Samia Suluhu Hassan (/sɑːmiɑː suluhu hɑːssɑːn/ SAH-mee-ah soo-LOO-hoo HA-san; born 27 January 1960) is a Tanzanian politician who has been serving as president of Tanzania since 19 March 2021. She is the first woman to serve in the position. She previously served as vice-president of Tanzania from 2015 to 2021, from which she ascended to the presidency following the death of her predecessor, John Magufuli.
Samia Suluhu Hassan | |
|---|---|
 Suluhu in 2021 | |
| 6th President of Tanzania | |
| Assumed office 19 March 2021 | |
| Prime Minister | Kassim Majaliwa |
| Vice President | Philip Mpango |
| Preceded by | John Magufuli |
| 10th Vice-President of Tanzania | |
| In office 5 November 2015 – 19 March 2021 | |
| President | John Magufuli |
| Preceded by | Mohamed Gharib Bilal |
| Succeeded by | Philip Mpango |
| Minister of State for Union Affairs in the Vice President's Office | |
| In office November 2010 – November 2015 | |
| President | Jakaya Kikwete |
| Preceded by | Muhammed Seif Khatib |
| Succeeded by | January Makamba |
| Member of Parliament for Makunduchi | |
| In office November 2010 – July 2015 | |
| Succeeded by | Ameir Timbe |
| Minister of Tourism, Trade and Investment | |
| In office 2005–2010 | |
| President | Amani Karume |
| Preceded by | Mussa Silima |
| Succeeded by | Said Ali Mbarouk |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 27 January 1960 Makunduchi, Sultanate of Zanzibar |
| Political party | Chama Cha Mapinduzi |
| Spouse |
Hafidh Ameir (m. 1978) |
| Children | 4, including Wanu Hafidh Ameir |
| Education | Mzumbe University (AdvDip) University of Manchester (PGDip) Open University of Tanzania (MSc) |
| Signature |  |
A native of Zanzibar, Suluhu served as a minister in the semi-autonomous region from 2000 to 2010. She then served as the Member of Parliament for the Makunduchi constituency from 2010 to 2015 and was the Minister of State in the Vice-President's Office for Union Affairs from 2010 to 2015. In 2014, she was elected as the vice-chairperson of the Constituent Assembly tasked with the drafting of the country's new constitution. Suluhu became Tanzania's first female vice-president following the 2015 general election, after being elected on the Chama Cha Mapinduzi ticket with Magufuli. Suluhu and Magufuli were re-elected to a second term in 2020.
As president, Suluhu has implemented democratic reforms, reversing the policies of her predecessor that were implemented to repress political opposition. She also implemented policies to limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania, which Magufuli had denied was a serious issue. Other focuses of her presidency have included the expansion of infrastructure and the globalisation of the Tanzanian economy through investors and tourism.
Early life and education
editSuluhu was born in the Sultanate of Zanzibar on 27 January 1960 to a teacher and his wife. Four years later, Zanzibar unified with Tanganyika to form the nation of Tanzania.[1] She completed her secondary education in 1977,[2] and she began working as an office clerk.[1] She married agriculturalist Hafidh Ameir the following year. Together they had three sons and one daughter.[3] Their daughter Wanu Hafidh Ameir (born 1982), the couple's second child, went on to become a member of the Zanzibar House of Representatives.[4]
Suluhu pursued a number of short courses on a part-time basis. In 1986, she graduated from the Institute of Development Management (present-day Mzumbe University) with an advanced diploma in public administration.[2] Between 1992 and 1994, she attended the University of Manchester and earned a postgraduate diploma in economics.[5] She later obtained her MSc in Community Economic Development in 2015 via a joint programme between the Open University of Tanzania and Southern New Hampshire University.[2]
Suluhu became a development officer with the regional Zanzibar government in 1988. She became a project manager at the World Food Programme. In the 1990s, she was put in charge of a body that regulates non-governmental organisations in Zanzibar.[1]
Political career
editIn 2000, Suluhu became a special seat member of the Zanzibar House of Representatives with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party, where she was appointed Zanzibar's Minister for Youth Employment, Women and Children.[1][6] While in this position, she ended the prohibition on new mothers returning to school.[7] She was the only high-ranking woman minister in the cabinet and was treated less seriously by her male colleagues because she was a woman.[5] She was re-elected in 2005 and was appointed as Minister for Tourism and Trade Investment.[1][5]
In 2010, Suluhu sought election to the National Assembly, standing in the parliamentary constituency of Makunduchi and winning by more than 80%.[5] President Jakaya Kikwete appointed her as the Minister of State for Union Affairs.[8] In 2014, she was elected as the Vice-Chairperson of the Constituent Assembly tasked with drafting the country's new constitution.[9]
