Wiktionary

來

See also: 来, 徠, and 夾
來 U+4F86, 來
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F86
← 侅
[U+4F85] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 侇 →
[U+4F87]
來 U+F92D, 來
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F92D
← 郎
[U+F92C] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 冷 →
[U+F92E]

Translingual

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Traditional 來
Simplified 来
Japanese 来
Korean 來
Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character

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來 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木人人 (DOO), four-corner 40908, composition ⿻木从)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 101, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 581
  • Dae Jaweon: page 214, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 141, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+4F86

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 來
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         
 
j13740
 
j13741
 
j13742
 
j13743
 
j13744
 
j13745
 
j13746
 
j13747
 
j13748
 
j13749
 
j13750
 
j13751
 
j13752
 
j13753
 
j13754
 
j13755
 
j13756
 
j13757
 
j13758
 
j13759
 
j13760
 
j13761
 
j13762
 
j13763
 
j13764
 
j13765
 
j13766
 
j13767
 
j13768
 
j13769
 
j13770
 
j13771
 
j13772
 
j13773
 
j13774
 
j13775
 
j13776
 
j13777
 
j13778
 
j13779
 
j13780
 
j13781
 
j13782
 
j13783
 
j13784
 
j13785
 
j13786
 
j13787
 
j13788
 
j13789
 
j13790
 
j13791
 
j13792
 
j13793
 
j13794
 
j13795
 
j13797
 
j13798
 
j13799
 
j13800
 
j13801
 
j13802
 
j13803
 
j13804
 
j13805
 
j13806
 
j13807
 
j13808
 
j13809
 
j13810
 
j13811
 
j13812
 
j13813
 
j13814
 
j13815
 
j13816
 
j13817
 
j13818
 
j13819
 
j13820
 
j13821
 
j13822
 
j13823
 
j13824
 
j13825
 
j13826
 
j13827
 
j13828
 
j13829
 
j13830
 
j13831
 
j13832
 
j13833
 
j13834
 
j13835
 
j13836
 
j13837
 
j13838
 
j13839
 
j13840
 
j13841
 
j13842
 
j13843
 
j13844
 
j13845
 
j13846
 
j13847
 
j13848
 
j13849
 
j13850
 
j13851
 
j13852
 
j13853
 
j13854
 
j13855
 
j13856
 
j13857
 
j13858
 
j13859
 
j13860
 
j13861
 
j13862
 
j13863
 
j13864
 
j13865
 
j13866
 
j13867
 
j13868
 
j13869
 
j13870
 
j13871
 
j13872
 
j13873
 
j13874
 
j13875
 
j13876
 
j13877
 
j13878
 
j13879
 
j13880
 
j13881
 
j13882
 
j13883
 
j13884
 
j13885
 
j13886
 
j13887
 
j13888
 
j13889
 
j13890
 
j13891
 
j13892
 
j13893
 
j13894
 
j13895
 
j13896
 
j13897
 
j13898
 
j13899
 
j13900
 
j13901
 
j13902
 
j13903
 
j13904
 
j13905
 
j13906
 
j13907
 
j13908
 
j13909
 
j13910
 
j13911
 
j13912
 
j13913
 
j13914
 
j13915
 
j13916
 
j13917
 
j13918
 
j13919
 
j13920
 
b08481
 
b08482
 
b08483
 
b08484
 
b08485
 
b08486
 
b08487
 
b08488
 
b08489
 
b08490
 
b08491
 
b08492
 
b08493
 
s03866
Transcribed ancient scripts
 
L30969
 
L30970
 
L30971
 
L30972
 
L30973
 
L30974
 
L30975
 
L30976
 
L30977
 
L30978
 
L03906
 
L03907
 
L03908
 
L03909
 
L03910
 
L03911
 
L03912
 
L03913
 
L03914
 
L03915
 
L03916
 
L03917
 
L03918
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (來) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
來 *m·rɯːɡ
萊 *rɯː, *rɯːs
淶 *rɯː
徠 *rɯː, *rɯːs
崍 *rɯː
郲 *rɯː, *ruːlʔ, *ruːlʔ
騋 *rɯː
猍 *rɯː
鯠 *rɯː
鶆 *rɯː
庲 *rɯː
棶 *rɯː
斄 *rɯː, *rɯ
逨 *rɯː, *rɯːs
麳 *rɯː
唻 *rɯːʔ, *rrɯː
賚 *rɯːs
睞 *rɯːs
勑 *rɯːs
誺 *rɯːs, *r̥ʰɯ, *r̥ʰɯs, *r̥ʰɯs
倈 *rɯ
憖 *ŋrɯns
猌 *ŋrɯns
麥 *mrɯːɡ

Pictogram (象形) of wheat – original character of 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ, “wheat”) or 麳 (OC *rɯː, “wheat”). The line in the middle represents the ear, the two lines pointing upwards represent leaves, and the lines pointing downwards represent the stem and roots. An additional horizontal line was often added at the top end of the character, possibly used to emphasize the ear of the wheat. Compare 禾; both are unrelated to 釆

This character has been borrowed for “to come” since the oracle bone script. During the Western Zhou and Warring States periods, additional semantic components, such as 止 (“foot”) or 辵 (“to walk”), were added to differentiate the original sense from the borrowed sense. However, these additions were not inherited in later scripts.

