The Khayaravala dynasty, was a tribal kingdom that ruled parts of the present-day Indian states of Bihar and Jharkhand, during the 11th and 12th centuries. Their capital was located at Khayaragarh in Shahabad district. The dynasty ruled the Japila territory (now Japla) as feudatories of the Gahadavala dynasty of Varanasi.[1][2][3][4] This is demonstrated by inscriptions which show land grants being made to the Khayaravalas.[5]
Khayaravala dynasty | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11th - 13th century | |||||||||
| Status | Vassal state of the Gahadavalas | ||||||||
| Capital | Khayaragarh, Shahabad district | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Nayak (King or Chief) | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 11th - 13th century | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | India | ||||||||
History
editThe Khayaravalas are believed to have originated from the Kharwar tribe and the local tradition of the Kharwars states them to have historically been the rulers of Rohtasgarh wherefrom they originally migrated to Palamu.[6] Pratapadhavala is considered to have been the first powerful ruler of this dynasty when he came into power in the middle of the 12th century. He left rock inscriptions throughout his reign in the Sanskrit language. An inscription from Pratapadhavala dated to 1158 and found on a rock-cut image of Durga near Tilouthu states that he travelled on a pilgrimage accompanied by five female slaves, a doorkeeper, a court pandit and his household.[6]
His inscriptions also make clear that Pratapadhavala described himself as a Kshatriya and used the title Rajadhiraja. Chandi was the tutelary deity of the Khayaravalas and the historian, Sayantani Pal, has put forward the idea that Chandi was originally the tribal Goddess of the Kharwars who was later Sanskritised into her current form.[6] The Khayaravalas adopted the brahmanical mode of worship which helped them develop from a form of "tribe sovereignty" to "territorial sovereignty". This also brought them on par with the other landed elites of the region.[6]
There are remains of archaeological find-spots in the area previously controlled by the dynasty. These find-spots include inscriptions of King Pratapdhavala in Phulwaria, the Tutrahi fall rock inscription of Vikram Samvat 1214, Tarachandi rock inscription of Pratapdhavala of Vikram Samvat 1225, Copperplate inscription of Udayaraja and Indradhavala of Vikram Samvat 1254 and Rohtas inscription of Shri Pratapa of Vikram Samvat 1279.[4]
Ruler
editThe known rulers of the Khayaravala dynasty are as follows:[4]
- Pratap Dhavala[4]
- Udayaraja[4]
- Indradhavala[4]
- Shri Pratapa[4]
Additional images
editReferences
edit- ^ Prabhu, T. L. (4 August 2019). Majestic Monuments of India: Ancient Indian Mega Structures. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ^ Prakash, Gyan (30 October 2003). Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Labor Servitude in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521526586. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ^ Ranjan, Manish (19 August 2002). Jharkhand Samanya Gyan. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 9789351867982. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g Niyogi, Rama (1951). "The Khayaravāla Dynasty". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 14: 117–122. JSTOR 44303949.
- ^ Dubey, DP (2016). "Phulavariyā Rock Inscriptions of the Nāyaka Pratāpadhavala of Jāpila". Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India: 46–55.
- ^ a b c d Pal, Sayantani (2019). "Understanding Tribal State Formation in Early Medieval India: A Case Study of the Khayaravalas of Western Bihar". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 80: 304–310. JSTOR 27192885.