抗

抗 U+6297, 抗 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6297 ← 抖 [U+6296] CJK Unified Ideographs 折 → [U+6298]

Translingual

Han character

抗 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 手卜竹弓 (QYHN), four-corner 5001₇, composition ⿰扌亢)

1. resist, oppose, defy, reject

Derived characters

• 𫩽, 𩷠, 𮅑, 𰞠

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 422, character 2
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11889
• Dae Jaweon: page 769, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1843, character 4
• Unihan data for U+6297

Chinese

simp. and trad.		抗
alternative forms		炕 “to raise”

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (亢) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
笐	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋs
亢	*kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs
牨	*kaːŋ
苀	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
魧	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
迒	*kaːŋ, *ɡaːŋ
邟	*kʰaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
忼	*kʰaːŋʔ, *qʰaːŋ
骯	*kʰaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *qaːŋ
抗	*kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
炕	*kʰaːŋs, *qʰaːŋ
伉	*kʰaːŋs
閌	*kʰaːŋs
犺	*kʰaːŋs
蚢	*kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ
砊	*kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ
阬	*kʰaːŋs, *kʰraːŋ
頏	*kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ
航	*ɡaːŋ
杭	*ɡaːŋ
沆	*ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ
肮	*ɡaːŋ
吭	*ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs
秔	*kraːŋ
坑	*kʰraːŋ
劥	*kʰraːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kàng (kang⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄤˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): kong³
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khong

  (Meixian, Guangdong): kong⁴

• Northern Min (KCR): kǎng
• Eastern Min (BUC): káung
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): khòng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kang³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵khaon

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kàng
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄤˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kàng
    • Wade–Giles: kʻang⁴
    • Yale: kàng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kanq
    • Palladius: кан (kan)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: kong³
    • Yale: kong
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kong³
    • Guangdong Romanization: kong³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔːŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khong
    • Hakka Romanization System: kong
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kong⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kong⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰɔŋ⁵³/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kǎng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: káung
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑuŋ²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khòng
    • Tâi-lô: khòng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qoxng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔŋ¹¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: kang³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khàng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵khaon
    • MiniDict: khaon^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²khaan
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰɑ̃³⁴/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 抗
Mandarin	Beijing	/kʰɑŋ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/kʰaŋ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/kʰɑŋ⁵³/
	Jinan	/kʰaŋ²¹/
	Qingdao	/kʰaŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/kʰaŋ³¹²/
	Xi'an	/kʰaŋ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/kʰɔ̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/kʰɑŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/kʰɑ̃¹³/
	Ürümqi	/kʰɑŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/kʰaŋ³⁵/
	Chengdu	/kʰaŋ¹³/
	Guiyang	/kʰaŋ²¹³/
	Kunming	/kʰã̠¹/
	Nanjing	/kʰaŋ⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/kʰɑ̃⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kʰɒ̃¹¹/ ～不住 /kʰɒ̃⁴⁵/ 抵～
	Pingyao	/kʰɑŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/kʰɑ̃⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/kʰɑ̃³⁵/
	Suzhou	/kʰɑ̃⁵¹³/
	Hangzhou	/kʰɑŋ⁵³/
	Wenzhou	/kʰuɔ⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰa³²⁴/
	Tunxi	/kʰau⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/kʰan⁵⁵/
	Xiangtan	/kʰɔn⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/kʰɔŋ²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰoŋ⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/kʰoŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kʰɔŋ³³/
	Nanning	/kʰɔŋ³³/
	Hong Kong	/kʰɔŋ³³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kʰɔŋ²¹/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kʰɔuŋ²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kaŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kʰaŋ²¹³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/xaŋ³⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: hang, khangH

Rime
Character	抗	抗
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	胡郎切	苦浪切
Baxter	hang	khangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦɑŋ/	/kʰɑŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦɑŋ/	/kʰɑŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɑŋ/	/kʰɑŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaŋ/	/kʰaŋH/
Li Rong	/ɣɑŋ/	/kʰɑŋH/
Wang Li	/ɣɑŋ/	/kʰɑŋH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣɑŋ/	/kʰɑŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	háng	kàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hong4	hong3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤaŋ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːŋs/, /*ɡaːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	抗
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kàng
Middle Chinese	‹ khangH ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰˁaŋ-s/
English	set up; oppose; protect
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	抗	抗
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	7365	7388
Phonetic component	亢	亢
Rime group	陽	陽
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	抗	航
Old Chinese	/*kʰaːŋs/	/*ɡaːŋ/

Definitions

抗

1. to resist, to oppose

   抗日戰爭／抗日战争  ―  kàngrì zhànzhēng  ―  "War of Resistance Against Japan" (the Second Sino-Japanese War)

   • 關公曰：「汝怎敢抗吾？」禁曰：「上命差遣，身不由己。望君侯憐憫，誓以死報。」 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
     关公曰：「汝怎敢抗吾？」禁曰：「上命差遣，身不由己。望君侯怜悯，誓以死报。」 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]

     From: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, circa 14^th century CE

     Guāngōng yuē: “Rǔ zěn gǎn kàng wú?” Jìn yuē: “Shàngmìng chāiqiǎn, shēnbùyóujǐ. Wàng jūnhóu liánmǐn, shì yǐ sǐ bào.” [Pinyin]

     Lord Guan said: "How dare you oppose me?" (Yu) Jin said: "We were ordered from above, (we did so) not on our own accord. We hope ye, milord, would have mercy. We swear we'll repay that with death."

