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Eriophorum

Eriophorum (cottongrass, cotton-grass or cottonsedge) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cyperaceae, the sedge family. They are found in the cool temperate, alpine, and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, primarily in the middle latitudes of North America, Europe, and Asia.

Eriophorum
Eriophorum vaginatum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Cyperaceae
Genus: Eriophorum
L.[1]
Type species
Eriophorum vaginatum
Synonyms[3]
Heterotypic synonyms
    • Eriophoropsis Palla
    • Leucoma Ehrh.
    • Linagrostis Guett.
    • Plumaria Bubani
    • Plumaria Heist. ex Fabr.

Description

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Eriophorium species are perennial herbaceous plants that persist by means of underground rhizomes.[4][5] Stems (called culms) grow singly or in clumps (i.e., cespitose). Both basal leaves and stem leaves are present, although the latter are bladeless in some species. The terminal inflorescence is either a single erect spikelet or multiple spikelets on peduncles of various lengths. In the case of multiple spikelets, the inflorescence is subtended by one or more leaf-like bracts. Individual flowers have 10 or more smooth perianth bristles that greatly elongate and remain attached to the achene during fruiting. The bristles facilitate seed dispersal by wind. In cold Arctic regions, the bristles also serve as insulation by trapping solar radiation and thereby increasing the temperature of the reproductive organs.[6]

Identification keys often begin with a pair of alternatives that implicitly divide the genus into two mutually exclusive sections:[4][5][7][8]

  • Eriophorum section Vaginata: one spikelet, without involucral bracts
  • Eriophorum section Phyllanthela: multiple spikelets (rarely one), subtended by one or more leaf-like bracts

Besides the number of spikelets and the presence of bracts, other characters may be used for identification, including: the length of the uppermost leaf blade relative to its sheath; the number of bracts (0, 1, or more than 1); the length and orientation of the bracts; the length of the peduncles; and the color of the bristles.

Taxonomy

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In the first edition of Species Plantarum published in 1753, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus established genus Eriophorum by recognizing four species: Eriophorum vaginatum, Eriophorum polystachion, Eriophorum virginicum, and Eriophorum alpinum.[1][9] In the second edition published in 1762, Linnaeus added a fifth species, Eriophorum cyperinum.[10] The name Eriophorum L. is the primary generic name in use today.[3][11] Although the names of some of the species have changed, the number of recognized taxa in genus Eriophorum has remained more-or-less the same since 1994.[12][13]

In the fifth edition of Genera Plantarum published in 1754 (intended to accompany the first edition of Species Plantarum), Linnaeus referenced the prior work of the Italian botanist Pier Antonio Micheli and the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort.[14] In 1729, Micheli described genus Linagrostis, including an illustration of an unidentified plant.[15] (The plant was later identified to be Eriophorum vaginatum.[16]) Tournefort coined the French name Linaigrette (Latin: Linagrostis) in 1694,[17] but his contribution became better known in Europe when his book was translated to Latin in 1719.[18]

The French naturalist and mineralogist Jean-Étienne Guettard resurrected the pre-Linnaean name Linagrostis in 1750, and again in 1754, but Linagrostis Guett. is regarded as a synonym for Eriophorum L.[19][20] After Guettard, the name Linagrostis was redescribed by numerous botanists, including John Hill (1756), Johann Gottfried Zinn (1757), and Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (1771),[21][22][23] but all three published illegitimate names since Linagrostis Guett. takes precedence. Scopoli's description of Linagrostis Tourn. ex Scop. is notable, however, since it is explicitly based on the early work of Tournefort.[24] The names Linagrostis vaginata (L.) Scop., Linagrostis alpina (L.) Scop., and Linagrostis polystachia (L.) Scop. are synonyms for the corresponding names introduced by Linnaeus in 1753.[25][26][27]

The Austrian botanist and mycologist Eduard Palla established genus Eriophoropsis in 1896 by segregating Eriophorum virginicum into a new genus.[28] The name Eriophoropsis Palla is both a synonym for Eriophorum L. and the basionym of Eriophorum subgen. Eriophoropsis (Palla) Raymond, the latter described by the Canadian botanist Louis-Florent-Marcel Raymond in 1954.[29][30]

Species

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As of August 2024, the following species are accepted by Plants of the World Online (POWO):[3]

