令

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See also: 今, and 命
令 U+4EE4, 令
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE4
← 代
[U+4EE3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 以 →
[U+4EE5]
令 U+F9A8, 令
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9A8
← 獵
[U+F9A7] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 囹 →
[U+F9A9]

Translingual

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Traditional 令
Simplified 令
Japanese 令
Korean 令

Han character

[edit]

令 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓戈 (OINI), four-corner 80307, composition ⿱亽龴(G) or ⿱亼龴(HTV) or ⿱亼𰆊(JK))

Derived characters

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Stroke order
Traditional or simplified

Japanese or Korean

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 93, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 387
  • Dae Jaweon: page 198, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 111, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+4EE4

Chinese

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trad. 令
simp. # 令

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 令
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
j21073
j21074
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j21153
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j21156
j21157
j21158
j21159
j21160
j21161
j21162
j21163
j21164
j21165
j21166
j21167
j21168
j21169
j21170
b13977
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s06555
Transcribed ancient scripts
L37178
L37179
L37180
L37181
L37182
L37183
L37184
L37185
L37186
L24398
L24399
L24400
L24401
L24402
L24403
L24404
L24405
L24406
L24407
L24408
L24409
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (令) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
令 *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs
怜 *riːn, *reːŋ
零 *riːŋ, *reːŋ, *reːŋs
魿 *ɡriŋ, *reːŋ
命 *mreŋs
冷 *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ
跉 *reŋ, *reːŋ
嶺 *reŋʔ
領 *reŋʔ
阾 *reŋʔ, *reːŋ
柃 *reŋʔ, *reːŋ
袊 *reŋʔ
詅 *reŋs, *reːŋ
旍 *ʔsleŋ
舲 *reːŋ
齡 *reːŋ
囹 *reːŋ
鴒 *reːŋ
蛉 *reːŋ
鈴 *reːŋ
苓 *reːŋ
伶 *reːŋ
泠 *reːŋ
瓴 *reːŋ
拎 *reːŋ
刢 *reːŋ
玲 *reːŋ
聆 *reːŋ
竛 *reːŋ
軨 *reːŋ
笭 *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ
翎 *reːŋ
閝 *reːŋ
鹷 *reːŋ
昤 *reːŋ
駖 *reːŋ
彾 *reːŋ
呤 *reːŋ
狑 *reːŋ
秢 *reːŋ
岭 *reːŋ
紷 *reːŋ
砱 *reːŋ
羚 *reːŋ
姈 *reːŋ
蕶 *reːŋ
澪 *reːŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 亼 + 卩. The upper part is an open mouth to convey the idea of giving orders, while the bottom part is a kneeling man. Compare 兄, in which an open mouth on top of the character conveys the same idea of giving orders.

Etymology 1

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Usually thought to be related to 命 (OC *mreŋs, “order”) (Schuessler, 2007). As a surname, 令 has many origins, one of them is 令狐 (Línghú).

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 令
Mandarin Beijing /liŋ⁵¹/
Harbin /liŋ⁵³/
Tianjin /liŋ⁵³/
Jinan /liŋ²¹/
Qingdao /liŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /liŋ³¹²/
Xi'an /liŋ⁴⁴/
Xining /liə̃²¹³/
Yinchuan /liŋ¹³/
Lanzhou /lĩn¹³/
Ürümqi /liŋ²¹³/
Wuhan /nin³⁵/
Chengdu /nin¹³/
Guiyang /nin²¹³/
Kunming /lĩ¹/
Nanjing /lin⁴⁴/
Hefei /lin⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /liəŋ⁴⁵/
Pingyao /liŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /lĩŋ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /liŋ²³/
Suzhou /lin³¹/
Hangzhou /lin¹³/
Wenzhou /leŋ²²/
Hui Shexian /liʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /lɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /lin⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /nin⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /lin²¹/
Hakka Meixian /lin⁵³/
Taoyuan /lin⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /leŋ²²/
Nanning /leŋ²²/
Hong Kong /liŋ²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /liŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /lɛiŋ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /leiŋ⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /leŋ³⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /leŋ³³/ 使～(俗)
Rime
Character 令 令 令
Reading # 2/5 4/5 5/5
Initial (聲) 來 (37) 來 (37) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 清 (121) 清 (121) 青 (125)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open Open
Division (等) III III IV
Fanqie 呂貞切 力政切 郎定切
Baxter ljeng ljengH lengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/liᴇŋ/ /liᴇŋH/ /leŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/liɛŋ/ /liɛŋH/ /leŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/liæŋ/ /liæŋH/ /lɛŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/liajŋ/ /liajŋH/ /lɛjŋH/
Li
Rong 		/liɛŋ/ /liɛŋH/ /leŋH/
Wang
Li 		/lĭɛŋ/ /lĭɛŋH/ /lieŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/li̯ɛŋ/ /li̯ɛŋH/ /lieŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		líng lìng lìng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ling4 ling6 ling6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 令 令
Reading # 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		líng lìng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ljeng › ‹ ljengH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*riŋ/ /*riŋ-s/
English send (a person) issue a command

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 令 令 令
Reading # 2/5 3/5 5/5
No. 8277 8284 8332
Phonetic
component 		令 令 令
Rime
group 		耕 耕 耕
Rime
subdivision 		0 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		跉 令 零
Old
Chinese 		/*reŋ/ /*reŋs/ /*reːŋs/

