WD-40 is an American brand and the trademark of a penetrating oil manufactured by the WD-40 Company based in San Diego, California.[1] Its formula was invented for the Rocket Chemical Company in 1953, before it became the WD-40 Company. WD-40 became available as a commercial product in 1961.[2] It acts as a lubricant, rust preventive, penetrant and moisture displacer. There are specialized products that perform better than WD-40 in many of these uses, but WD-40's flexibility has given it fame as a jack of all trades.[3] WD-40 stands for Water Displacement, 40th formula.
 | |
 WD-40 with Smart Straw | |
| Product type | Water displacer |
|---|---|
| Owner | WD-40 Company |
| Country | San Diego, California, United States |
| Introduced | September 23, 1953 |
| Website | www |
It is a successful product to this day, with steady growth in net income from $27 million in 2008 to $70.2 million in 2021.[4] In 2014, it was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[5]
History
editSources credit different people with inventing WD-40 formula in 1953 as part of the Rocket Chemical Company (later renamed to WD-40 Company), in San Diego, California; the formula was kept as a trade secret and was never patented.[6]
According to Iris Engstrand, a historian of San Diego and California history at the University of San Diego, Iver Norman Lawson invented the formula,[7] while the WD-40 company website and other books and newspapers credit Norman B. Larsen. According to Engstrand, "(Iver Norman) Lawson was acknowledged at the time, but his name later became confused with company president Norman B. Larsen."[8][9][6] "WD-40" is abbreviated from the term "Water Displacement, 40th formula",[10] suggesting it was the result of the 40th attempt to create the product.[1] The spray, composed of various hydrocarbons, was originally designed to be used by Convair to protect the outer skin of the Atlas missile from rust and corrosion.[11][12] This outer skin also functioned as the outer wall of the missile's delicate balloon tanks. WD-40 was later found to have many household uses[1] and was made available to consumers in San Diego in 1958.[11]
In Engstrand's account, it was Iver Norman Lawson who came up with the water-displacing mixture after working at home and turned it over to the Rocket Chemical Company for the sum of $500 (equivalent to $5,700 in 2023). It was Norman Larsen, president of the company, who had the idea of packaging it in aerosol cans and marketed it in this way.[7]
It was written up as a new consumer product in 1961.[13] By 1965 it was being used by airlines including Delta and United; United, for example, was using it on fixed and movable joints of their DC-8 and Boeing 720s in maintenance and overhaul.[14] At that time, airlines were using a variant called WD-60 to clean turbines, removing light rust from control lines, and when handling or storing metal parts.[14] By 1969 WD-40 was being marketed to farmers and mechanics in England.[15] In 1973, WD-40 Company, Inc., went public with its first stock offering. Its NASDAQ stock symbol is (Nasdaq: WDFC).[16]
Formulation
editWD-40's formula is a trade secret.[17] The original copy of the formula was moved to a secure bank vault in San Diego in 2018.[18] To avoid disclosing its composition, the product was not patented in 1953, and the window of opportunity for patenting it has long since closed.[12]
WD-40's main ingredients as supplied in aerosol cans, according to the US material safety data sheet information,[19] and with the CAS numbers interpreted:[20]
- 45–50% low vapor pressure aliphatic hydrocarbon (isoparaffin)
- <35% petroleum base oil (non-hazardous heavy paraffins)
- <25% aliphatic hydrocarbons (same CAS number as the first item, but flammable)
- 2–3% carbon dioxide (propellant)
The European formulation[21] is stated according to the REACH regulations:
- 60–80% hydrocarbons C9 – C11 n-alkanes, iso-alkanes, cyclics <2% aromatics
- 1–5% carbon dioxide
The Australian formulation[22] is stated:
- 50–60% naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy
- <25% petroleum base oils
- <10% naphtha (petroleum), hydrodesulfurized heavy (contains: 1,2,4-trimethyl benzene, 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene, xylene, mixed isomers)
- 2–4% carbon dioxide
In 2009, Wired published an article with the results of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry tests on WD-40, showing that the principal components were C9 to C14 alkanes and mineral oil.[23]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "Q&A WD-40 CEO Garry Ridge explains company's slick success". Los Angeles Times. July 30, 2015. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
- ^ "WD-40 COMPANY 2020 10-K". October 21, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
- ^ Davies, Adam (August 31, 2010). "The Case Against WD-40". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
- ^ "Statista - WD-40 Net Income, 2008-2021". March 19, 2022. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
- ^ Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor (2006).These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.
- ^ a b Martin, Douglas (July 22, 2009). "Obituary: John Barry, Popularizer of WD-40, Dies at 84". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
- ^ a b Engstrand, Iris H.W. (Fall 2014). "WD-40: San Diego's Marketing Miracle" (PDF). The Journal of San Diego History. 60 (4): 253–270. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
- ^ "WD-40 History – History and Timeline". WD-40 Company. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
- ^ Bobby Mercer (2011). ManVentions: From Cruise Control to Cordless Drills – Inventions Men Can't Live Without. Adams Media. pp. 181–. ISBN 978-1-4405-1075-5. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
- ^ "WD-40 History | Learn the Stories Behind the WD-40 Brand | WD-40". www.wd40.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
- ^ a b "Our History". WD-40. Archived from the original on June 23, 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
- ^ a b Martin, Douglas (July 22, 2009). "John S. Barry, Main Force Behind WD-40, Dies at 84". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
- ^ Changing Times (pre-1986) 15.5 (May 1, 1961): p. 36.
- ^ a b "New Materials". Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology. 37 (5): 165. May 1965. doi:10.1108/eb034021.
- ^ "New on the Market". Farm & Country. London. January 1969. p. 72.
- ^ "History". WD-40. January 2017. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
- ^ "Explore myths, legends and fun facts". WD-40. 2023. Archived from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
- ^ "WD-40 Company Enlists Armoured Security to Move Top-Secret Formula". WD-40 UK. September 14, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2020.[dead link]
- ^ "SDSUSA" (PDF). www.wd40.com. March 5, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
- ^ "ChemIDplus". chem.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
- ^ "WD-40® Multi-Use Product". wd40.co.uk. March 7, 2017. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
- ^ "WD-40® Multi-Use Product" (PDF). wd40.com.au. July 5, 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
- ^ Di Justo, Patrick (April 20, 2009). "What's Inside WD-40? Superlube's Secret Sauce". Wired. Archived from the original on January 19, 2014. Retrieved April 24, 2014.