Suluhu was the vice-presidential candidate for the CCM in the 2015 general election, along with presidential candidate John Magufuli. She was an unexpected choice, as several more prominent and influential politicians were passed on for the role.[7][10] She was the first female running mate in the party's history.[11] They won the election, and they were sworn in on 5 November 2015.[12] Suluhu became the first female Vice-President of Tanzania. A dispute emerged between Magufuli and Suluhu in 2016 in which questions of her loyalty were raised, but Suluhu then made public statements in support of Magufuli.[1] Magufuli and Suluhu were re-elected in the 2020 general election, though the victory was called into question after allegations of electoral fraud by independent observers.[1][13]
President of Tanzania
editAscension and swearing in
editOn 17 March 2021, Suluhu announced that Magufuli had died after a long illness; Magufuli had not been seen in public since late February. She was sworn in on 19 March 2021 to serve the remainder of his second term.[14] Opposition leaders had expressed concern about a possible vacuum when 18 March passed without Suluhu being sworn in.[15] Out of public view, there was an effort by factions of the party to prevent her from becoming president, and she was the last of the senior government officials to be briefed on Magufuli's death.[16] Immediately after being sworn in, Suluhu inspected troops at a military parade in her honour.[13] In her first statement as president, she declared three weeks of mourning for Magufuli's death.[10]
Suluhu chose Minister of Finance Philip Mpango as her vice-president.[17] To strengthen her position in the government, she dismissed Magufuli's closest allies, including Bashiru Ally and Palamagamba Kabudi. She also restored the positions of people who had been removed by Magufuli, such as January Makamba, Nape Nnauye, and Abdulrahman Kinana. Suluhu expanded her influence over the party by aligning with former president Jakaya Kikwete.[16]
Upon her swearing-in, Suluhu became Tanzania's first female president[6] and the second Zanzibari to hold the post,[18] after Ali Hassan Mwinyi. She became one of only two serving female heads of state in Africa at the time she was sworn in, alongside Ethiopia's Sahle-Work Zewde, who held only a ceremonial role.[13] She was the only female head of government in Africa after she was sworn in.[19]
Presidential administration
editThe COVID-19 pandemic was ongoing when Suluhu became president. She reversed the denialist position on the COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania held by Magufuli, and she entered Tanzania into the COVAX program to begin distribution of COVID-19 vaccines in July 2021.[20] Mandatory 14-day quarantines for travellers entering Tanzania from countries with cases of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 were imposed.[21] Suluhu permitted embassies and other international organisations to import vaccines into the country to vaccinate foreign nationals for their Tanzanian day-to-day work, aided by the Ministry of Health.[22]
Since becoming president, Suluhu has pledged to see that the flagship development projects that were initiated by Magufuli are completed on time.[23] She has also approved new development projects.[24] Projects that she prioritised include establishing a railway line, building a hydropower plant, and making electricity and clean water available in rural Tanzania.[19]
Suluhu filmed a movie, The Royal Tour, with journalist and filmmaker Peter Greenberg in early 2021 with the intention of promoting tourism and getting investors interested in Tanzania.[25] Suluhu became the fifth African woman to address the United Nations General Assembly in September 2021.[26] She reorganised her presidential cabinet in January 2022 to ensure that it was populated by loyalists,[20] while she gradually removed those who had served under Magufuli.[27]
Suluhu adopted a more internationalist approach rather than the isolationism of her predecessor, and she has sought to entice both investors and tourists.[19] In 2022, she attended the Expo 2020 to promote Tanzanian products and opportunities which led her to sign a business partnership deal with Dubai.[28][29] Suluhu took a neutral stance on the Russian invasion of Ukraine, saying that they should negotiate peace and that "we don't know why they are fighting".[19]
In 2022, Suluhu was named among the top 100 most influential people in the world by American magazine Time.[30] By 2024, she began appealing to the supporters of her predecessor by appointing Magufuli loyalists like Doto Biteko and Paul Makonda to government positions.[16] She is expected to run for re-election in the 2025 general election.[19]
Style of governance
editWriters for France 24, The New York Times, and New Internationalist have all described Suluhu as "soft-spoken".[13][19][31] Suluhu herself has referenced her quiet demeanour.[1] Al-Jazeera correspondent Catherine Wambua-Soi described a collaborative nature in Suluhu's approach to government, saying that she consults her advisors instead of making unilateral decisions.[1] BBC News cited a comparison to Magufili's predecessor, Jakaya Kikwete, who similarly engaged in diplomacy with the opposition instead of repression.[32] Suluhu is sometimes known as Mama Samia, a name meant to indicate reverence.[7] Suluhu has emphasised her femininity as part of her presidency, describing it as a factor in her attempts to create a culture of political unity.[33]