Some consider the derivative 麥 from the addition of 夊 (“to walk slowly”) to be the original form for the meaning “to come”. If so, their meanings have interchanged due to frequent use of 來 for “to come”.

Shuowen connects “wheat” and “to come” from a mythological standpoint: 天所來也 (“it comes from the heavens”). This may be supported by archaeological evidence, which suggests that wheat is not native to China, but originated in the Fertile Crescent.

來 and 麥 have both been reconstructed to begin with *mr- in Old Chinese. The former retains the liquid as /l/, while the latter retains the nasal /m/.

Etymology 1

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trad. 來
simp. 来
alternative forms 𧼛
倈／俫
逨
徠／徕

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la-j ~ ra (“to come”) (STEDT). Cognate with 迨 (OC *l'ɯːʔ, “to reach; until”), 賚 (OC *rɯːs, “to bestow”), Burmese လာ (la, “to come”). Also cognate with 蒞 (OC *rɯbs, “to arrive”) according to Schuessler (2007).

Pronunciation

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Note: lai4, lei4 - vernacular (often written as 嚟).
Note:
  • lì - vernacular;
  • lài - literary.
Note:
  • lai7 - indicates past things;
  • lai2 - “will” (pronounced as /lai⁵²⁻³⁵/).
Rime
Character 來
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 洛哀切
Baxter loj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lʌi/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ləi/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lɒi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ləj/
Li
Rong 		/lᴀi/
Wang
Li 		/lɒi/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/lɑ̆i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lái
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		loi4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 來
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lái
Middle
Chinese 		‹ loj ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mə.rˁək/ (> *rˁə)
English come

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 來
Reading # 1/1
No. 7598
Phonetic
component 		來
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*m·rɯːɡ/

Definitions

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來

  1. to come; to arrive
    Antonyms: 去 (qù), 往
    我一會兒就來。／我一会儿就来。  ―  Wǒ yīhuìr jiù lái.  ―  I'll come in a moment.
    我不知道它是從哪裡來的。 [MSC, trad.]
    我不知道它是从哪里来的。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ bù zhīdào tā shì cóng nǎlǐ lái de. [Pinyin]
    I didn't know where it came from.
    來了個電話／来了个电话  ―  lái le ge diànhuà  ―  got a phone call; a phone call arrived
  2. to happen; to occur
  3. to do (specific meaning depending on the context)
  4. since
  5. next; coming; future
    來年／来年  ―  láinián  ―  next year
  6. (after a number) about; approximately; around
    四十來歲／四十来岁  ―  sìshí lái suì  ―  around forty years old
    十年來沒有活動／十年来没有活动  ―  shínián lái méiyǒu huódòng  ―  has had no activity in a decade
  7. Used after a verb of motion to indicate movement toward the speaker.
    下來／下来  ―  xiàlái  ―  to come down [compare 下去 (xiàqù, “to go down”)]
    進來／进来  ―  jìnlái  ―  to come in
  8. Used before a verb to express volition.
    讓我來做吧。／让我来做吧。  ―  Ràng wǒ lái zuò ba.  ―  Let me do it.
  9. Used with 不 or 得 to express capability.
    我做不來俯臥撐。 [MSC, trad.]
    我做不来俯卧撑。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ zuò bù lái fǔwòchēng. [Pinyin]
    I can't do push-ups.
  10. Used after numerals in colloquial lists.
  11. Meaningless particle for rhythmic purposes.
  12. (Shanghainese) currently
    儂勿要叫伊，伊來做功課。 [Shanghainese, trad.]
    侬勿要叫伊，伊来做功课。 [Shanghainese, simp.]
    6non 6veq8-iau 5ciau 6yi 6yi 6le 5tsu 1kon-khu [Wugniu]
    Don’t call him, he’s currently doing his homework.
  13. (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 來 (MC loj)
  14. a surname
  15. in order to
    他摘了一個荷葉來當雨傘。 [MSC, trad.]
    他摘了一个荷叶来当雨伞。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā zhāi le yī ge héyè lái dāng yǔsǎn. [Pinyin]
    He picks a lotus leaf in order to use it as an umbrella.
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 來 (“to come”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 來
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 來
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 來
Taiwan 來
Malaysia 來
Singapore 來
Cantonese Guangzhou 嚟
Hong Kong 嚟
Macau 嚟
Taishan 來
Qingyuan 來
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 嚟
Singapore (Guangfu) 嚟
Hakka Meixian 來
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 來
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 來
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 來
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 來
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 來
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 來
Eastern Min Singapore (Fuqing) 來
Sitiawan (Gutian) 來
Southern Min Xiamen 來
Quanzhou 來
Dehua 來
Taipei 來
New Taipei (Sanxia) 來
Kaohsiung 來
Yilan 來
Changhua (Lukang) 來
Taichung 來
Tainan 來
Hsinchu 來
Kinmen 來
Penghu (Magong) 來
Penang (Hokkien) 來
Singapore (Hokkien) 來
Manila (Hokkien) 來
Chaozhou 來
Shantou 來
Shantou (Chaoyang) 來
Singapore (Teochew) 來
Wu Shanghai 來
Suzhou 來
Hangzhou 來
Hangzhou (Yuhang) 來

