóh₂ > intermediate phase **-ājō with accent shift > Proto-Italic *-āō (e.g., laudō, dōnō, pugnō, cūrō).
• Verbs from roots in *-h₁- (e.g. flō).
• Verbs from roots in *-h₂- (e.g. for, nō, hiō, domō, iuvō).
• Verbs from roots in *-h₃- (e.g. dō, lavō, arō).
• In one exceptional case, by sound laws acting on *-h₂ + stative suffix *-éh₁-ye-ti, whence *-h₂-éh₁-ye-ti. This case is the verb stō: *sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti > *staēō > stō).

Some third-conjugation verbs show a shift to the first declension in composition, such as pellō, pellere vs. -pellō, -pellāre (in compellō, compellāre and interpellō, interpellāre) or sternō, sternere vs. cōnsternō, cōnsternāre. Schrijver (1991) derives the simplex third-conjugation versions from nasal presents in *-n-H-ti of the type *tl-n-h₂-ti > *tl̥năti > tollit (arguing that Proto-Indo-European present forms in *-né-H-ti, showing the full grade of the suffix, were replaced by paradigmatic leveling) and proposes that the compounds were derived by addition of the thematic suffix *-ye-/-yo- to *-nă-, forming *-năye-/-năyo-. In this case, the Proto-Italic form would be *-aō. Traditionally, these compound verbs in -āre were explained as "intensive" forms alongside cases like occupō, occupāre, but Schrijver argues that the latter are clearly denominative while the former are clearly not.

Cognates of the whole first conjugation in the present in Latin and Proto-Italic include Proto-Germanic *-ōną (referring to the whole conjugation in which the infinitive is *-ōną), Ancient Greek -άω (-áō, contracted verb), -अयति (-ayati) (for the causative in Sanskrit), Proto-Celtic *-āti and Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā́ˀtei (whence the infinite Proto-Slavic *-ati, referring again to the whole conjugation).

Alternative forms

• *-aēō (in *staēō)

Suffix

-ō (present infinitive -āre, perfect active -āvī, supine -ātum); first conjugation

2. suffixed to nouns or adjectives — originally a-stem nouns, but later nouns with other stems — forms regular first-conjugation verbs

   cūra + -ō → cūrō

   dōnum + -ō → dōnō

   laus (stem: laud-) + -ō → laudō

   multa + -ō → multō

   nūndinae + -or → nūndinor (deponent)

4. suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs

   com- + pellō (pres. act. inf.: pellere) + -ō → compellō (pres. act. inf.: compellāre)

   prō- + flīgō (pres. act. inf.: flīgere) + -ō → prōflīgō (pres. act. inf.: prōflīgāre)

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ō (first conjugation, verbs with the perfect infix -av-)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-ō	-ās	-at	-āmus	-ātis	-ant
	imperfect	-ābam	-ābās	-ābat	-ābāmus	-ābātis	-ābant
	future	-ābō	-ābis	-ābit	-ābimus	-ābitis	-ābunt
	perfect	-āvī	-āvistī, -āstī3	-āvit, -āt3	-āvimus, -āmus3	-āvistis, -āstis3	-āvērunt, -āvēre, -ārunt3
	pluperfect	-āveram, -āram3	-āverās, -ārās3	-āverat, -ārat3	-āverāmus, -ārāmus3	-āverātis, -ārātis3	-āverant, -ārant3
	future perfect	-āverō, -ārō3	-āveris, -āris3	-āverit, -ārit3	-āverimus, -ārimus3	-āveritis, -āritis3	-āverint, -ārint3
	sigmatic future1	-āssō	-āssis	-āssit	-āssimus	-āssitis	-āssint
passive	present	-or	-āris, -āre	-ātur	-āmur	-āminī	-antur
	imperfect	-ābar	-ābāris, -ābāre	-ābātur	-ābāmur	-ābāminī	-ābantur
	future	-ābor	-āberis, -ābere	-ābitur	-ābimur	-ābiminī	-ābuntur
	perfect	-ātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-ātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-ātus + future active indicative of sum
	sigmatic future1	-āssor	-āsseris	-āssitur	—	—	—
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-em	-ēs	-et	-ēmus	-ētis	-ent
	imperfect	-ārem	-ārēs	-āret	-ārēmus	-ārētis	-ārent
	perfect	-āverim, -ārim3	-āverīs, -ārīs3	-āverit, -ārit3	-āverīmus, -ārīmus3	-āverītis, -ārītis3	-āverint, -ārint3
	pluperfect	-āvissem, -āssem3	-āvissēs, -āssēs3	-āvisset, -āsset3	-āvissēmus, -āssēmus3	-āvissētis, -āssētis3	-āvissent, -āssent3
	sigmatic aorist1	-āssim	-āssīs	-āssīt	-āssīmus	-āssītis	-āssint
passive	present	-er	-ēris, -ēre	-ētur	-ēmur	-ēminī	-entur
	imperfect	-ārer	-ārēris, -ārēre	-ārētur	-ārēmur	-ārēminī	-ārentur
	perfect	-ātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	-ātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	-ā	—	—	-āte	—
	future	—	-ātō	-ātō	—	-ātōte	-antō
passive	present	—	-āre	—	—	-āminī	—
	future	—	-ātor	-ātor	—	—	-antor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		-āre	-āvisse, -āsse3	-ātūrum esse	-ārī, -ārier2	-ātum esse	-ātum īrī
participles		-āns	—	-ātūrus	—	-ātus	-andus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		-andī	-andō	-andum	-andō	-ātum	-ātū

