Wikipedia

West Jerusalem

"W. Jerusalem" redirects here. For the Austrian philosopher, see Wilhelm Jerusalem.

West Jerusalem or Western Jerusalem (Hebrew: מַעֲרַב יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, Ma'aráv Yerushaláyim; Arabic: القدس الغربية, al-Quds al-Ġarbiyyah) refers to the section of Jerusalem that was controlled by Israel at the end of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. As the city was divided by the Green Line (Israel's erstwhile de facto border, established by the 1949 Armistice Agreements), West Jerusalem was formally delineated as the counterpart to East Jerusalem, which was controlled by Jordan.[1] Though Israel has controlled the entirety of Jerusalem since the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, the boundaries of West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem remain internationally recognized as de jure due to their significance to the process of determining the status of Jerusalem, which has been among the primary points of contention in the Arab–Israeli conflict and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. With certain exceptions, undivided Jerusalem is not internationally recognized as the sovereign territory of either Israel or the State of Palestine.[2][3] However, recognition of Israeli sovereignty over only West Jerusalem is more widely accepted as a plausible diplomatic position, as the United Nations regards East Jerusalem as part of the Israeli-occupied West Bank.[4]

Zones of control in Jerusalem between 1948 and 1967

History

 
William McLean's 1918 plan was the first urban planning scheme for Jerusalem. It laid the foundations for what became West Jerusalem and East Jerusalem.[5]
 
Map illustrating Jewish proposals for partition of Jerusalem, presented to the 1938 Woodhead Commission.

Pre 1948: the Jewish Colony

The earliest Jewish settlements outside the city walls were Mea Shearim and Yemin Moshe.

In 1918 William McLean laid out the first civic plan for expansion of Jerusalem westwards and southwards.[5]

By the 1920s the Hebrew speaking Jewish community had formed a "Jewish Colony" around the area later known as the Downtown Triangle of Jaffa Road, Ben Yehuda Street and King George Street.[6]

1948 Arab–Israeli War

Prior to the 1948 Palestine war, the area of West Jerusalem included one of the wealthiest Arab communities, numbering some 28,000 people, in the region. By the end of hostilities, only approximately 750 non-Jews remained in the area's Arab sector, mostly Greeks in the Greek colony neighborhood.[7] Following the war, Jerusalem was divided into two parts: the western portion, from which it is estimated 30,000 Arabs had fled or been evicted, came under Israeli rule, while East Jerusalem came under Jordanian rule[1][8] and was populated mainly by Palestinian Muslims and Christians. The Jordanians expelled a Jewish community of some 1,500 from the Old City.[9] Moshe Salomon, a commander with the Etzioni Brigade’s Moriah Battalion, described the massive looting that took place in the Arab middle-class quarter of Qatamon:

“Everyone was swept up, privates and officers alike …. The greed for property encompassed everyone. Every home was scoured and searched, and people found in some cases produce, in others valuable objects. This rapaciousness attacked me as well and I could almost not hold myself back …. It’s hard to imagine the great riches that were found in all the homes …. I got control of myself in time and shackled my desire …. The battalion commander, his deputy, they all failed in this regard.”[10]

After this widespread looting, Israeli institutions managed to gather in around 30,000 books, mostly in Arabic, dealing with Islamic law, Qur’anic exegesis and translations of European literature, together with thousands of works from the holdings of churches and schools. Many were taken from the homes of Palestinian writers and scholars in Qatamon, Bak'a and Musrara.[11]

Division in 1949

 
Palmach soldiers attack Arab positions at St Symeon ("San Simon") Monastery in Katamon, Jerusalem, April 1948 (battle reconstruction)

The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine planned a "corpus separatum" for Jerusalem and its environs as an international city.[12][13] In December 1949, it was officially decided to transfer the institutions of the Government of Israel to Jerusalem.[13]

Arabs living in such western Jerusalem neighbourhoods as Katamon or Malha were forced to leave; the same fate befell Jews in the eastern areas, including the Old City of Jerusalem and Silwan. Almost 33% of the land in West Jerusalem in the pre-mandate period had been owned by Palestinians, a fact which made it hard for the evicted Palestinians to accept Israeli control in the West. The Knesset (Israeli Parliament) passed laws to transfer this Arab land to Israeli Jewish organizations.[2]

The only eastern area of the city that remained in Israeli hands throughout the 19 years of Jordanian rule was Mount Scopus, where the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is located, which formed an enclave during that period and therefore is not considered part of East Jerusalem.[citation needed]

Capital of Israel (1950)

