孔

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孔 U+5B54, 孔
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B54
← 孓
[U+5B53] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 孕 →
[U+5B55]

Translingual

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Stroke order
4 strokes

Han character

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孔 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+1, 4 strokes, cangjie input 弓木山 (NDU), four-corner 12410, composition ⿰子乚)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 277, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6933
  • Dae Jaweon: page 544, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1008, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5B54

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 孔

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 孔
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (孔) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
吼 *qʰloːʔ, *qʰloːs
孔 *kʰloːŋʔ

Bronze inscriptions: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 丿 (“opening”) + 子 (“child”) – opening in the skull of a newborn, i.e. fontanelle.

Etymology

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"hole"
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (lədî hkū, “nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese အခေါင်း (a.hkaung:, “hollow place; cavity”), Naxi kho³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT).
"peacock"
Starostin reconstructs 孔 (OC *khōŋ) and compares it to Proto-Vietic *k-voːŋ. Compare also Semai kuwok, Semnam kwɔːŋ.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • kháng - vernacular;
  • khóng - literary.
Rime
Character 孔
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 康董切
Baxter khuwngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰuŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰuŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰuŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰəwŋX/
Li
Rong 		/kʰuŋX/
Wang
Li 		/kʰuŋX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kʰuŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		kǒng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hung2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 孔
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		kǒng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ khuwngX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]ʰˁoŋʔ/
English (surname)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 孔
Reading # 1/1
No. 7489
Phonetic
component 		孔
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		孔
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰloːŋʔ/
Notes 金文象就乳，與古候切從子殼聲字（說文乳也）同源

Definitions

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孔

  1. hole; aperture; opening
    鼻孔  ―  bíkǒng  ―  nostril
  2. classifier for cave dwellings, oil wells, etc..
  3. (literary, for irrigation, drainage) ditch; trench; canal; channel
  4. (literary, or in compounds) profound; far-reaching
  5. (literary, or in compounds) unimpeded; unblocked
  6. (literary, or in compounds) large
  7. (literary, or in compounds) fine
  8. (literary, or in compounds) very; extremely
  9. (literary, or in compounds) peacock; peafowl
  10. a surname
    孔祥熙  ―  Kǒng Xiángxī  ―  H. H. Kung (Chinese banker and politician)
  11. (specifically) Short for 孔子 (Kǒngzǐ, “Confucius”).
    祭孔  ―  jì Kǒng  ―  worship of Confucius
    批林批孔  ―  pī Lín pī Kǒng  ―  (historical) Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius movement
  12. (Quanzhou Hokkien) classifier for partitioned grid units in a tool.

Synonyms

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  • (hole):
Dialectal synonyms of 孔 (“hole”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 孔, 洞, 穴
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 孔, 洞, 孔洞, 空洞, 空穴, 窿
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 窟窿
Singapore 洞
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 窟窿
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 窟窿
Wanrong 窟窿
Xi'an 窟窿子, 窟窿
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 窟窿, 洞洞, 洞
Wuhan 窟窿, 窟眼, 洞洞, 洞
Liuzhou 窿
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 窟窿
Yangzhou 洞, 窟窿
Hefei 窟窿, 洞
Cantonese Guangzhou 窿, 咕窿
Hong Kong 窿, 咕窿
Taishan 孔
Yangjiang 窿
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 窿
Singapore (Guangfu) 窿
Gan Nanchang 洞
Hakka Meixian 窿仔, 窿空仔
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 空
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 空
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 空
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 空
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 空
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 空
Jin Taiyuan 窟窿, 窟子
Northern Min Jian'ou 川
Eastern Min Fuzhou 空空
Southern Min Xiamen 空, 空口
Quanzhou 空
Zhangzhou 空口
Zhangzhou (Changtai) 空
Taipei 空
Penang (Hokkien) 空
Singapore (Hokkien) 空
Manila (Hokkien) 空
Chaozhou 空
Jieyang 空, 洞
Haifeng 空
Singapore (Teochew) 空
Singapore (Hainanese) 空
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 窿
Wu Suzhou 洞
Wenzhou 洞, 窟, 窟窿
Jinhua 窟窿
Xiang Changsha 洞, 洞子
Shuangfeng 眼貢, 洞
edit
  • (very):
edit
  • (peacock): 孔雀 (kǒngquè)
  • (Confucius):
edit

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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孔

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. cavity

Readings

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  • Go-on: く (ku)、くう (kū)
  • Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
  • Kun: あな (ana, 孔)、はなはだ (hanahada, 孔だ)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology

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Kanji in this term
孔
あな
Grade: S
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 孔 – see the following entry.
【穴あな】6
[noun] hole
[noun] opening, aperture
[noun] pit
[noun] cave, cavern
[noun] lair, den, burrow
[noun] loss, deficit
[noun] flaw, defect
(This term, 孔, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

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Hanja

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孔 (eumhun 구멍 공 (gumeong gong))

  1. hanja form? of 공 (“opening, hole”)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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孔: Hán Nôm readings: khổng, hỏng, hổng, khỏng, khủng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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