Wikipedia

William Dampier

This article is about the explorer. For the scientist, see William Cecil Dampier.

William Dampier (baptised 5 September 1651;[1] died March 1715) was an English explorer, pirate,[2] privateer, navigator, and naturalist who became the first Englishman to explore parts of what is today Australia, and the first person to circumnavigate the world three times.[3] He has also been described as Australia's first natural historian,[4] as well as one of the most important British explorers of the period between Sir Francis Drake (16th century) and Captain James Cook (18th century); he "bridged those two eras" with a mix of piratical derring-do of the former and scientific inquiry of the latter.[5] His expeditions were among the first to identify and name a number of plants, animals, foods, and cooking techniques for a European audience, being among the first English writers to use words such as avocado, barbecue, and chopsticks. In describing the preparation of avocados, he was the first European to describe the making of guacamole, named the breadfruit plant, and made frequent documentation of the taste of numerous foods foreign to the European palate at the time, such as flamingo and manatee.[6]

William Dampier
Oil on canvas portrait of Dampier holding a book
Portrait of Dampier holding his book, a painting by Thomas Murray (c. 1697–1698)
Bornbaptised 5 September 1651
East Coker, Somerset, England
DiedMarch 1715 (aged 63)
London, England
NationalityEnglish and, after the Union, British
Occupation(s)Privateer and explorer
Known forExploring and mapping Australia, Circumnavigation
SpouseJudith Dampier

After impressing the British Admiralty with his book A New Voyage Round the World, Dampier was given command of a Royal Navy ship and made important discoveries in western Australia, before being court-martialed for cruelty. On a later voyage he rescued Alexander Selkirk, a former crewmate who may have inspired Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe. Others influenced by Dampier include George Anson, James Cook, Horatio Nelson, Charles Darwin, and Alfred Russel Wallace.

Early life of William Dampier

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William Dampier was born at Hymerford House in East Coker, Somerset, in 1651. He was baptised on 5 September, but his precise date of birth is not recorded. He was educated at King's School, Bruton.[7] Dampier sailed on two merchant voyages to Newfoundland and Java before joining the Royal Navy in 1673. He took part in the two Battles of Schooneveld in June of that year.

Dampier's service was cut short by a catastrophic illness, and he returned to England for several months of recuperation. For the next several years he tried his hand at various careers, including plantation management in Jamaica and logging in Mexico, before he eventually joined another sailing expedition.[8] Returning to England, he married Judith around 1679, only to leave for the sea a few months later.[9]

First circumnavigation

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The map of Dampier's voyage produced by Herman Moll (1697)
 
Map from Dampier's 1697 A New Voyage Round the World, with a star marking the "Miskito" coast
 
Giolo (Jeoly) of Miangas, who became a slave in Mindanao, and bought by William Dampier together with Jeoly's mother, who died at sea. Jeoly was exhibited in London in 1691 to large crowds as a sideshow, until he died of smallpox three months later.[10]

In 1679, Dampier joined the crew of the buccaneer (pirate) Captain Bartholomew Sharp on the Spanish Main of Central America, twice visiting the Bay of Campeche, or "Campeachy" as it was then known, on the north coast of Mexico.[11] This led to his first circumnavigation, during which he accompanied a raid across the Isthmus of Darién in Panama and took part in the capture of Spanish ships on the Pacific coast of that isthmus. The pirates then raided Spanish settlements in Peru, with diminishing returns over time as the Spanish became aware of their presence. After a failed raid on the city of Arica, a group of the buccaneers, Dampier included, left the group in April 1681 and re-crossed the Isthmus of Darién. The remainder of the expedition continued on and rounded Cape Horn in November of the same year.[12]

Dampier made his way to Virginia, where in 1683 he was engaged by the privateer John Cooke. Cooke entered the Pacific via Cape Horn and spent a year raiding Spanish possessions in Peru, the Galápagos Islands, and Mexico.[11] This expedition collected buccaneers and ships as it went along, at one time having a fleet of ten vessels. Ambrose Cowley, one of the buccaneers who later wrote an account of his own circumnavigation, produced the first maps of the Galápagos during this period. Cooke died in Mexico, and a new leader, Edward Davis, was elected captain by the crew, taking the ship Batchelor's Delight, with future Captain George Raynor in the crew.[13]

