中國

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See also: 中国

Chinese

[edit]
middle; centre; within
middle; centre; within; among; in; while (doing something); during; China; Chinese; hit (the mark)
 
 country; state; nation
trad. (中國) 中 國
simp. (中国) 中 国
anagram 國中／国中
Literally: “middle country; central country”.
Wikipedia has articles on:

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 中 國
Reading # 1/2 1/1
Initial (聲) 知 (9) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 東 (2) 德 (132)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Closed
Division (等) III I
Fanqie 陟弓切 古或切
Baxter trjuwng kwok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʈɨuŋ/ /kwək̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʈiuŋ/ /kʷək̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȶiuŋ/ /kuək̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʈuwŋ/ /kwək̚/
Li
Rong 		/ȶiuŋ/ /kuək̚/
Wang
Li 		/ȶĭuŋ/ /kuək̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ȶi̯uŋ/ /kwək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhōng guo
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zung1 gwak1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 中 國
Reading # 1/2 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhōng guó
Middle
Chinese 		‹ trjuwng › ‹ kwok ›
Old
Chinese 		/*truŋ/ /*[C.q]ʷˁək/
English center state (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 中 國
Reading # 1/2 1/1
No. 17407 5547
Phonetic
component 		中 或
Rime
group 		終 職
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		中 國
Old
Chinese 		/*tuŋ/ /*kʷɯːɡ/
This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Gan”
This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Jin”
This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Xiang”
This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Northern Min”

Etymology 1

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Earliest attested on the Western Zhou bronze vessel He zun. See Names of China#Zhongguo.

隹珷王既克大邑商，𠟭廷吿于天，曰：余𠀠宅𢆶𠁩或，自之辥民。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
隹珷王既克大邑商，𠟭廷告于天，曰：余𠀠宅𢆶𠁩或，自之辥民。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: He zun inscription, translated by Pankenier (2013)
Wéi Wǔwáng jì kè Dàyìshāng, zé tíng gào yú Tiān, yuē: yú qí zhái zī Zhōngguó, zì zhī yì mín. [Pinyin]
When King Wu conquered the great city Shang, he then made reverent declarations to Heaven, saying: "Let me dwell in this, the central region, and from here govern the people."

Proper noun

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中國

  1. China (a country in Asia; capital: Beijing)
    中國和平崛起／中国和平崛起  ―  Zhōngguó hépíng juéqǐ  ―  China's peaceful rise
    中國社會科學院／中国社会科学院  ―  Zhōngguó shèhuìkēxuéyuàn  ―  the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
    中國典籍英譯／中国典籍英译  ―  Zhōngguó diǎnjí yīngyì  ―  English translations of Chinese classics
    干涉中國內政／干涉中国内政  ―  gānshè Zhōngguó nèizhèng  ―  to interfere in China's internal affairs
    中國的首都是北京。 [MSC, trad.]
    中国的首都是北京。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhōngguó de shǒudū shì Běijīng. [Pinyin]
    The capital of China is Beijing.
    他現在在中國旅行。 [MSC, trad.]
    他现在在中国旅行。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā xiànzài zài Zhōngguó lǚxíng. [Pinyin]
    He's travelling around China right now.
    你喜歡中國文學嗎？ [MSC, trad.]
    你喜欢中国文学吗？ [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ xǐhuān Zhōngguó wénxué ma? [Pinyin]
    Do you like Chinese literature?
Usage notes
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This word referred to various states and regions throughout history:

Synonyms
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  • (China):
edit
Derived terms
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Noun

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中國

  1. (Classical) royal court; imperial court; imperial household; imperial government
  2. (Classical) central part of a country (historically, commonly known as the capital city or the main region, where an emperor or other ruler resides)
  3. (Classical) the Central Plain (area on the lower reaches of the Yellow River which formed the cradle of Chinese civilization)
  4. (Classical) people of the Central Plain
Synonyms
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  • (royal court):
edit
  • (central part of a country): (archaic) 國中／国中 (guózhōng)
  • (the Central Plain): 中土 (Zhōngtǔ), 中原 (Zhōngyuán), 中州 (Zhōngzhōu)

Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (中國):

Others:

Etymology 2

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Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 中(ちゅう)国(ごく) (Chūgoku), from Chinese 中國 (MC trjuwng kwok, “the central part of a country”).

Proper noun

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中國

  1. (～地方, ～地區) the Chūgoku region of Japan

Etymology 3

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Semantic loan from Sanskrit मध्यदेशे m sg (madhyadeśe, locative, literally “in the Middle Country”) (Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā; see Karashima, 2010) or मध्येषु जनपदेषु m pl (madhyeṣu janapadeṣu, “in [the] central countries”) (Abhidharmakośakārikā); as opposed to the 邊地／边地 (biāndì, “borderlands; frontiers”), from Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit प्रत्यन्तिम (pratyantima) / प्रत्यन्त (pratyanta) or Pali paccantima. Cognate to the Pali majjhimesu janapadesu (locative, literally “in the middlemost countries”) in the text parallel to the Ekottara Āgama in the Pali Canon.

Noun

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中國

  1. (Buddhism) "central countries"; lands with advanced civilization and other conditions helpful for teaching Buddhism

Japanese

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Kanji in this term
中 國
ちゅう
Grade: 1 		こく > ごく
Jinmeiyō
on'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 中國 – see the following entry.
【中国ちゅうごく】
[proper noun] China
[proper noun] (historical or contemporary) any of several kingdoms, empires, or states of the Chinese people
[proper noun] (especially in contemporary usage) short for 中華人民共和国 (Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku), the People's Republic of China
[noun] the central part of a country, historically, commonly known as the capital city or the main region, where an emperor or other ruler resides
[noun] something within a country
[noun] (historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, a province of the third rank according to a four-rank system based on population and area
[noun] (historical) under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, a province of the second rank according to the distance from the capital city
[noun] collective term for the 山陽道 (San'yōdō) and 山陰道 (San'indō) regions of Japan
[proper noun] Short for 中国地方 (Chūgoku chihō): the Chūgoku region of Japan
【中国なかくに】
[proper noun] a surname
(This term, 中國, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean

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Hanja in this term
中國

Proper noun

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中國 • (Jungguk) (hangeul 중국)

  1. hanja form? of 중국 (“China”)

Middle Korean

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Middle Chinese 中國 (MC trjuwng kwok, literally “central country”).

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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中國 (*TYÙNG.KWÚK)

  1. China (a country in Asia)

Descendants

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Vietnamese

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chữ Hán Nôm in this term
中國

Proper noun

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中國

  1. chữ Hán form of Trung Quốc (“China”).

Zhuang

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Proper noun

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中國

  1. Sawndip form of Cunghgoz
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