2. (obsolete) to raise; to lift; to elevate; to hold high

   • 大侯既抗，弓矢斯張。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     大侯既抗，弓矢斯张。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Dàhóu jìkàng, gōngshǐ sīzhāng. [Pinyin]

     The great target is set up;
     The bows and arrows are made ready for the shooting.

   • 卑溼、重遲、貪利，則抗之以高志。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     卑湿、重迟、贪利，则抗之以高志。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Xunzi, c. 3^rd century BCE

     Bēishī, zhòngchí, tānlì, zé kàng zhī yǐ gāozhì. [Pinyin]

     The self-deprecating people, the encumbered and sluggish, and the pettily covetous ones — we elevate them with a high spirit.

   • 寧與騏驥亢軛乎？將隨駑馬之跡乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     宁与骐骥亢轭乎？将随驽马之迹乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Verses of Chu, 4^th century BCE – 2^nd century CE

     Nìng yǔ qíjì kàng'è hū? Jiāng suí númǎ zhījì hū? [Pinyin]

     Shall I rather hold myself aloft in the yoke of Pegasus, or waste away after the tracks of a Rocinante?

Compounds

• 不可抗力 (bùkěkànglì)
• 不可抗拒 (bùkě kàngjù)
• 不抗不卑
• 八年抗戰／八年抗战
• 分庭抗禮／分庭抗礼 (fēntíngkànglǐ)
• 匹配阻抗
• 反抗 (fǎnkàng)
• 反抗期
• 對抗／对抗 (duìkàng)
• 對抗賽／对抗赛
• 抗凝血劑／抗凝血剂
• 抗利尿素
• 抗力 (kànglì)
• 抗力點／抗力点
• 抗原 (kàngyuán)
• 抗告 (kànggào)
• 抗命
• 抗塵走俗／抗尘走俗
• 抗心希古
• 抗志
• 抗憂鬱藥／抗忧郁药
• 抗戰／抗战 (kàngzhàn)
• 抗戰勝利／抗战胜利
• 抗戰夫人／抗战夫人
• 抗戰歌曲／抗战歌曲
• 抗手
• 抗拒 (kàngjù)
• 抗敵／抗敌 (kàngdí)
• 抗日 (kàngrì)
• 抗日戰爭／抗日战争 (Kàngrì Zhànzhēng)
• 抗旱 (kànghàn)
• 抗暴 (kàngbào)
• 抗毒素 (kàngdúsù)
• 抗毒血清
• 抗氧化劑／抗氧化剂 (kàngyǎnghuàjì)
• 抗溼紙／抗湿纸
• 抗爭／抗争 (kàngzhēng)
• 抗生素 (kàngshēngsù)
• 抗疏
• 抗直
• 抗禮／抗礼
• 抗稅／抗税 (kàngshuì)
• 抗節／抗节
• 抗糧／抗粮
• 抗組織胺／抗组织胺 (kàngzǔzhī'àn)
• 抗菌素 (kàngjūnsù)
• 抗菌血清
• 抗藥性／抗药性
• 抗血清
• 抗行
• 抗衡 (kànghéng)
• 抗論／抗论
• 抗議／抗议 (kàngyì)
• 抗議文學／抗议文学
• 抗議書／抗议书
• 抗足
• 抗辯／抗辩 (kàngbiàn)
• 抗逆力 (kàngnìlì)
• 抗邁／抗迈
• 抗震 (kàngzhèn)
• 抗章
• 抗頡作用／抗颉作用
• 抗顏／抗颜
• 抗首
• 抗體／抗体 (kàngtǐ)
• 拒抗
• 抵抗 (dǐkàng)
• 抵抗力 (dǐkànglì)
• 抵抗權／抵抗权
• 拮抗 (jiékàng)
• 搭抗
• 撇抗
• 擣虛撇抗／捣虚撇抗
• 暴抗
• 狼抗
• 負嵎頑抗／负嵎顽抗 (fùyúwánkàng)
• 負隅頑抗／负隅顽抗 (fùyúwánkàng)
• 違抗／违抗 (wéikàng)
• 阻抗 (zǔkàng)
• 難與抗衡／难与抗衡
• 頑抗／顽抗 (wánkàng)
• 高抗

 

Japanese

Kanji

抗

(Jōyō kanji)

1. fight against
2. meet head on
3. contravene
4. to disagree with

Readings

• Go-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}、ごう (gō)^{←がう (gau, historical)}
• Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
• Kun: あらがう (aragau, 抗う)、ふせぐ (fusegu, 抗ぐ)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 抗 (MC hang).

Hanja

Wikisource

抗 (eumhun 막을 항 (mageul hang))

1. hanja form^? of 항 (“fight against”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 저항 (抵抗, jeohang)
• 항의 (抗議, hang'ui)
• 항거 (抗拒, hanggeo)
• 대항 (對抗, daehang)
• 항변 (抗辯, hangbyeon)
• 반항 (反抗, banhang)
• 항소 (抗訴, hangso)
• 항체 (抗體, hangche)
• 항암 (抗癌, hang'am)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

抗: Hán Nôm readings: kháng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.