Conjugation of -ō (first conjugation, verbs with the perfect infix -u-)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-ō	-ās	-at	-āmus	-ātis	-ant
	imperfect	-ābam	-ābās	-ābat	-ābāmus	-ābātis	-ābant
	future	-ābō	-ābis	-ābit	-ābimus	-ābitis	-ābunt
	perfect	-uī	-uistī	-uit	-uimus	-uistis	-uērunt, -uēre
	pluperfect	-ueram	-uerās	-uerat	-uerāmus	-uerātis	-uerant
	future perfect	-uerō	-ueris	-uerit	-uerimus	-ueritis	-uerint
	sigmatic future1	-āssō	-āssis	-āssit	-āssimus	-āssitis	-āssint
passive	present	-or	-āris, -āre	-ātur	-āmur	-āminī	-antur
	imperfect	-ābar	-ābāris, -ābāre	-ābātur	-ābāmur	-ābāminī	-ābantur
	future	-ābor	-āberis, -ābere	-ābitur	-ābimur	-ābiminī	-ābuntur
	perfect	-ātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-ātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-ātus + future active indicative of sum
	sigmatic future1	-āssor	-āsseris	-āssitur	—	—	—
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-em	-ēs	-et	-ēmus	-ētis	-ent
	imperfect	-ārem	-ārēs	-āret	-ārēmus	-ārētis	-ārent
	perfect	-uerim	-uerīs	-uerit	-uerīmus	-uerītis	-uerint
	pluperfect	-uissem	-uissēs	-uisset	-uissēmus	-uissētis	-uissent
	sigmatic aorist1	-āssim	-āssīs	-āssīt	-āssīmus	-āssītis	-āssint
passive	present	-er	-ēris, -ēre	-ētur	-ēmur	-ēminī	-entur
	imperfect	-ārer	-ārēris, -ārēre	-ārētur	-ārēmur	-ārēminī	-ārentur
	perfect	-ātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	-ātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	-ā	—	—	-āte	—
	future	—	-ātō	-ātō	—	-ātōte	-antō
passive	present	—	-āre	—	—	-āminī	—
	future	—	-ātor	-ātor	—	—	-antor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		-āre	-uisse	-ātūrum esse	-ārī, -ārier2	-ātum esse	-ātum īrī
participles		-āns	—	-ātūrus	—	-ātus	-andus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		-andī	-andō	-andum	-andō	-ātum	-ātū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
²The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
³At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -o (denominative)

Latin terms suffixed with -o (compound verb)

Descendants

(from infinitive -āre:)

• Asturian: -ar
• Catalan: -ar
• Italian: -are
• Franco-Provençal: -ar
• Friulian: -â
• Occitan: -ar
• Old French: -er, -ier
  • Middle French: -ier, -er
    • French: -er
  • Gallo: -ieu
  • → Middle High German: -ieren
    • German: -ieren, -iren (obsolete, used alternatively until ca. 1900)
      • → Bulgarian: -ирам (-iram)
      • → Russian: -ировать (-irovatʹ)
      • → Serbo-Croatian: -irati
  • Norman: -yi (Jersey)
• Old Galician-Portuguese: -ar
  • Galician: -ar
  • Portuguese: -ar
• Romanian: -a
• Sardinian: -are
• Sicilian: -ari
• Spanish: -ar
• Borrowings:
  • → English: -ate
  • → Ido: -ar

References

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
• “-ō³” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

Etymology 4

From Proto-Italic *-ō, from at least two sources:

1. Proto-Indo-European thematic *-e-ti in which the first person singular ends in *-oh₂ (e.g., agō < *h₂éǵeti; coquo < *pékʷeti).
2. Proto-Indo-European athematic *-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-mi (e.g., dūcō < *déwkti; edō < *h₁édti; linquō < *linékʷti; discō < *di-dḱ-ské-ti).