Dampier transferred to the privateer Charles Swan's ship, Cygnet, and on 31 March 1686 they set out across the Pacific to raid the East Indies, calling at Guam and Mindanao in the Philippines. Spanish witnesses saw the predominantly English crew as not only pirates and heretics but also cannibals. Leaving Swan and 36 others behind on Mindanao, the rest of the privateers under new Captain John Read sailed on to Manila, Poulo Condor in modern-day Vietnam, China, the Spice Islands, and New Holland (Australia).[14] Contrary to Dampier's later claim that he had not actively participated in actual piratical attacks during this voyage, he was in fact selected in 1687 to command one of the Spanish ships captured by Cygnet's crew off Manila.[15]

On 5 January 1688, Cygnet "anchored two miles from shore in 29 fathoms" on the northwest coast of Australia, near King Sound.[16]: 55–56  Dampier and his ship remained there until 12 March, and while the ship was being careened Dampier made notes on the fauna and flora and the indigenous peoples he found there.[16]: 56–62 [17] Dampier wrote that Aboriginal Australians were the "miserablest" people he had ever seen who "differ but little from brutes."[18] Among his fellows were a significant number of Spanish sailors, most notably Alonso Ramírez, a native of San Juan, Puerto Rico; Ramírez would later be released after being imprisoned by another pirate, Duncan Mackintosh.[19] Later that year, by agreement, Dampier and two shipmates were marooned on one of the Nicobar Islands. They obtained a small canoe which they modified after first capsizing and then, after surviving a great storm at sea, called at "Acheen" (Aceh) in Sumatra.[citation needed]

Dampier returned to England in 1691 via the Cape of Good Hope, penniless, with his only possessions being his journals and a tattooed slave known as Jeoly. Originally from Miangas, Jeoly and his mother were captured by slave traders and brought to Mindanao. They were bought for sixty dollars by one Mister Moody, who later passed on ownership to Dampier. When his mother died, Jeoly was inconsolable and wrapped himself in his dead mother's clothes. Dampier claimed in his diaries that he became close with Jeoly, however, eager to recoup the money he lost while at sea, he sold Jeoly to the Blue Boar Inn on Fleet Street. Jeoly was exhibited as a "prince" to large crowds until he died of smallpox three months later. Numerous false stories about the tattooed foreigner were afterwards written, including his title as "Prince Giolo".[20][21][10]

Roebuck expedition

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See also: HMS Roebuck (1690)
 
Australian plant life from Dampier's A Voyage to New Holland, published in 1703.
 
Voyage of the Roebuck (map in German)

The publication of the book, A New Voyage Round the World, in 1697 was a popular sensation, creating interest at the Admiralty.[22] In 1699, Dampier was given command of the 26-gun warship HMS Roebuck, with a commission from King William III (who had ruled jointly with Queen Mary II until her death in 1694).[23] His mission was to explore the east coast of New Holland, the name given by the Dutch to what is now Australia, and Dampier's intention was to travel there via Cape Horn.

The expedition set out on 14 January 1699, too late in the season to attempt the Horn, so it headed to New Holland via the Cape of Good Hope instead. Following the Dutch route to the Indies, Dampier passed between Dirk Hartog Island and the Western Australian mainland into what he called Shark Bay on 6 August 1699. He landed and began producing the first known detailed record of Australian flora and fauna. The botanical drawings that were made are believed to be by his clerk, James Brand. Dampier then followed the coast north-east, reaching the Dampier Archipelago and Lagrange Bay, just south of what is now called Roebuck Bay, all the while recording and collecting specimens, including many shells.[24] From there he bore northward for Timor. Then he sailed east and on 3 December 1699 rounded New Guinea, which he passed to the north. He traced the south-eastern coasts of New Hanover, New Ireland, and New Britain, charting the Dampier Strait between these islands (now the Bismarck Archipelago) and New Guinea. En route, he paused to collect specimens such as giant clams.[25]

 
Engraving of Dampier's encounter with the storm off Aceh, in modern-day Indonesia, by Caspar Luyken.

By this time, Roebuck was in such bad condition that Dampier was forced to abandon his plan to examine the east coast of New Holland while less than a hundred miles from it. In danger of sinking, he attempted to make the return voyage to England, but the ship foundered at Ascension Island on 21 February 1701.[11] While anchored offshore the ship began to take on more water and the carpenter could do nothing with the worm-eaten planking. As a result, the vessel had to be run aground. Dampier's crew was marooned there for five weeks before being picked up on 3 April by an East Indiaman and returned home in August 1701.

