User:Jaredscribe/Persia
| History of Iran |
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Timeline Iran portal |
New articles created: Iranian Democracy Movement*, Draft:Heist of Iranian nuclear secrets*
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Iranian Democracy Movement*
The 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt*, 2017–2018 Iranian protests*, 2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests*, 2019–2020 Iranian protests*, 2017–2021 Iranian protests* Mahsa Amini protests*, Cyrus the Great Day*
Fast of Esther*, Purim*, Ahasuerus*
*articles marked with a * are those to which I've made a constructive contribution.
Language and Text
[edit]Pahlavi script based on Imperial Aramaic, borrowed its vocabulary as logograms with middle iranian pronunciation. Later (Pahlavi Psalter).
But Avestan alphabet is more phonetically precise, therefore used to render Avestan language, the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism and the Avesta scriptures, which required strict correctness of pronunciation. Pahlavi was displaced after the Muslim conquest of Persia and the fall of the Sasanian Empire, by the Persian alphabet* الفبای فارسی, which is is arabic script with four additional letters: چ پ ژ گ
ISIRI 9147 Persian keyboard, Arabic keyboard.
Persia Ancient and Medieval
[edit]Greater Iran (Persian: ایران بزرگ Irān-e Bozorg), Greater Khorāsān or Khorāsān (Middle Persian: Xwarāsān; Persian: خراسان)
De-Colonization
[edit]Mohammat Mossadegh* Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953, elected through a contentious 1952 election into the 17th Iranian Majlis.[1]
| Iran–Israel proxy conflict | |||||||
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 Israel (orange) and Iran (green) shown within the Middle East | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
Supporting Iranian Proxies: Supported by: |
Supported by: | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Ali Khamenei(Supreme Leader of Iran) Ebrahim Raisi(President of Iran) Hassan Rouhani(2013–2021) Mahmoud Ahmadinejad(2005–2013)  Hassan Nasrallah(Secretary-General of Hezbollah)  Ismail Haniyeh(Hamas leader)[68] Khaled Meshaal(Hamas leader; 2006–2011) Ahmad Sa'adat (PFLP Leader) File:Flag of the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine.svg Ziyad al-Nakhalah (PIJ Leader) |
 Benjamin Netanyahu (Prime Minister of Israel, 2009–2021; 2022–present) Ariel Sharon (2005–2006) Ehud Olmert (2006–2009) Naftali Bennett (2021–2022) Yair Lapid (2022)  Maryam Rajavi(MEK and NCRI leader)  Mustafa Hijri(KDPI leader) Muhammad Dhahir Baluch (Jondalla leader) | ||||||
His administration introduced a range of social and political measures such as social security, land reforms and higher taxes including the introduction of taxation on the rent of land. His government's most significant policy was the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, which had been built by the British on Persian lands since 1913 through the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC/AIOC), later known as British Petroleum (BP).[69]
Removed from power by the 1953 Iranian coup d'état*, with assistance of UK's M16 and US's CIA, which the US acknowledged in 2013. His National Front was suppressed from the 1954 election,[70] in which "the Shah" Mohammad Reza Pahlavi returned to power, who negotiated the Consortium Agreement of 1954 with the British, which gave split ownership of Iranian oil production between Iran and the Seven sisters western oil companies until 1979.[71]
This basic injustice appears to the efficient cause of what could be considered a joint Nationalist—Islamic Revolution of Iran 1979. Have the US and UK atoned for this act of interference?
Iran-Israel proxy war
[edit]Sunni-Shiite relations Arab-Israeli alliance
Jerusalem#Arabic names: is most commonly known as القُدس, transliterated as al-Quds and meaning "The Holy" or "The Holy Sanctuary", cognate with Hebrew: הקדש, romanized: Ha-Qodesh, lit. 'The Holy'. Whence, the IRGC Quds Force*
Sanctions by the United States and the European Union over the Iranian nuclear program. JCPOA
Draft:Heist of Iranian nuclear secrets*
Assassination of Qasem Soleimani*, Operation Martyr Soleimani*, Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752,Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests
2023 Iran drone attacks* Signs that Iranian nationalists are rejecting the clerical regime
Notes and References
[edit]- ^ Rieffer-Flanagan, Barbara Ann (2013). Evolving Iran: An Introduction to Politics and Problems in the Islamic Republic. Georgetown University Press. pp. 85–86. ISBN 9781589019782.