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (來):
  • → Japanese: 来(らい) (rai)
  • → Korean: 래(來) (rae)
  • → Vietnamese: lai (來)

Etymology 2

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trad. 來
simp. 来
alternative forms 麳／𪎌
䅘／𥟂

Cognate to or same word as 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 來
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 洛哀切
Baxter loj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lʌi/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ləi/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lɒi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ləj/
Li
Rong 		/lᴀi/
Wang
Li 		/lɒi/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/lɑ̆i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lái
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		loi4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 來
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lái
Middle
Chinese 		‹ loj ›
Old
Chinese 		/*mə.rˁək/ (> *mə.rˁə)
English a kind of wheat

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 來
Reading # 1/1
No. 7598
Phonetic
component 		來
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*m·rɯːɡ/

Definitions

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來

  1. (obsolete) wheat

References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai

来

Kyūjitai

來

Kanji

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來

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 来)

  1. Kyūjitai form of 来

Readings

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Etymology

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For pronunciation and definitions of 來 – see the following entry.
【来】2
[kanji] second grade kanji
(This term, 來, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean

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Hanja

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來 (eumhun 올 래 (ol rae), word-initial (South Korea) 올 내 (ol nae))

  1. hanja form? of 래 (“to come; to arrive”)

Compounds

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Old Japanese

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Japonic *ku. First attested in the Kojiki of 712.[1]

Verb

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來 (ku) (kana く)

  1. to come (towards the speaker), approach
  2. to go (to a direction or place far from the speaker but near the listener)
  3. (suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb) to gradually begin to [verb]
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3453:
      可是能等能登抱吉和伎母賀吉西斯伎奴多母登乃久太利麻欲比伎爾家利
      kaze no2 to2 no2 kaze no2 to2poki1 wagi1mo ga ki1sesi ki1nu tamoto2 no2 kudari mayo1piki1nike1ri
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Conjugation
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Classical conjugation of "來" (カ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 來 こ ko
Continuative (連用形) 來 き ki
Terminal (終止形) 來 く ku
Attributive (連体形) 來る くる kuru
Realis (已然形) 來れ くれ kure
Imperative (命令形) 來
來よ		 こ
こよ		 ko
koyo
Key constructions
Negative 來ず こず kozu
Contrasting conjunction 來れど くれど kuredo
Causal conjunction 來れば くれば kureba
Conditional conjunction 來ば こば koba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 來し[1]
來し[1]		 こし
きし		 kosi
kisi
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 來けり きけり kikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 來つ きつ kitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 來ぬ きぬ kinu
Perfect-continuative tense 來たり きたり kitari
Volitional 來む こむ komu
[1]Attributive form, as the terminal form (lemma) does not exist for this construction in this conjugation.
Derived terms
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Descendants
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Etymology 2

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Eastern Old Japanese form of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 來 (ku) above.

Verb

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來 (ke1) (kana け)

  1. stem or continuative conjugation of 來 (ku, “to come”) (regional, Southern Eastern Old Japanese)
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4337:
      美豆等利乃多知能已蘇岐爾父母爾毛能波須價爾弖已麻叙久夜志伎
      miduto2ri no2 tati no2 iso1gi1 ni titipapa ni mono2pazu ke1nite ima zo kuyasiki1
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

References

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  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Vietnamese

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Han character

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來: Hán Nôm readings: lai, lay, lơi, ray, rơi, rời

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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