When she became president, Suluhu was seen by the public and outside observers as a more democratically-inclined alternative to Magufuli, who had developed a reputation as an authoritarian.[13][31][32] After taking office, Suluhu took measures to increase freedom of speech and freedom of the press to reverse Magufuli's policies and to improve Tanzania's global image. These included releasing political prisoners, meeting with opposition leaders, and reopening newspapers that were shut down for criticising the government.[20] She also lifted a ban on political rallies in 2023, which her predecessor had implemented to stifle the opposition.[34] Still, her tenure has been increasingly undemocratic: oppositions leaders and activists have been arrested under her tenure and at least one has been found dead; protest have erupted against the alleged disappearing and killings of government critics by the security forces, leading to more arrests.[35]
Though she has initiated several democratic reforms, there is no agreement as to how much can be attributed to her policies, and she has faced criticism for not challenging many authoritarian laws and practices.[19][32] Suluhu chose not to seek widely demanded amendments to the constitution when she took office, citing the poor state of the economy.[19] Following the release of Freeman Mbowe and his immediate conversation with Suluhu, his first appearance days later was at the International Women's Day event in Iringa in 2022. This caused critics to accuse Suluhu of releasing Mbowe on condition of support for Western feminist policies.[20][36] Suluhu's meetings and reconciliation with opposition leaders have conversely received criticism within her own party.[20]
Honours, awards and recognition
editHonours
edit| Year | Country | Order |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 | Order of South Africa[37] | |
| 2024 | Order of the Revolution for Leaders with Unique Characteristics[38] |
Awards
edit- 2022: Africa Road Builders – Babacar Ndiaye Trophy[39]
- 2022: CARE International – CARE Impact Award for Women's Inspirational Leadership[40]
- 2023: Key to the City of Lilongwe[41]
- 2023: Ranked in Forbes list of "World's 100 most powerful women".[42]
Honorary academic awards
edit| Year | University | Country | Honour |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | University of Dar es Salaam | Doctor of Letters (D.Litt) (Honoris Causa)[43] | |
| 2023 | Jawaharlal Nehru University | Doctor of Philosophy (Honoris Causa)[44] | |
| 2023 | State University of Zanzibar | Doctor of Philosophy in Tourism Management and Marketing (Honoris Causa)[45] | |
| 2024 | Ankara University | Honorary Doctorate in Economics (Honoris Causa)[46] | |
| 2024 | Korea Aerospace University | Doctor of Philosophy in Aviation Management (Honoris Causa)[47] |
Filmography
edit| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | The Royal Tour Tanzania | Herself | Documentary film[48] |
| 2023 | The Hidden Tanzania | Herself | Pre-production [49] |
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Samia Hassan: Tanzania's new president who rose through the ranks". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ a b c "Member of Parliament CV". Parliament of Tanzania. Archived from the original on 13 July 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
- ^ "President Samia Suluhu Hassan Husband Who Lives A Low-Key Life - Times Digital". 5 December 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
- ^ "Samia Suluhu Hassan – the woman set to become Tanzania's next president". BBC News. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
- ^ a b c d Mwakyusa, Alvar (18 September 2014). "Tanzania: Samia Suluhu Hassan – a Tough Journey From Activism to Politics". AllAfrica. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ a b "Tanzania's Samia Suluhu takes presidential oath". Business Daily. 19 March 2021.
- ^ a b c "Samia Suluhu Hassan - Tanzania's new president". BBC News. 18 March 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ "Tanzania: History Made as Samia Picked Running Mate". AllAfrica. 13 July 2015. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ Mwakyusa, Alvar (14 March 2014). "Tanzania: Union 'Stalwart' Samia Is CA Vice-Chairperson". AllAfrica. Archived from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ a b Mules, Ineke (19 March 2021). "Samia Suluhu Hassan: Who Is Tanzania's New President?". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ Mohammed, Omar (12 July 2015). "Tanzania's ruling party nominates John Magufuli as presidential candidate". Quartz. Archived from the original on 11 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
- ^ Takwa, Esther (17 March 2023). "'Govt will continue Magufuli's work' - Daily News". Retrieved 1 October 2023.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e "Samia Suluhu Hassan sworn in as Tanzania's first female president". France 24. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ Shaban, Ebby; Feleke, Bethlehem (19 March 2021). "Tanzania swears in Samia Suluhu Hassan as first female president". CNN.