Name/Author Year described Year published Distribution
Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. 1782 1782 Widespread across Europe, Asia, North America
Eriophorum arcticum (M.S.Novos.) Schekhovts. 1994 2023 Siberia
Eriophorum brachyantherum Trautv. & C.A.Mey. 1856 1856 Scandinavia, northern Russia, Mongolia, Korea, Alaska, northern Canada
Eriophorum callitrix Cham. ex C.A.Mey. 1831 1831 Siberia, Russian Far East, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Montana, Wyoming
Eriophorum chamissonis C.A.Mey. 1831 1831 Siberia, Russian Far East, Korea, Mongolia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, northern and western United States
Eriophorum gracile Roth[31] 1799 1799 Much of Europe; northern and Central Asia; China, Tibet, Mongolia, Alaska, Canada, northern United States
Eriophorum humile Turcz. 1838 1838 Altai, Tuva, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Amur
Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe 1800 1800 Much of Europe; Caucasus, Turkey, Mongolia
Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe 1800 1800 Much of Europe; northern and Central Asia including Siberia, Xinjiang, Himalayas, Alaska, Greenland, Canada, mountains of western United States
Eriophorum tenellum Nutt. 1818 1818 Eastern Canada and northeastern United States from Nunavut and Labrador to New Jersey
Eriophorum tolmatchevii M.S.Novos. 1994 1994 Krasnoyarsk, Yakutiya
Eriophorum transiens Raymond 1959 1959 Guizhou
Eriophorum triste (Th.Fr.) Hadac & Á.Löve 1869 1950 Finland, North America and temperate regions of Asia
Eriophorum vaginatum L. 1753 1753 Most of genus range
Eriophorum virginicum L. 1753 1753 Eastern North America from Labrador to Tennessee, west to Michigan
Eriophorum viridicarinatum (Engelm.) Fernald 1844 1905 Canada including Arctic territories; northern United States

The following natural hybrids are also accepted by POWO:

Name/Author
(hybrid formula) 		Year described Year published Distribution
Eriophorum × beringianum Raymond
(E. angustifolium × E. chamissonis) 		1957 1957 Alaska including Aleutians; Magadan region of Russia
Eriophorum × churchillianum Lepage
(E. triste × E. vaginatum) 		1957 1957 Alaska
Eriophorum × fellowsii (Fernald) M.S.Novos.
(E. virginicum × E. viridicarinatum) 		1905 1995 Ontario, Maine, Massachusetts
Eriophorum × gracilifolium M.S.Novos.
(E. gracile × E. latifolium) 		1994 1994 European Russia
Eriophorum × medium Andersson
(E. chamissonis × E. scheuchzeri) 		1857 1857 Scattered locations in Finland, Norway, Russia, Alaska, Quebec, Labrador
Eriophorum × pylaieanum Raymond
(E. chamissonis × E. vaginatum) 		1951 1951 Scattered locations in Canada and Alaska
Eriophorum × rousseauianum Raymond
(E. angustifolium × E. scheuchzeri) 		1950 1950 Alaska, Quebec

World Flora Online (WFO) accepts all of the above species and hybrids except Eriophorum arcticum.[11] In addition, WFO accepts Eriophorum × polystachiovaginatum whereas POWO does not.

Other names

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Of the five species described by Linnaeus in 1753 and 1762, three of the names are no longer in use. Eriophorum polystachion L. is a rejected name,[32][33] now considered to be a synonym for Eriophorum angustifolium Honck. subsp. angustifolium,[34] while Eriophorum alpinum L. and Eriophorum cyperinum L. are synonyms for Trichophorum alpinum (L.) Pers. and Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth, respectively.[35][36]

The Swedish mycologist and botanist Elias Magnus Fries described Eriophorum russeolum in 1836.[37] Some authors consider Eriophorum russeolum Fr. to be a synonym for Eriophorum chamissonis C.A.Mey.,[38][39] while others consider the two names to refer to separate species.[40][41][42][43]

In 1942, the American agrostologist and botanist Alan Ackerman Beetle placed the species Scirpus criniger A.Gray into genus Eriophorum.[44] In 2012, Eriophorum crinigerum (A.Gray) Beetle was segregated into genus Calliscirpus, and so Eriophorum crinigerum is a synonym for Calliscirpus criniger (A.Gray) C.N.Gilmour, J.R.Starr & Naczi.[45]