- ^ Shatz, Adam (29 April 2004). "In Search of Hezbollah". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 14 August 2006.
- ^ "Iran punishes Hamas for stance on Syria". Al Arabiya English. 1 June 2013. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
Iran's annual financial aid to Hamas is believed to be around $20 million, which helps the group run its government in the Gaza Strip. Both parties enjoyed warm ties since 2006 when Hamas won an election against the Western-backed Fatah movement. But the crisis in Syria has led to problems between them.
- ^ Rasgon, Adam (12 February 2018). "Renewed Hamas-Iran ties make risk of two-front war more realistic". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
- ^ "Hamas supports military operation for political legitimacy in Yemen". 29 March 2015.
- ^ Iran and Muslim Brotherhood: A Bizarre Alliance of Two Rival Ideologies STRAFASIA Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ^ "Iran Increases Aid to PFLP Thanks to Syria Stance". Al Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ "Is the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine back from the dead?". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ Ayyoub, Abeer (21 January 2013). "Iran Strengthens Ties To Palestinian Islamic Jihad". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Palestinian Islamic Jihad". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
- ^ Balousha, Hazem (17 September 2013). "Iran Increases Aid to PFLP Thanks to Syria Stance". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "US move turns spotlight on Al Sabreen movement, the arms of Iran in Palestine". Al Arabiya English. 2 February 2018. Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
- ^ "Yemen's Houthi rebels threaten to attack Israel". www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- ^ "Israel strikes Popular Mobilisation Forces' sites in Iraq". Middle East Monitor. 10 September 2019. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- ^ Siegel, Jacob (5 June 2015). "The Myth of Iran's Military Mastermind". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2021 – via www.thedailybeast.com.
- ^ "Syria war: Israel Patriot missile downs 'target' over Golan". BBC News. 27 April 2017. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ "Iran's Afghan mercenaries threaten Israel: Final target is the Golan". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
- ^ "The Huseynyun: Iran's new IRGC-backed movement in Azerbaijan". October 9, 2021.
- ^ "Analysis: Iranian-backed group in Bahrain creates sub-unit to target Israeli interests". FDD's Long War Journal. 16 September 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
- ^ "Iran's Islamist Proxies in the Middle East". Wilson Center. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
- ^ "What You Should Know About the Syria-Iran Alliance". Providence. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ al-Khalidi, Suleiman. "Israel intensifying air war in Syria against Iranian encroachment". Reuters.
- ^ "Russia warns the U.S. and Israel that Iran is its "ally" and was right about drone shoot down". Newsweek. 25 June 2019. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
The Guardianwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
The Telegraphwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
ABCwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Kais, Roi (13 October 2014). "Iran and Sudan rift could pose a problem for Hamas". Ynet. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ Youssef, Fatah Al-Rahman (12 October 2014). "Omar Al-Bashir: We cannot allow Shi'ite presence in Sudan". Asharq al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
- ^ "Iran's Involvement in the Western Sahara". JISS. 4 September 2018. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
- ^ "North Korea may have aided Hezbollah: U.S. Report". Reuters. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "North Korea, Hamas, and Hezbollah: Arm in Arm?". 5 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
- ^ "Arab powers sever Qatar ties, citing support for militants". Reuters.
The Arab world's biggest powers cut ties with Qatar on Monday, accusing it of support for Islamist militants and Iran, and reopening a festering wound two weeks after U.S. President Donald Trump's demand for Muslim states to fight terrorism.