Although many papers were lost with Roebuck, Dampier was able to save some new charts of coastlines, and his record of trade winds and currents in the seas around Australia and New Guinea. He also preserved a few of his specimens. Many plant specimens were donated to the Fielding-Druce Herbarium (part of the University of Oxford), and in September 1999, they were then loaned to Western Australia for the 300 year celebration.[26] In 2001, the Roebuck wreck was located in Clarence Bay, Ascension Island, by a team from the Western Australian Maritime Museum.[27] Because of his widespread influence, and also because so little exists that can now be linked to him, it has been argued that the remains of his ship and the objects still at the site on Ascension Island – while the property of Britain and subject to the island government's management – are actually the shared maritime heritage of those parts of the world first visited or described by him.[28] His account of the expedition was published as A Voyage to New Holland in 1703.

Court martial

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On his return from the Roebuck expedition, Dampier was court-martialled for cruelty.[23] On the outward voyage, Dampier had his lieutenant, George Fisher, removed from the ship and jailed in Brazil. Fisher returned to England and complained about his treatment to the Admiralty. Dampier aggressively defended his conduct, but he was found guilty. His pay for the voyage was reduced, and he was dismissed from the Royal Navy.

According to records held at the UK's National Archives,[29] the Royal Navy court martial held on 8 June 1702 involved the following three charges:

  1. William Dampier, Captain, HMS Roebuck.
    Crime: Death of John Norwood, boatswain.
    Verdict: Acquitted.
  2. William Dampier, Captain, HMS Roebuck.
    Crime: Hard and cruel usage of the lieutenant.
    Verdict: Guilty.
    Sentence: Forfeit all pay due and deemed unfit to command any of His Majesty's ships.
  3. George Fisher, Lieutenant, HMS Roebuck
    Crime: Dispute between the captain and the lieutenant.
    Verdict: Acquitted.

Second circumnavigation

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The voyages of William Dampier, depicted on a present-day world map

The War of the Spanish Succession had broken out in 1701, and English privateers were being readied to act against French and Spanish interests. Dampier was appointed commander of the 26-gun ship St George, with a crew of 120 men. They were joined by the 16-gun Cinque Ports with 63 men, and sailed on 11 September 1703 from Kinsale, Ireland.[30] The two ships made a storm-tossed passage round Cape Horn, arriving at the Juan Fernández Islands off the coast of Chile in February 1704.[31] While watering and provisioning there, they sighted a heavily armed French merchantman, which they engaged in a seven-hour battle but were driven off.[32]

Dampier succeeded in capturing a number of small Spanish ships along the coast of Peru, but released them after removing only a fraction of their cargoes because he believed they "would be a hindrance to his greater designs."[33] The greater design he had in mind was a raid on Santa María, a town on the Gulf of Panama rumoured to hold stockpiles of gold from nearby mines. When the force of seamen he led against the town met with unexpectedly strong resistance, however, he withdrew.[34] In May 1704, Cinque Ports separated from the St George and, after putting Alexander Selkirk ashore alone on an island for complaining about the vessel's seaworthiness, sank off the coast of what is today Colombia. Some of its crew survived being shipwrecked but were made prisoners of the Spanish.[35]

It was now left to the St George to make an attempt on the Manila galleon, the main object of the expedition. The ship was sighted on 6 December 1704, probably Nuestra Señora del Rosario. It was caught unprepared and had not run out its guns. But while Dampier and his officers argued over the best way to mount an attack, the galleon got its guns loaded and the battle was joined. The St George soon found itself out-sized by the galleon's 18- and 24-pounders, and, suffering serious damage, they were forced to break off the attack.[36]

The failure to capture the Spanish galleon completed the break-up of the expedition. Dampier, with about thirty men, stayed in the St George, while the rest of the crew took a captured barque across the Pacific to Amboyna in the Dutch settlements. The undermanned and worm-damaged St George had to be abandoned on the coast of Peru. He and his remaining men embarked in a Spanish prize for the East Indies, where they were thrown into prison as pirates by their supposed allies the Dutch but later released.[37] Now without a ship, Dampier made his way back to England at the end of 1707.

Third circumnavigation and death

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In 1708, Dampier was engaged to serve on the privateer Duke, not as captain but as pilot.[23] Duke beat its way into the South Pacific Ocean round Cape Horn in consort with a second ship, Duchess.[38] Commanded by Woodes Rogers, this voyage was more successful: Selkirk was rescued on 2 February 1709,[39] and the expedition amassed £147,975[40] (equivalent to £27.8 million today)[41] worth of plundered goods. Most of that came from the capture of a Spanish galleon, Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación y Desengaño, along the coast of Mexico in December 1709.[42]