Definitions

[edit]

令

  1. to order; to command
  2. order; command; directive
  3. to make (someone do something); to cause; to allow
    令人  ―  lìngrén  ―  to make someone (do something); to make people [+ adjective]
  4. (historical) governor; magistrate (official title)
  5. (literary, or in compounds) good; excellent
  6. (literary, or in compounds) time; season
  7. (literary, or in compounds) drinker's wager game; drinking game
  8. (respectful) your
    令尊  ―  lìngzūn  ―  your father
    令嬡／令嫒  ―  lìng'ài  ―  your daughter
  9. (poetry) Short for 小令 (“ditty”).
  10. a surname
Synonyms
[edit]
  • (to order):
edit
  • (order):
edit
  • (to cause): 使 (shǐ), 讓／让 (ràng), (Cantonese) 令到 (ling6 dou3), 搞到 (gaau2 dou3)
  • (season):
edit
  • (drinker's wager game): 酒令 (jiǔlìng)
Descendants
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Sino-Xenic (令):
  • → Japanese: 令(りょう) (ryō); 令(れい) (rei)
  • → Vietnamese: lệnh (令), lành (令)

Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

[edit]
Rime
Character 令
Reading # 3/5
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 青 (125)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 郎丁切
Baxter leng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/leŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/leŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lɛŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lɛjŋ/
Li
Rong 		/leŋ/
Wang
Li 		/lieŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/lieŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		líng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ling4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 令
Reading # 1/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		líng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ leng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[r]ˁiŋ/
English 脊令 tsjek.leng (a kind of water bird)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 令
Reading # 4/5
No. 8306
Phonetic
component 		令
Rime
group 		耕
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		靈
Old
Chinese 		/*reːŋ/

Definitions

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令

  1. Used in 令狐 (Línghú).
  2. † Used in 令利.
  3. † Used in 令俜.
  4. † Used in 令星.
  5. † Used in 脊令.
  6. † Original form of 瓴 (líng).

Etymology 3

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Borrowed from English ream.

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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令

  1. Classifier for reams of paper.

Etymology 4

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Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 令
Reading # 1/5
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 仙 (77)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 力延切
Baxter ljen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/liᴇn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/liɛn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ljæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lian/
Li
Rong 		/liɛn/
Wang
Li 		/lĭɛn/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/li̯ɛn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lián
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lin4
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 令
Reading # 1/5
No. 8271
Phonetic
component 		令
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		連
Old
Chinese 		/*ren/

Definitions

[edit]

令

  1. † Only used in 令居 (“ancient county in modern Gansu”).

Etymology 5

[edit]
For pronunciation and definitions of 令 – see 齡 (“age; length of time; duration; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 齡).
Notes:

Compounds

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

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令

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
令
れい
Grade: 4
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng), 令 (MC ljengH), or 令 (MC lengH).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

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令(れい) • (rei) 

  1. an order, command, decree
    Synonyms: 言い付け (iitsuke), 命令 (meirei)
  2. (historical) in ancient China, a regional governor or magistrate
  3. (historical) in the early Meiji period, the forerunner of a 知事 (chiji, “prefectural governor”)
  4. (historical) in the Kamakura period, the vice-minister of the 政所 (mandokoro, “office of financial affairs”)
  5. (historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Synonym: 坊令 (bōrei)
  6. (rare, law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system

Affix

[edit]

令(れい) • (rei) 

  1. act, law, ordinance, rule
  2. law, ordinance, regulation
  3. (historical) high-ranking official or magistrate
  4. (obsolete) admonition, teaching
  5. (rare) beautiful, excellent, fine, good
  6. honorific prefix added before a term of kinship to show respect to someone else's relative
Derived terms
[edit]

Proper noun

[edit]

令(れい) • (Rei) 

  1. a female given name

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
令
りょう
Grade: 4
goon

/rjau/ → /rjɔː/ → /rjoː/

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng), 令 (MC ljengH), or 令 (MC lengH).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

令(りょう) • (ryō) ←りやう (ryau)?

  1. (law, historical) an administrative and civil code developed during the Qin dynasty that was, alongside the 律 (ritsu), spread throughout East Asia especially Japan where it was further revised into the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system
Derived terms
[edit]

Affix

[edit]

令(りょう) • (ryō) ←りやう (ryau)?

  1. order, command, decree
  2. law, ordinance, rule

Proper noun

[edit]

令(りょう) • (Ryō) ←りやう (Ryau)?

  1. a female given name

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]
“to cause; to order; etc.”

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljeng).

Historical readings
“an order; a command”

From Middle Chinese 令 (MC ljengH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (initial position)
    • (an order; to cause; to order; etc.):
    • (in 영감 (令監, yeonggam)):
      • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [jɘ(ː)ŋ]
      • Phonetic hangul: [영(ː)]
        • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
  • (non-initial position)

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

令 (eumhun 하여금 령 (hayeogeum ryeong), word-initial (South Korea) 하여금 영 (hayeogeum yeong))

  1. hanja form? of 령/영 (“an order; a command”)
  2. hanja form? of 령/영 (“to cause; to allow”)
  3. hanja form? of 령/영 (“to order; to command”)

Compounds

[edit]
Compounds

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

令: Hán Nôm readings: lệnh, linh, lanh, lành, lênh, lình, liệng, lịnh, loanh

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

[edit]
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