- ^ "Tanzania swears in new president after sudden death of Magufuli". Al Jazeera. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
- ^ a b c Minde, Nicodemus (15 April 2024). "Tanzanians go to the polls in 2025: President Samia has changed the landscape, but Magufuli's legacy persists". The Conversation. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
- ^ Odour, Michael (1 April 2021). "Dr. Philip Mpango named Tanzania's Vice President". Africanews. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ Kiruga, Morris (18 March 2021). "Tanzania: The legacy of Magufuli and the beginning for Suluhu". The Africa Report.com. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Dahir, Abdi Latif (15 April 2022). "Tanzania's First Female President Wants to Bring Her Nation in From the Cold". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Can Tanzania's New President Repair Her Country's Image?". Stratfor. 8 March 2022.
- ^ "Tanzania, once sceptical of COVID-19, announces measures to curb new variants". Reuters. 3 May 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ "Tanzania says embassies, international agencies can import COVID-19 vaccines". Reuters. 4 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ "Tanzanian President Commits to Complete John Magufuli's Projects". All Africa. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
- ^ "Tanzania: President Samia - We're Still Implementing, Initiating New Projects". All Africa. 17 May 2022.
- ^ "Seeing Tanzania with top tour guide President Samia Suluhu Hassan". Nz Herald. 22 May 2022.
- ^ Johnson Sirleaf, Ellen (6 June 2022). "Samia Suluhu Hassan: Opening doors". Time Magazine. Vol. 199, no. 21/22. p. 68.
- ^ Kabendera, Erick (5 April 2023). "Tanzania: Samia sends strong signal against tribalism with ouster of Magufuli loyalists". The Africa Report.com. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ "Tanzania-UAE Relations: President Samia Suluhu's milestones". The Exchange. 4 March 2022.
- ^ "SAMIA: PROTECT INFRASTRUCTURES". Daily News. 31 May 2022. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ "President Samia among 100 influential people in 2022". The Citizen. 24 May 2022.
- ^ a b Swift, Richard (9 August 2021). "Introducing...Samia Suluhu Hassan". New Internationalist. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ a b c Awami, Sammy (19 March 2022). "Tanzania viewpoint: What President Samia has achieved in her first year". BBC News. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
- ^ "Tanzania's 1st female president praises political tolerance". AP News. 8 March 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ Minde, Nicodemus (3 February 2023). "Samia Suluhu Hassan is reforming Tanzania – it's winning her fans but boosting the opposition". The Conversation. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ Mureithi, Carlos (23 September 2024). "Tanzania opposition leaders arrested amid crackdown on dissent". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
- ^ Ulimwengu, Jenerali (12 March 2022). "Did Samia have Freeman set free to push gender agenda?". The East African. Nation Media Group.
- ^ @CyrilRamaphosa (16 March 2023). "Honoured to confer the Order of South Africa to Her Excellency President SuluhuSamia" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ @ikulumawasliano (11 January 2024). "..kutunukiwa Nishani ya Mapinduzi" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "Samia Suluhu Hassan: Tanzanian Prez in Accra for infrastructure award". Graphic Online. Retrieved 24 May 2022.
- ^ "CARE 5th Annual Impact Awards Honors Tory Burch, Christy Turlington Burns, Dr. Margaret A. Hamburg, Chang K. Park and President Samia Suluhu Hassan". CARE International. 9 November 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ Voice, Malawi (5 July 2023). "Tanzanian President Hassan Suluhu in Malawi, Given Freedom of Lilongwe City". Malawi Voice. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
- ^ "The World's Most Powerful Women 2023". Forbes.
- ^ @UdsmOfficial (2 December 2022). "President Samia at UDSM 52nd Graduation ceremony, was conferred a degree of Doctor of Letters(D.Litt) Honoris Causa)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ @JNU_official_50 (10 October 2023). "JNU conferred honorary Doctorate to HE Samia Suluhu Hassan" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ @ikulumawasliano (28 December 2023). "Honoris causa" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ @AnkaraUni (18 April 2024). "Honorary Doctorate from Ankara University to Tanzanian President Hassan" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ @ikulumawaslian (3 June 2024). "Rais Samia akitunukiwa Udaktari wa Falsafa wa Heshima (Honoris Causa) kwenye Sekta ya Anga." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ "Royal Tour documentary showcases Tanzania's tourism gems". The East African. 14 May 2022.
- ^ "After Royal Tour, Samia to unveil Hidden Tanzania". The Citizen. 11 August 2022.
External links
edit- Official website (archived)
- Professional Newsletter Production by Samia Suluhu et al., (PDF) 2005, OUT/NSHU.
- Army supports Suluhu's military diplomacy drive, Africa Intelligence, March 17, 2023 (requires free registration)