Israel established West Jerusalem as its capital in 1950.[2] The Israeli government needed to invest heavily to create employment, building new government offices, a new university, the Great Synagogue and the Knesset building.[14] West Jerusalem became covered by the Law and Administrative Ordinance of 1948, subjecting West Jerusalem to Israeli jurisdiction. United States President Donald Trump's administration announced recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital on 6 December 2017.[15] On 6 April 2017, Russia officially recognized West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.[16] On 6 December 2017, the Czech Republic recognized Jerusalem as the capital.[17] On 15 December 2018, Australia officially recognized West Jerusalem as Israel's capital,[18] before withdrawing it again on 17 October 2022.[19][20]

Capture of East Jerusalem (1967)

Main article: Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem

During the Six-Day War in June 1967, Israel captured the eastern side of the city[21] and the whole West Bank. Over the following years, their control remained tenuous, the international community refusing to recognise their authority and the Israelis themselves not feeling secure.[21]

In 1980, the Israeli government annexed East Jerusalem and reunified the city, but the international community disputed this.[1] The population of Jerusalem has largely remained segregated along the city's historical east–west division.[22] The larger city contains two populations that are "almost completely economically and politically segregated... each interacting with its separate central business district", supporting analysis that the city has retained a duocentric, as opposed to the traditional monocentric, structure.[22]

Commercial hubs

Major commercial centres of Jewish West Jerusalem include: the Downtown Triangle,[23] Mamilla Mall[24][25] and Emek Refaim.[26]

Healthcare

One of two Hadassah hospitals in Jerusalem is located in the West Jerusalem suburb of Ein Karem. The hospital synagogue contains the famous Chagall Windows by Marc Chagall.[27]

Leisure facilities

These include Teddy Stadium[28] and Cinema City.[29]

Religious centres

These include the Jerusalem Great Synagogue[30] and the Heichal Shlomo.[31]