In January 1710, Dampier crossed the Pacific in Duke, accompanied by Duchess and two prizes. They stopped at Guam before arriving in Batavia. Following a refit at Horn Island (near Batavia) and the sale of one of their prize ships, they sailed for the Cape of Good Hope where they remained for more than three months awaiting a convoy. They left the Cape in company with English ships, with Dampier now serving as sailing master of Encarnación.[43] After a further delay at the Texel, they dropped anchor at the Thames in London on 14 October 1711.[44]

Dampier may not have lived to receive all of his share of the expedition's gains.[40] He died in the Parish of St Stephen Coleman Street, London.[45] The exact date and circumstances of his death, and his final resting place, are all unknown. He may have been buried in St Stephen’s Church, but the building was destroyed by bombing in 1940, and was not rebuilt. Dampier’s will was proven on 23 March 1715, and it is generally assumed he died earlier that month, but this is not known with any certainty.[46] His estate was almost £2,000 in debt.[47]

Legacy

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Dampier influenced several figures better known than he:

Honours

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The following geographical places/features are named after William Dampier:

Books

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Below is a list of books written by William Dampier:

  • A New Voyage Round the World (1697)
  • Voyages and Descriptions (1699)
  • William Dampier (1703). A Voyage to New Holland, etc. in the Year 1699. Wikidata Q126680557.
  • A Supplement of the Voyage Round the World (1705)
  • The Campeachy Voyages (1705)
  • A Discourse of Winds (1705)
  • Captain William Dampier (1709). A Continuation of a Voyage to New Holland, etc. in the Year 1699. London: James Knapton. LCCN 2006584510. OL 31757889M. Wikidata Q126680180.