Alternative forms

• -iō

Suffix

-ō (present infinitive -ere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation

1. forms regular third-conjugation verbs

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ō (third conjugation)
indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-ō	-is	-it	-imus	-itis	-unt
	imperfect	-ēbam	-ēbās	-ēbat	-ēbāmus	-ēbātis	-ēbant
	future	-am	-ēs	-et	-ēmus	-ētis	-ent
	perfect	-ī	-istī	-it	-imus	-istis	-ērunt, -ēre
	pluperfect	-eram	-erās	-erat	-erāmus	-erātis	-erant
	future perfect	-erō	-eris	-erit	-erimus	-eritis	-erint
	sigmatic future1	-ō	-is	-it	-imus	-itis	-int
passive	present	-or	-eris, -ere	-itur	-imur	-iminī	-untur
	imperfect	-ēbar	-ēbāris, -ēbāre	-ēbātur	-ēbāmur	-ēbāminī	-ēbantur
	future	-ar	-ēris, -ēre	-ētur	-ēmur	-ēminī	-entur
	perfect	-us + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-us + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-us + future active indicative of sum
	sigmatic future1	-or	-eris	-itur	—	—	—
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-am	-ās	-at	-āmus	-ātis	-ant
	imperfect	-erem	-erēs	-eret	-erēmus	-erētis	-erent
	perfect	-erim	-erīs	-erit	-erīmus	-erītis	-erint
	pluperfect	-issem	-issēs	-isset	-issēmus	-issētis	-issent
	sigmatic aorist1	-im	-īs	-īt	-īmus	-ītis	-int
passive	present	-ar	-āris, -āre	-ātur	-āmur	-āminī	-antur
	imperfect	-erer	-erēris, -erēre	-erētur	-erēmur	-erēminī	-erentur
	perfect	-us + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	-us + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	-e	—	—	-ite	—
	future	—	-itō	-itō	—	-itōte	-untō
passive	present	—	-ere	—	—	-iminī	—
	future	—	-itor	-itor	—	—	-untor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		-ere	-isse	-ūrum esse	-ī	-um esse	-um īrī
participles		-ēns	—	-ūrus	—	-us	-endus, -undus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		-endī	-endō	-endum	-endō	-um	-ū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

Etymology 5

Dative from Old Latin -ōi, from Proto-Italic *-ōi, from Proto-Indo-European *-oey. Ablative from Old Latin -ōd.

Suffix

-ō

1. dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of -us

Etymology 6

Borrowed from Paleo-Balkan. Compare Albanian -ónjë, Aromanian -oanje, -oanji, -onje and Romanian -oaie, all forming feminine equivalent of nouns.

Suffix

-ō f (genitive -ōnis); third declension

1. form feminine equivalents of given names of central Dalmatia

   ‎Aplis m + ‎-o → ‎Aplo f

   ‎Baezus m + ‎-o → ‎Baezo f

   ‎Dasant- m + ‎-o → ‎Dasto f

   ‎Ditus m + ‎-o → ‎Dito f

   ‎Paius m + ‎-o → ‎Paio f

   ‎Vendes m + ‎-o → ‎Vendo f

References

• Katičić, Radoslav (1976) Ancient Languages of the Balkans, page 180

See also

• Category:Latin terms suffixed with -o

Lithuanian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā; compare Latvian -a, Proto-Slavic *-a (“id”). From the Proto-Indo-European thematic masculine ablative ending *-ōd, with regular Balto-Slavic loss of final d. Compare Sanskrit -आत् (-āt), Latin -ō and Ancient Greek ὄπ-ω (óp-ō, “whence”). In Balto-Slavic, the genitive merged with the ablative. The original genitive was retained, however, in West Baltic; compare Old Prussian -as, presumably from Proto-Indo-European *-os; compare Hittite 𒀸 (-as).

Suffix

-õ

1. Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem nouns.
2. Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem adjectives.

Etymology 2

Suffix

-o

1. Used to form third person present tense forms in third declension verbs.
2. Used to form third person past tense forms in first declension verbs.