Mayors of West Jerusalem

Main article: Mayor of Jerusalem

See also

Citations

  1. ^ a b c "Key Maps". Jerusalem: Before 1967 and now. BBC News. Archived from the original on 2007-08-25. Retrieved 2013-04-26.
  2. ^ a b c Dumper 1997, pp. 35–36.
  3. ^ Moshe Hirsch; Deborah Housen-Couriel; Ruth Lapidot (28 June 1995). Whither Jerusalem?: Proposals and Positions Concerning the Future of Jerusalem. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 15. ISBN 978-90-411-0077-1. What, then, is Israel's status in west Jerusalem? Two main answers have been adduced: (a) Israel has sovereignty in this area; and (b) sovereignty lies with the Palestinian people or is suspended.
  4. ^ Bisharat, George (23 December 2010). "Maximizing Rights". In Susan M. Akram; Michael Dumper; Michael Lynk (eds.). International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Rights-Based Approach to Middle East Peace. Routledge. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-136-85098-1. Archived from the original on 2023-02-18. Retrieved 2016-02-20. As we have noted previously the international legal status of Jerusalem is contested and Israel's designation of it as its capital has not been recognized by the international community. However its claims of sovereign rights to the city are stronger with respect to West Jerusalem than with respect to East Jerusalem.
  5. ^ a b Elisha Efrat and Allen G. Noble, Planning Jerusalem Archived 2021-11-06 at the Wayback Machine, Geographical Review, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Oct., 1988), pp. 387-404: "Modern planning began only after the British conquest of Palestine in World War I… In 1918 an engineer from Alexandria, William McLean, was commissioned to draft the first city plan… These provisions… caused the city to develop mainly to the west and southwest because of the restrictions on construction in the Old City and its immediate environs and the desire to retain the eastern skyline… McLean wanted Jerusalem to expand to the north, west, and south, with little development to the east because of climatic and topographical limitations. Thus almost from the onset of British colonial rule, development was encouraged in a generally westward direction, and this bias ultimately produced the initial contrasts that distinguished the eastern and western sectors of the city. McLean also adopted the principle of urban dispersal, and he proposed two main axes, one to the northwest and the other to the southwest of the Old City. His guidelines were repeated in most of the subsequent city plans."
  6. ^ Harmsworth's Universal Encyclopaedia vol. VII: Jerusalem entry includes map with Jewish Colony marked, Amalgamated Press, 1928 edition.
  7. ^ Amit 2011.
  8. ^ Dumper 1997, pp. 30–31.
  9. ^ Tessler, Mark A. (1994). A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-253-20873-6.
  10. ^ Benny Morris, 'Was Israeli looting in '48 part of a broader policy to expel Arabs?,' Archived 2021-06-04 at the Wayback Machine Haaretz 3 June 2021.
  11. ^ Amit 2011, pp. 7, 9.
  12. ^ Greenway, H.D.S. (23 July 1980). "Explainer; The 3000 years of battling over Jerusalem". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2017-12-09. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  13. ^ a b Selzer, Assaf (January 2021). Kedourie, Helen; Kelly, Saul (eds.). "Building the capital: Thoughts, plans, and practice in the process of making West Jerusalem the capital city of the State of Israel, 1948–1967". Middle Eastern Studies. 57 (1). Taylor & Francis: 57–71. doi:10.1080/00263206.2020.1831472. eISSN 1743-7881. ISSN 0026-3206. LCCN 65009869. OCLC 875122033. S2CID 227257542.
  14. ^ Dumper 1997, pp. 20–21.
  15. ^ Landler, Mark (6 December 2017). "Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2017-12-11.
  16. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2023-12-21. Retrieved 2023-11-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. ^ "Czech Republic announces it recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital". 6 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-12-29. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  18. ^ "Australia recognizes west Jerusalem as the capital of Israel". CBS News. 15 December 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-12-16. Retrieved 2018-12-16.
  19. ^ "Australia quietly drops recognition of West Jerusalem as capital of Israel". the Guardian. 17 October 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-11-05. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
  20. ^ Knott, Matthew (17 October 2022). "Australia drops recognition of west Jerusalem as Israeli capital". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2022-10-17.
  21. ^ a b Dumper 1997, p. 22.
  22. ^ a b Alperovich, Gershon; Joseph Deutsch (April 1996). "Urban structure with two coexisting and almost completely segregated populations: The case of East and West Jerusalem". Regional Science and Urban Economics. 26 (2): 171–187. doi:10.1016/0166-0462(95)02124-8.
  23. ^ "The Jerusalem Triangle". Jerusalem.com. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-24.
  24. ^ "Mamilla Mall: Jerusalem's upscale outdoor shopping mall". The Times of Israel. 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
  25. ^ "Chabad to Light Up Mamilla Mall". COLLive. 27 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-08-09. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
  26. ^ "Emek Refaim, Israel Inside Out Retrieved June 22, 2023". 2 March 2015. Archived from the original on 2023-06-22. Retrieved 2023-06-22.
  27. ^ Chagall, Marc. Marc Chagall on Art and Culture, editor: Benjamin Harshav. Stanford Univ. Press (2003)
  28. ^ "Beitar Jerusalem Official Website". Archived from the original on 2022-09-05. Retrieved 2023-06-22.
  29. ^ "Cinema City, iTravel Jerusalem, Retrieved June 22, 2023". Archived from the original on 2023-06-22. Retrieved 2023-06-22.
  30. ^ Uzi Baruch (11 December 2009). רב בית הכנסת הגדול בירושלים הלך לעולמו (in Hebrew). IsraelNationalNews. Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
  31. ^ "Text of Pope Benedict XVI's Address to Chief Rabbis of Jerusalem". Archived from the original on 2023-06-12. Retrieved 2023-06-12.
  32. ^ Archive of Jerusalem's 1949 wartime governor for sale in U.S Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine, Haaretz
  33. ^ "Summary record of a meeting between the committee on Jerusalem and Mr. Daniel Auster, Mayor of Jerusalem (Jewish sector)". Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2017-06-29.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h "Former Mayors of Jerusalem 1948–2008". City of Jerusalem website. Archived from the original on 2019-04-28. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  35. ^ "Shlomo Zalman Shragai, 96, a former mayor of Jerusalem and..." Baltimore Sun. 4 September 1995. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  36. ^ Eisenberg, Ronald L. (2006). The Streets of Jerusalem: Who, What, Why. Devora Publishing Company. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-932687-54-5.
  37. ^ "Biography: Gershon Agron". Jewish Virtual Library. Archived from the original on 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  38. ^ "Mordechai Ish-Shalom, Jerusalem Ex-Mayor, 90". New York Times. 23 February 1991. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-04-27.
  39. ^ Wilson, Scott (2 January 2007). "Longtime Mayor of Jerusalem Dies at 95". The Washington Post. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
  40. ^ Senyor, Eli (15 April 2010). "Olmert cited as 'senior official' in Holyland affair". Ynetnews.com. Archived from the original on 2010-04-18. Retrieved 2012-02-14.
  41. ^ Erlanger, Steven (16 July 2005). "An Ultra-Orthodox Mayor in an Unorthodox City". The New York Times.
  42. ^ "Secularist 'wins Jerusalem vote'". BBC News. 11 November 2008. Archived from the original on 2020-09-17. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
  43. ^ Schneider, Tal (14 November 2018). "Moshe Lion elected Jerusalem Mayor in dramatic finish". Globes. Archived from the original on 2018-12-16. Retrieved 2021-01-24.

Sources

31°46′55″N 35°13′10″E / 31.78194°N 35.21944°E / 31.78194; 35.21944

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