- ^ "Qatari Emir Calls for Promotion of Ties". Financial Tribune. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- ^ "Israel: Venezuela Supplying Iran Nukes". www.cbsnews.com. Archived from the original on 23 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ "Iran-Venezuela ties". www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ Moussa, Ahmad (8 February 2019). "Why Israel wants to see Maduro overthrown in Venezuela". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
- ^ "Iraq Parliament approves bill banning ties with Israel". Middle East Monitor. 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
- ^ "Al-Kadhimi and the Kataib Hezbollah raid". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
- ^ "Iraq forces raid HQ of Iran-backed Hezbollah Brigades". Middle East Monitor. 2020-06-26. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
- ^ "The Harrowing of Mustafa Kadhimi". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
- ^ "US Officials: Mossad Backing Iranian 'Terrorists'". Haaretz. 2 September 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
- ^ Hafezi, Parisa (30 November 2020). "Iran opposition suspected alongside Israel in scientist's killing, Shamkani says". U.S. News & World Report. Reuters. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ "Iran Rejects Kurdish Vote, Threatens to Punish Erbil over "Israeli Project"". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ Fache, Wilson (10 December 2019). "Inside the Unlikely, Unofficial Ties Between Israel and the Kurds". Haaretz. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
- ^ "Israel aiding Syria's Kurds, advocating for them with U.S.: official". Reuters. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
- ^ Israel ‘giving secret aid to Syrian rebels’, report says: Direct funding, food, fuel and medical supplies allegedly provided by Israeli state to keep Isis and Iranian-allied forces in neighbouring civil war at bay The Independent, 19 June 2017.
- ^ "Israel secretly armed and funded 12 Syrian rebel groups, report says". Haaretz. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
- ^ Gross, Judah Ari. "IDF chief finally acknowledges that Israel supplied weapons to Syrian rebels". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2021-01-09.
- ^ "Iraqis, bristling over Israeli airstrike, renew call for U.S. troops to get out". Los Angeles Times. 23 August 2019. Archived from the original on 16 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ^ "UK and Israel agree to confront 'destabilising' Iran behaviour". Belfast Telegraph. 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ^ "The enemy of my enemy is my friend — an alliance that may save the Middle East". The Hill. 23 August 2019. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
- ^ "Israel, UAE and US working together to tackle Iran's 'escalating aggression': Report". Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- ^ "Diplomatic relations between Morocco and Iran sour over Western Sahara dispute". 16 July 2018. Archived from the original on 31 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
- ^ staff, T. O. I. "Iran: Morocco deal with Israel betrays Palestinians; Oman: It could boost peace". www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
- ^ "Maariv: Israel involved in Yemeni conflict to serve 'Saudi lover'". Middle East Monitor. 27 August 2019. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ Chappell, Bill (23 October 2020). "Sudan And Israel Agree To Normalize Relations In U.S.-Brokered Deal". NPR. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ staff, T. O. I. "Iran slams Sudan's Israel deal, says it paid 'ransom' to get off terror list". www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
- ^ Perry, Mark. "Israel's Secret Staging Ground". Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
- ^ Blanchfield, Mike (1 November 2018). "Netanyahu pleased with Freeland on Iran, as she offers 'ironclad' support". CBC. Canadian Press. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
- ^ "Israeli PM praises Canada for cutting ties with Iran". CBC. 9 September 2012. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
- ^ "Iraq Parliament approves bill banning ties with Israel". Middle East Monitor. 2022-05-26. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
- ^ "Al-Kadhimi and the Kataib Hezbollah raid". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
- ^ "Iraq forces raid HQ of Iran-backed Hezbollah Brigades". Middle East Monitor. 2020-06-26. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
- ^ "The Harrowing of Mustafa Kadhimi". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
- ^ "Israel leaves front lines in south Lebanon". UPI. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^ Jordan, Will; Radhakrishnan, Rahul (23 February 2015). "Mossad contradicted Netanyahu on Iran nuclear programme". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
- ^ Mudallali, Amal (8 October 2014). "The Iranian Sphere of Influence Expands Into Yemen". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
- ^ "هنية لخامنئي: سنجهض مؤامرة طاغوت العصر ترامب وحكّام النفاق للقضاء على القضية الفلسطينة" [Haniyeh: We will thwart the conspiracy of the Trump era and the rulers of hypocrisy to eliminate the Palestinian cause]. Al Mayadeen (in Arabic). 18 January 2018. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
- ^ Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (ISBN 9781439110126).
- ^ Gasiorowski, Mark (1991). U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran. Cornell University Press. p. 166. ISBN 0-8014-2412-7.
- ^ Gasiorowski, Mark J. (1987). "The 1953 Coup D'etat in Iran". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 19 (3): 261–286. doi:10.1017/S0020743800056737. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 163655. S2CID 154201459.