Etymology 3

Suffix

-õ

1. An illative suffix.

   ‎namas + ‎-o → ‎namo

Synonyms

• -op
• -on, -yn, -ėn

Lower Sorbian

Suffix

-o

1. -ly (used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner)

Synonyms

• -je

Derived terms

Lower Sorbian terms suffixed with -o

Mokilese

Suffix

-o

1. Third person singular demonstrative suffix, equivalent to yon or that (specifically, an object far from both the speaker and listener)

   ‎rais (“rice”) + ‎-o → ‎raisso (“that rice over there, yon rice”)

Usage notes

This suffix typically triggers gemination of the final consonant of the noun to which it is applied, if there is one.

References

• Harrison, Sheldon P., Mokilese Reference Grammar, University of Hawaii Press 1977

Norwegian Nynorsk

Suffix

-o

1. Used to make plural indefinite and definite forms for some neuter nouns
2. (non-standard since 1917) Used to make singular definite form for some weak feminine nouns
3. (archaic)(nonstandard) Used to mark plural form for strong verbs in past tense

Old Dutch

Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *-ō, from Proto-Germanic *-ô.

Suffix

-o

2. Forms adverbs from adjectives.

Derived terms

Category Old Dutch terms suffixed with -o (adverb) not found

Descendants

• Middle Dutch: -e

Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *-jō, from Proto-Germanic *-jô.

Suffix

-o

2. Forms agent nouns from verbs.

Derived terms

Old Dutch terms suffixed with -o (agent noun)

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /o/

Suffix

-o

1. (Anglian, Kentish) Alternative form of -e, as used to form the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs
2. Alternative form of -u

Old Galician-Portuguese

Etymology

Inherited from Latin -ō.

Suffix

-o

1. a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs

   ‎amar (“to love”) + ‎-o → ‎amo (“[I] love”)

   ‎querer (“to want”) + ‎-o → ‎quero (“[I] want”)

Descendants

• Galician: -o
• Portuguese: -o

Old High German

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *-ô.

Suffix

-o

1. Forms adverbs from adjectives.

Descendants

• Middle High German: -e

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Old Norse -i, Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”). In some cases, the root appears in the zero-grade as in boto (from biotan).

Suffix

-o m

1. used to form masculine agents from verbs

   ‎geban (“to give”) + ‎-o → ‎gëbo (“giver”)

   ‎sprehhan (“to speak”) + ‎-o → ‎sprëhho (“speaker”)

   ‎biotan (“to offer, send, command”) + ‎-o → ‎boto (“messenger”)

   ‎ziohan (“to pull, lead”) + ‎-o → ‎herizogo (“army leader”)

   ‎sagēn (“to say”) + ‎-o → ‎fora-sago (“prophet”)

Declension

Most nouns with this suffix follow the n-declension, like hano (“cock”), namo (“name”), gomo (“man”).

Descendants

• Middle High German: -e
  • German: -e

In Middle High German, the suffix is replaced by -er (whence German -er), as in Middle High German gëber instead of Old High German gëbo. Only a few German words still have a final -e that results from Old High German -o.

Old Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /ɔ/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ɔ/

Suffix

-o

1. forms adverbs from adjectives

   ‎barzy + ‎-o → ‎barzo

Derived terms

Old Polish terms suffixed with -o

See also

• -ie

Old Saxon

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *-ô.

Suffix

-o

1. Forms adverbs from adjectives.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”).

Suffix

-o m

1. used to form masculine agents from verbs and nouns

   ‎gevan (“to give”) + ‎-o → ‎gevo (“giver”)

   ‎beddi (“bed”) + ‎-o → ‎gibeddio (“bedfellow”)

Descendants

• Middle Low German: -e

Polish

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) Doublet of -um.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔ/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
• Homophones: o, o-, -o-

Suffix

-o

1. forms adverbs from adjectives

   ‎beztroski + ‎-o → ‎beztrosko

2. forms diminutives, softening the previous consonant

   ‎dziad + ‎-o → ‎dziadzio

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -o

See also

• -ie

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (stressed on the penultimate syllable) /u/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -o, from Latin -um.

Suffix

-o

1. forms masculine singular nouns and adjectives

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -o, from Latin -ō, -eō, -iō. Compare Galician and Spanish -o.

Suffix

-o

1. a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -ar

   ‎amar (“to love”) + ‎-o → ‎amo (“[I] love”)

2. a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -er

   ‎comer (“to eat”) + ‎-o → ‎como (“[I] eat”)

3. a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of -ir

   ‎unir (“to unite”) + ‎-o → ‎uno (“[I] unite”)

Romani

Suffix

-o

1. Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns
2. Forms the nominative masculine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
3. Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular masculine past tense of intransitive verbs

Romanian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic.