Further reading

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External videos
  Presentation by Diana and Michael Preston on A Pirate of Exquisite Mind, April 30, 2004, C-SPAN
  1. ^ "Out of the Library". The Sunday Times. Perth, W.A.: National Library of Australia. 3 September 1933. p. 17, Sect. A. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  2. ^ Mundle, Rob. Great South Land: How Dutch Sailors found Australia and an English Pirate almost beat Captain Cook. Harper Collins.
  3. ^ "Arrival of English explorer William Dampier". National Museum of Australia. 22 January 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  4. ^ George, Alexander S. (1999). William Dampier in New Holland: Australia's First Natural Historian. Hawthorn, Vic.: Bloomings Books. ISBN 978-187-64-7312-9.
  5. ^ Preston, Diana & Preston, Michael (2004). A Pirate of Exquisite Mind: The Life of William Dampier. New York: Walker & Company. pp. 5–6. ISBN 9780802714251.
  6. ^ Fater, Luke (26 July 2019). "The Pirate Who Penned the First English-Language Guacamole Recipe". Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  7. ^ Somerset Archives Archived 22 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Records of King's School, Bruton.
  8. ^ Cordingly, David (2006). Under the Black Flag. New York: Random House. p. 83. ISBN 978-081-29-7722-6.
  9. ^ Preston & Preston (2004), p. 49
  10. ^ a b "The True Story of the Mindanaoan Slave Whose Skin Was Displayed at Oxford". Esquiremag.ph. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  11. ^ a b c "William Dampier". NNDB. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  12. ^ "A chronological history of the discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean ; illustrated with charts". Luke Hansard. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  13. ^ Vallar, Cindy. "Pirates & Privateers: the History of Maritime Piracy – A Buccaneer More Interested in Nature than Gold". cindyvallar.com. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  14. ^ Baer, Joel (2005). Pirates of the British Isles. Gloucestershire: Tempus. pp. 66–68. ISBN 9780752423043. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  15. ^ López-Lázaro, Fabio (2011). The Misfortunes of Alonso Ramírez: The True Adventures of a Spanish American with 17th-Century Pirates. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-029-27-4389-2.
  16. ^ a b J. H. M. Abbott (1911). The Story of William Dampier. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. OCLC 37051296. Wikidata Q126678335.
  17. ^ "Ocean Paths". The Central Queensland Herald. Rockhampton, Qld.: National Library of Australia. 20 February 1936. p. 60. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
  18. ^ Captain William Dampier (1699). A New Voyage round the World (4th, Corrected ed.). London. p. 464. OCLC 1435604968. Wikidata Q126678570.
  19. ^ Sigüenza y Góngora, Carlos de (2011). Infortunios de Alonso Ramírez. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Polifemo. p. 166, n. 274. ISBN 978-840-00-9365-5.
  20. ^ Barnes, Geraldine (2006). "Curiosity, Wonder, and William Dampier's Painted Prince". Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies. 6 (1): 31–50. doi:10.1353/jem.2006.0002. S2CID 159686056.
  21. ^ Savage, John (c. 1692). "Etching of Prince Giolo". State Library of New South Wales.
  22. ^ "The New World Voyages of William Dampier". Athena Review. 1 (2). Archived from the original on 6 March 2000. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
  23. ^ a b c Bach, J. (1966). "William Dampier (1651–1715)". Dampier, William (1651–1715). Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  24. ^ Marchant, Leslie R. (1988). An Island Unto Itself: William Dampier and New Holland. Victoria Park, W.A.: Hesperian Press. ISBN 978-085-90-5120-0.
  25. ^ Burney, James (1803). "Voyage of Captain William Dampier in the Roebuck to New Holland". A Chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean. Vol. 4. London: G. & W. Nicol. p. 395.
  26. ^ Hugh Edwards The Buccaneer's Bell, p. 86, at Google Books
  27. ^ McCarthy, Michael (2002). Report No. 159: His Majesty's Ship Roebuck (1690–1701) Archived 31 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Fremantle, W.A.: Western Australian Maritime Museum.
  28. ^ McCarthy, Michael (2004). "HM Ship Roebuck (1690–1701): Global Maritime Heritage?". The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 33 (2): 330–337. Bibcode:2004IJNAr..33...54M. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2004.00005.x. S2CID 161309834.
  29. ^ The National Archives. Records of the Navy Board and the Board of Admiralty. Item reference ADM 1/5262/287.
  30. ^ Funnell, William (1707). A Voyage Round the World, Containing an Account of Captain Dampier's Expedition into the South Seas in the Ship St George in the Years 1703 and 1704. London: W. Botham. pp. 1–3.
  31. ^ Funnell (1707), pp. 16–17.
  32. ^ Funnell (1707), pp. 25–26.
  33. ^ Funnell (1707), pp. 31–32, 36.
  34. ^ Funnell (1707), pp. 39, 45–46.
  35. ^ Rogers, Woodes (1712). A Cruising Voyage Round the World: First to the South-Sea, Thence to the East-Indies, and Homewards by the Cape of Good Hope. London: B. Lintot. pp. 145, 333.
  36. ^ Funnell (1707), pp. 83–84.
  37. ^ Kerr, Robert (1824). A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. Vol. 10. Edinburgh: William Blackwood. p. 336.
  38. ^ Funnell (1707), pp. 12–13.
  39. ^ Rogers (1712), pp. 124–125.
  40. ^ a b Leslie, Edward E. (1988). Desperate Journeys, Abandoned Souls: True Stories of Castaways and Other Survivors. New York: Mariner Books. p. 83. ISBN 978-039-54-7864-6.
  41. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  42. ^ Rogers (1712), pp. 293–294.
  43. ^ Cooke, Edward (1712). A Voyage to the South Sea and Round the World, Performed in the Years 1708, 1709, 1710 and 1711. Vol. 2. London: B. Lintot. p. 61.
  44. ^ Rogers (1712), p. 428.
  45. ^ Smyth, William Henry (July 1837). "A Biographical Sketch of Captain Dampier". United Service Journal: 70.
  46. ^ Preston & Preston (2004), pp. 323-324.
  47. ^ Souhami, Diana (2001). Selkirk's Island: The True and Strange Adventures of the Real Robinson Crusoe. New York: Harcourt Books. p. 184. ISBN 978-015-60-2717-5.
  48. ^ a b "William Dampier, Pirate and Travel Writer". Western Australian Museum. Retrieved 29 September 2013
  49. ^ a b "The Pirate Who Collected Plants: Famous People Dampier Influenced" Archived 23 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  50. ^ Wallace, Alfred R. (1869). The Malay Archipelago: The Land of the Orangutan, and the Bird of Paradise—A Narrative of Travel, with Sketches of Man and Nature. London: Macmillan. pp. 196, 205, 300.
  51. ^ Mitchell, Adrian (2010). Dampier's Monkey: the South Seas Voyages of William Dampier. Kent Town, S.A.: Wakefield Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-186-25-4759-9.
  52. ^ Fater, Luke (26 July 2019). "The Pirate Who Penned the First English-Language Guacamole Recipe". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  53. ^ "Eat Like a Pirate". National Geographic. 19 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  54. ^ "Collections Online | British Museum".
  55. ^ "About William Dampier". 8 March 2019.
  56. ^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Last discoveries". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  57. ^ MPC 94384
  58. ^ Australia SG 974 33 cent, Bicentenary of Australian Settlement, Navigators, "William Dampier" (1988). Australian Stamp and Coin. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
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Wikisource has the text of the 1885–1900 Dictionary of National Biography's article about William Dampier.
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