George Owen Squier (March 21, 1865 – March 24, 1934) was an American general, scientist, and inventor[2] best known for inventing and popularizing what today is called Muzak.[3][4]
George Owen Squier | |
|---|---|
 Major General George Owen Squier | |
| Born | March 21, 1865[1] Dryden, Michigan, U.S. |
| Died | March 24, 1934 (aged 69) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance |  United States of America |
| Service |  United States Army |
| Years of service | 1887–1923 |
| Rank |  Major general |
| Commands | Chief Signal Officer |
| Battles / wars | Spanish–American War World War I |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Medal Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George Order of the Crown of Italy Legion of Honor Elliott Cresson Medal John Scott Medal Franklin Medal |
| Other work | businessman, scientist |
Life and military career
editSquier was born in Dryden, Michigan.[1] He graduated from the United States Military Academy in the Class of 1887 and received a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1893. He wrote and edited many books and articles on the subject of radio and electricity.[5] An inventor, he and Dartmouth professor Albert Cushing Crehore developed a magneto-optical streak camera "The Polarizing Photo-chronograph" in 1896 to measure the speed of projectiles both inside a cannon and directly after they left the cannon barrel. This was one of the earliest photonic programs. They also worked to develop synchronous AC telegraphic systems. His biggest contribution was that of telephone carrier multiplexing in 1910 for which he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1919.[6] He was also an elected member of the American Philosophical Society.[7]
In September 1900 Squier sailed from New York for Manila on the cable ship USAT Burnside. He was in command of a 25-man Signal Corps detachment that laid the first American telegraph cables in the Philippines.[8]
As executive officer to the Chief Signal Officer, U.S. Signal Corps in 1907, Squier was instrumental in the establishment of the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps, the first organizational ancestor of the U.S. Air Force.[9] He also was the first military passenger in an airplane on September 12, 1908, and, working with the Wright Brothers, was responsible for the purchase of the first airplanes by the US Army in 1909.[citation needed]
From May 1916 to February 1917, he was Chief of the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, the first successor of the Aeronautical Division, before being promoted to major general and appointed Chief Signal Officer during World War I.[9]
In 1922, he created Wired Radio, a service which piped music to businesses and subscribers over wires.[2] In 1934, he changed the service's name to 'Muzak'.
Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest it was pronounced like the word square.[10]
He was a member of the Sons of the American Revolution.[11]
Death
editHe died in Washington, D.C., at George Washington Hospital[12] on March 24, 1934[9] of pneumonia, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.[13]
Awards
edit- Distinguished Service Medal
- Spanish War Service Medal
- Philippine Campaign Medal
- World War I Victory Medal
- Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
- Commander of the Legion of Honor (France)
- Commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy
Dates of rank
edit| No Insignia | Cadet, United States Military Academy: 1 July 1883 |
| No Insignia in 1886 | Second Lieutenant, Regular Army: 12 June 1887 |
| First Lieutenant, Regular Army: 30 June 1893 | |
| Captain, Volunteer Army: 1 June 1898 (Date of rank was 20 May 1898.) | |
| Lieutenant Colonel, Volunteer Army: 20 July 1898 | |
| First Lieutenant, Regular Army: 7 December 1898 (Reverted to permanent rank.) | |
| Captain, Volunteer Army: 17 April 1899 | |
| Captain, Regular Army: 1 July 1901 (Date of rank was 2 February 1901.) | |
| Major, Regular Army: 2 March 1903 | |
| Lieutenant Colonel, Regular Army: 17 March 1913 | |
| Brigadier General, Temporary: 14 February 1917 | |
| Colonel, Regular Army: 12 April 1917 | |
| Major General, Temporary: 8 October 1917 | |
| Colonel, Regular Army: 14 February 1921 (Reverted to permanent rank.) | |
| Major General, Temporary: 28 March 1921 (Date of rank was 6 October 1917.) | |
| Major General, Retired list: 31 December 1923 |
Legacy
editIn 1943, the U.S. Navy named troopship USS General G. O. Squier (AP-130) in his honor. It was the lead ship of its class, which was known as General G. O. Squier class of transport ships.
General Squier Park, a historic district and waterpark in his hometown of Dryden, Michigan, is named in his honor.[14][15]
Publications
edit- Crehore, Albert Cushing; George Owen Squier (1897). The Polarizing Photo-Chronograph. London: John Wiley & Sons.
- — (1908). "The Present Status of Military Aeronautics". Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: 117. Retrieved August 7, 2009.
- — (1919). Multiplex Telephony And Telegraphy By Means Of Electric Waves Guided By Wires. Washington: Government Printing Office.
References
edit- ^ a b "Biographical Memoir of George Owen Squier 1865–1934", by Arthur E. Kennelly, National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Biographical Memoirs Volume XX, presented to the Academy at the Annual Meeting, 1938. Retrieved Apr 1, 2010.
- ^ a b Clark, Paul W.; Lyons, Laurence A. (2014). George Owen Squier: U.s. Army Major General, Inventor. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786476350.
During the 1920s and '30s, Major General George Owen Squier was one of the most famous men in America and abroad, as a scientist, soldier, military ...
- ^ "George Owen Squier Invents Muzak".
In 1922 American Army Signal Corps officer and inventor Major General George Owen Squier of Washington, D. C. created "Wired Radio," a service that ...
- ^ "The rise of elevator Muzak began with this Michigan inventor". September 13, 2017.
Major General George Owen Squier. The name may not be familiar, but his work in the fields of aeronautics and radio communications ...
- ^ Kennelly, Arthur E. Biographical memoir of George Owen Squier, 1865–1934. OCLC 11861067.
- ^ "George Owen Squier". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
- ^ "The Cable Ship Burnside". New York Tribune. September 16, 1900. p. 34.
- ^ a b c Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Pentland Press, Inc. p. 346. ISBN 978-1571970886. OCLC 40298151.
- ^ Funk, Charles Earle (1936). What's the name, please? A guide to the correct pronunciation of current prominent names. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. OCLC 1463642.
- ^ Sons of the American Revolution; Louis Henry Cornish; Alonzo Howard Clark (1902). A National Register of the Society, Sons of the American Revolution. Press of A. H. Kellogg.
Sons of the American Revolution, ... George Owen Squier, U.S. Army (4257).
- ^ Associated Press, "Former Leader of Air Service Dies", San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, 25 March 1934, Vol. 40, p. 1.
- ^ Burial Detail: Squier, George O – ANC Explorer
- ^ "Lapeer County Parks". Archived from the original on April 22, 2012.
- ^ "MI State Historic Preservation Objects". Archived from the original on June 1, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2011.