Suffix

-o

1. Vocative singular (feminine)

   ‎mamă (“mother”) + ‎-o → ‎mamo

   ‎focă (“seal”) + ‎-o → ‎foco

Usage notes

This form of the vocative is informal, especially when referring to a person. The nominative/accusative ending is preferred.

Related terms

• -e (vocative used for masculine and neuter adjectives or nouns)

Spanish

Etymology 1

Inherited from Latin -um, accusative of -us.

Suffix

-o m (noun-forming suffix, plural -os)

1. Used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun

   ‎azafata (“female flight-attendant”) + ‎-o → ‎azafato (“male flight-attendant”)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Latin -ō.

Suffix

-o (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

1. suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs

Swahili

Etymology 1

Suffix

-o

1. suffix used in nominal forms of verbs in the absence of a more specific suffix (such as -aji), in conjunction with a noun class prefix

   ‎-penda (“to love”) + ‎-o → ‎upendo (“love”)

   ‎-enda (“to go”) + ‎-o → ‎mwendo (“motion”)

2. wa class_(II), m class_(III), and u class_(XI) relative marker

Derived terms

Swahili terms suffixed with -o

See also

Swahili verbal concords (third person)

Class	Subject concord		Object concord	Relative
	affirmative	negative
m(I)	a-, yu-	ha-, hayu-	-m-, -mw-, -mu-	-ye
wa(II)	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	-o
m(III)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
mi(IV)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
ji(V)	li-	hali-	-li-	-lo
ma(VI)	ya-	haya-	-ya-	-yo
ki(VII)	ki-	haki-	-ki-	-cho
vi(VIII)	vi-	havi-	-vi-	-vyo
n(IX)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
n(X)	zi-	hazi-	-zi-	-zo
u(XI)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
ku(XV/XVII)	ku-	haku-	-ku-	-ko
pa(XVI)	pa-	hapa-	-pa-	-po
mu(XVIII)	m-, mw-, mu-	ham-, hamw-, hamu-	-mu-	-mo
For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

Etymology 2

Suffix

-o

1. nonce suffix added for rhyming and scansion purposes
   • (Can we date this quote?), K. Amri Abedi, Ukitaka moyo wangu:

     Ukitaka moyo wangu, ni tayari kukupao

     If you want my heart, I am ready to give it to you

Swedish

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Swedish -u, -o, from Old Norse -u.

Suffix

-o

1. (archaic) dative suffix

Derived terms

• allo
• blindo
• borto
• däro
• förevaro
• godo
• häro
• kvaro
• medo
• närvaro
• ondo
• sammanvaro
• sammo
• samvaro
• sutto
• tillvaro
• utevaro
• varo
• vedervaro
• åsido
• äro

 

Etymology 2

• Possibly from Tavringer Romani -o, a masculine ending for nouns, cf. buro (“non-Traveller, farmer”), bölo (“bull”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʊ/
• When combined the stress is always on the first syllable.

Suffix

-o

1. (colloquial) Combines with an (often clipped) word to create a noun referring to a person with a related property. Gives a familiar and to some extent diminutive nuance.

   ‎fylla (“drunkenness”) + ‎-o → ‎fyllo (“drunkard”)

   ‎fet (“fat”) + ‎-o → ‎fetto (“a fatty”)

   ‎snygg (“handsome”) + ‎-o → ‎snyggo (“handsome (noun)”)

   ‎puckad (“stupid”) + ‎-o → ‎pucko (“a stupid person”)

   ‎lycklig (“lucky, fortunate”) + ‎-o → ‎lyllo (“a fortunate person”)

Volapük

Suffix

-o

1. adverb ending
2. -wise (in the matter of; with regard to)

Derived terms

Volapük terms suffixed with -o

Welsh

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɔ/

Etymology 1

Suffix

-o

1. used to form pet names

   ‎Dai + ‎-o → ‎Deio

   ‎Gwen + ‎-o → ‎Gwenno

   ‎Iorwerth + ‎-o → ‎Iolo

Etymology 2

Suffix

-o

1. (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular present subjunctive

Etymology 3

From Middle Welsh -aw, from Proto-Brythonic *-ọβ̃.

Suffix

-o

1. Forms verbnouns from verb stems.

   Synonyms: -i, -u

Usage notes

This suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonant i (though for some such verbs, such as cynnig, the verbnoun is given by dropping the i from the stem) or the vowel in the last syllable is i, u, eu, or wy.

Derived terms

Welsh terms suffixed with -o

Related terms

• -io (Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech)