In astrology, certain stars are considered significant. Historically, all of the various heavenly bodies considered by astrologers were considered "stars", whether they were stars, planets, other stellar phenomena like novas and supernovas, or other solar system phenomena like comets and meteors.[1][2]
Fixed and wandering stars
editIn traditional astrological nomenclature, the stars were divided into fixed stars, Latin stellæ fixæ, which in astrology means the stars and other galactic or intergalactic bodies as recognized by astronomy; and "wandering stars" (Greek: πλανήτης αστήρ, planētēs astēr), which we know as the planets of the Solar System. Astrology also treats the Sun, a star, and Earth's Moon as if they were planets in the horoscope. These stars were called "fixed" because it was thought that they were attached to the firmament, the most distant from Earth of the heavenly spheres.
Stars and astrological degrees
editCertain of the astrological degrees were identified and known due to their association with a corresponding star.[3] The astrological degrees that correspond to individual stars must be corrected for the precession of the equinoxes, and as such the astrologer must know when any given position of a fixed star was noted, to make the necessary corrections.[4]
Stars in sidereal and tropical astrology
editTraditional Western astrology is based on tropical astrology, which presumes an equal division of the celestial sphere along the ecliptic into twelve equal parts, starting with Aries. Sidereal astrology, at once the oldest and a recently revived astrological tradition, is more observationally oriented and uses the actual observed position of the stars and the traditional divisions of the zodiac constellations as its starting point. As a result of the precession of the equinoxes, the observed positions of the zodiac signs no longer correspond to the signs of tropical astrology.
Zodiac
editTraditionally, the most important fixed points in the heavens were described by the constellations of the zodiac. Ptolemy's account likens the influence of some of the stars in the zodiac constellations to the planets; he writes, for example, that "The stars in the feet of Gemini (Alhena and Tejat Posterior) have an influence similar to that of Mercury, and moderately to that of Venus."[5]
Non-zodiac constellations in astrology
editVivian E. Robson notes that many of the traditional constellations outside of the zodiac constellations occupy large degrees of arc and typically compass several of the tropical zodiac signs. Ptolemy referred to stars by reference to the anatomy or parts of the constellations in which they appeared; thus Arcturus he named the "right knee of Boötes". Most of the Western names of stars, such as Algol or Betelgeuse, are Arabic in origin. In 1603 the Augsburg lawyer-uranographer Johann Bayer introduced the current classificatory system for the brighter stars, in which stars are identified as belonging to their constellations by Greek letters, in (roughly) descending order of brightness; so that Regulus, brightest star in Leo, is called α Leonis, the brightest star of the Lion.[6]
Astrological meteors
editUnpredictable observations in the heavens, including novas and supernovas as well as other phenomena in the heavens such as comets, meteors, parhelions, and even rainbows, were all collected under the name of astrological meteors. According to Ptolemy, variations in the magnitude of fixed stars portends wind from the direction in which the star lies.[7] Etymologically, the word meteor describes any phenomenon in the heavens, and derives from the Greek μετέωρον (meteōron), signifying anything in the sky or above the earth; this is the shared origin of English words such as meteoroid and meteorology.
These astrological meteors were typically held to be omens that presaged major world events. In De nova stella, Tycho Brahe, one of many astrologers who observed the supernova of 1572, stated his belief that the appearance of the supernova heralded the decline of the Roman Catholic Church and stated that the years 1592-1632 would be impacted by the astrological influence of the supernova. The years corresponded almost precisely with the lifespan of Gustavus Adolphus (1594 - 1632), the king of Sweden who championed the cause of Protestantism during the Thirty Years War. This apparently successful prediction won Brahe international fame as an astrologer.[8]
Use
editAccording to Nicholas DeVore, while the fixed stars no longer are consulted much in natal astrology, they remain important in aspects of astrological divination such as judicial astrology. Those astrologers who include them in natal charts do not give a major star any significance unless it appears as part of a close conjunction with a birth planet, within 5° by celestial longitude, and 1° by latitude. They have no effect by means of aspect. A first magnitude or brighter star on the Ascendant or Midheaven in the horoscope may indicate celebrity. The two stars Aldebaran and Antares are said to produce stress when they transit one of the angles of the horoscope.[9][10]
Some astrologers that consult the stars refer to their affects as paranatellonta, or "paran" for short. Paranatellonta are stars that fall upon one of the four angles of the horoscope (rising or setting, at the midheaven, or at the imum coeli) at the same time a significant planet is at one of those points.[11] Thus, for example, if Sirius was rising while Jupiter was at the midheaven, Sirius would be considered a paran of Jupiter and could influence the way the astrologer interpreted Jupiter in that horoscope.
Specific fixed stars
editAldebaran
editAstrologically, Aldebaran is a fortunate star, portending riches and honor. This star, named "Tascheter" by the Persians, is one of the four "royal stars" of the Persians from around 3000 BC. These stars were chosen in such way that they were approximately 6 hours apart in right ascension. Each of these stars was assigned to a season, Aldebaran was prominent in the March sky and as such, it was associated with the vernal equinox.[12]
In medieval astrology, Aldebaran is one of fifteen Behenian stars, associated with rubies, milk thistle and the sigil .
Algol
editIn astrology, Algol is one of the most unfortunate stars.[13] Ptolemy referred to it as "the Gorgon of Perseus" and associated it with death by decapitation: mirroring the myth of the hero Perseus' victory over the snake-headed Gorgon Medusa.[14] Historically, it has received a strong association with violence across a wide variety of cultures. Medieval Arabic commanders tried to ensure that no important battle began whilst the light of Algol was weak.[15] Algol was connected to the prognoses in an ancient Egyptian calendar for lucky and unlucky days composed about 3200 years ago.[16][17][18]
The 17th century English astrologer William Lilly regarded any planet to be afflicted when within five degrees of conjunction.[19]
Algol is also one of the 15 Behenian stars,[20] associated with the diamond and black hellebore, and marked with the sigil:
Procyon
editAstrologically, Procyon is considered mostly unfortunate although it is sometimes wealth producing. It has strong potential as a cause of violence; it brings sudden success then disaster.[1] It is of the nature of Mars (and also Mercury to a lesser extent),[21] and when Mars is found conjoined to this star, the native with this configuration will often be an offender of mischief and violence, that is, if these stars are found upon one of the 4 angles of the chart, during the day, with the Moon making a testimony to them while increasing in light.[22] It is also one of fifteen Behenian stars, associated with agate and water crowfoot. According to Cornelius Agrippa, its sigil is .
Sirius
editIn the astrology of the Middle Ages, Sirius is a Behenian star, associated with beryl and juniper. Its sigil was listed by Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa.
Vega
editVega (or Wega) takes its name from a loose transliteration of the Arabic word wāqi‘ meaning "falling".[23] Its constellation (Lyre) was represented as a vulture or eagle so that Vega was referred to as the 'falling vulture/eagle'.[24] This is a Pole star. Around 12,000 BC the pole was pointed only five degrees away from Vega and through precession, the pole will again pass near Vega around AD 14,000.[25]
Medieval astrologers counted Vega as one of the Behenian stars.[26] and related it to chrysolite and winter savory. Cornelius Agrippa listed its sigil under Vultur cadens, a literal Latin translation of the Arabic name.[27]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Robson (1969).
- ^ Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos, book 1
- ^ Robson (1969), pp. 11ff.
- ^ De Vore (1947), "Degree".
- ^ Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos, book 1 ch. 9
- ^ Robson (1969), pp. 19–20.
- ^ Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos, book 2 ch. 14
- ^ Plant (1995).
- ^ De Vore (1947), pp. 408–409, "Stars".
- ^ De Vore (1947), pp. 8–29, "Astrology".
- ^ Brady (1999), pp. 15–16.
- ^ Davis (1945).
- ^ Allen (1963), pp. 332–33.
- ^ Robbins, Frank E. (ed.) 1940. Ptolemy Tetrabiblos. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library). ISBN 0-674-99479-5, IV.9, p.435.
- ^ Ebertin & Hoffmann (1971), p. 24.
- ^ Porceddu, S.; Jetsu, L.; Lyytinen, J.; Kajatkari, P.; et al. (2008). "Evidence of Periodicity in Ancient Egyptian Calendars of Lucky and Unlucky Days". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 18 (3): 327–339. Bibcode:2008CArcJ..18..327P. doi:10.1017/S0959774308000395. S2CID 162969143.
- ^ Jetsu, L.; Porceddu, S.; Lyytinen, J.; Kajatkari, P.; et al. (2013). "Did the Ancient Egyptians Record the Period of the Eclipsing Binary Algol - The Raging One?". The Astrophysical Journal. 773 (1): A1 (14pp). arXiv:1204.6206. Bibcode:2013ApJ...773....1J. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/773/1/1. S2CID 119191453.
- ^ Jetsu, L.; Porceddu, S. (2015). "Shifting Milestones of Natural Sciences: The Ancient Egyptian Discovery of Algol's Period Confirmed". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e.0144140 (23pp). arXiv:1601.06990. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044140J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144140. PMC 4683080. PMID 26679699.
- ^ Lilly (1999), p. 115.
- ^ Henry Cornelius Agrippa (1898). Three Books of Occult Philosophy. Lyons, 1531/33. Llewellyn reprint, 1993; tr. J. Freake (1651), ed. D. Tyson, p.411.
- ^ Ptolemy
- ^ Maternus
- ^ Knobel, E. B. (June 1895). "Al Achsasi Al Mouakket, on a catalogue of stars in the Calendarium of Mohammad Al Achsasi Al Mouakket". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 55: 429. Bibcode:1895MNRAS..55..429K. doi:10.1093/mnras/55.8.429.
- ^ Houlding, Deborah (December 2005). "Lyra: The Lyre". Sktscript. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
- ^ Roy, Archie E.; Clarke, David (2003). Astronomy: Principles and Practice. CRC Press. ISBN 0-7503-0917-2.
- ^ Tyson, Donald; Freake, James (1993). Three Books of Occult Philosophy. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 0-87542-832-0.
- ^ Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius (1533). De Occulta Philosophia. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-09421-0.
Works cited
edit- Allen, Richard Hinckley (1963) [1899]. Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-21079-7.
- Brady, Bernadette (1999). Brady's Book of Fixed Stars. Red Wheel Weiser. ISBN 978-1-57863-105-6.
- Davis, George A. Jr. (April 1945). "The so-called Royal Stars of Persia". Popular Astronomy. LIII (4): 149. Bibcode:1945PA.....53..149D.
- De Vore, Nicholas (1947). Encyclopedia of Astrology. Philosophical Library.
- Ebertin, Reinhold; Hoffmann, Georg (1971). Fixed Stars and Their Interpretation. Germany: Ebertin-Verlag.
- Lilly, William (1999) [1647]. Christian Astrology. Ascella. ISBN 978-1-898503-99-6.
- Plant, David (Spring 1995). "Tycho Brahe: A King among Astronomers". The Traditional Astrologer. No. 8. Retrieved July 14, 2011 – via skyscript.co.uk.
- Robson, Vivian E. (1969) [1923]. The Fixed Stars and Constellations in Astrology. S. Weiser. ISBN 978-0-85030-047-5.
Further reading
edit- Barentine, J. C. (2015). The Lost Constellations: A History of Obsolete, Extinct, Or Forgotten Star Lore. Germany: Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-22795-5.
- Bobrick, Benson (2006). The Fated Sky. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-7432-2482-6.
- Cumont, Franz Valery Marie (1912). Astrology and religion among the Greeks and Romans. New York: G. P. Putnam.
- Olcott, W. T. (2004) [1911]. Star Lore: Myths, Legends, and Facts. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-43581-7.