In 1957, the Canadian botanist Louis-Florent-Marcel Raymond placed the species Scirpus scabriculmis Beetle into genus Eriophorum.[46] In 2019, Eriophorum scabriculme (Beetle) Raymond was segregated into genus Trichophorum.[47] Hence Eriophorum scabriculme is a synonym for Trichophorum scabriculme (Beetle) J.R.Starr, Lév.-Bourret & B.A.Ford.[48]

The invalidly published name Eriophorum × polystachiovaginatum Beauverd is a synonym for Eriophorum × beauverdii Soó but the latter is unplaced by POWO.[49]

Subdivision

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In 1849, the Swedish botanist and traveller Nils Johan Andersson placed the European species of Eriophorum into two new sections:[50]

Eriophorum section Vaginata:[51]

  • Eriophorum vaginatum
  • Eriophorum capitatum (a synonym for Eriophorum scheuchzeri)
  • Eriophorum russeolum (a synonym for Eriophorum chamissonis)

Eriophorum section Phyllanthela:[52]

  • Eriophorum angustifolium
  • Eriophorum latifolium
  • Eriophorum gracile

In 1905, the American botanist Merritt Lyndon Fernald placed the North American species of Eriophorum into Andersson's sections as follows:[53]

Eriophorum section Vaginata:

  • Eriophorum scheuchzeri
  • Eriophorum chamissonis
  • Eriophorum vaginatum
  • Eriophorum callitrix
  • Eriophorum opacum n. comb. (a synonym for Eriophorum brachyantherum)

Eriophorum section Phyllanthela:

  • Eriophorum gracile
  • Eriophorum tenellum
  • Eriophorum polystachion (a synonym for Eriophorum angustifolium)
  • Eriophorum viridicarinatum n. comb.
  • Eriophorum virginicum

Phylogeny

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Based on phylogenetic analyses, Eriophorum forms a well‐supported clade nested within the genus Scirpus, which suggests the latter is paraphyletic. To resolve this issue, there are at least two options: 1) merge Eriophorum into Scirpus, or 2) split Scirpus into a series of new genera. As of August 2024, there has been insufficient data for a majority of botanists to prefer one option or the other.[54][55]

Eriophorum virginicum, Eriophorum tenellum, and Eriophorum gracile form a strongly supported clade that is sister to the rest of the genus. The clade is distinguished by having glumes (scales at the base of each flower in a spikelet) with many prominent nerves, whereas the glumes of the remaining species possess a single prominent midnerve.[56]

Within a weakly supported clade of unispicate species (i.e., species with a single spikelet), Eriophorum russeolum and Eriophorum scheuchzeri form a strongly supported, monophyletic species complex characterized by a rhizomatous habit, up to 7 sterile glumes, and by glumes with well-defined hyaline margins (i.e., with thin, translucent edges). In contrast, in the sister clade to this complex (Eriophorum vaginatum, Eriophorum brachyantherum, and Eriophorum callitrix) each species has a caespitose habit and more than 12 sterile glumes that generally lack clear hyaline margins.[56]

Distribution and habitat

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Eriophorum species are found in the cool temperate, alpine, and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere,[4][5] primarily in the middle latitudes of North America, Europe, and Asia.

  • North America: E. angustifolium, E. brachyantherum, E. callitrix, E. chamissonis, E. gracile, E. scheuchzeri, E. tenellum, E. triste, E. vaginatum, E. virginicum, E. viridicarinatum
  • Europe: E. angustifolium, E. brachyantherum, E. chamissonis, E. gracile, E. latifolium, E. scheuchzeri, E. triste, E. vaginatum
  • Asia: E. angustifolium, E. arcticum, E. brachyantherum, E. callitrix, E. chamissonis, E. gracile, E. humile, E. latifolium, E. scheuchzeri, E. tolmatchevii, E. transiens, E. triste, E. vaginatum

Preferred habitats include bogs, fens, meadows, and alpine tundra.[citation needed]

Uses

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Paper and the wicks of candles have been made of its fiber, and pillows stuffed with the same material. The leaves were formerly used in treating diarrhea, and the spongy pith of the stem for the removal of tapeworm.[57]

References

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  1. ^ a b "Eriophorum L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  2. ^ "Eriophorum". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  3. ^ a b c "Eriophorum L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  4. ^ a b c Ball, Peter W.; Wujek, Daniel E. (2002). "Eriophorum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 23. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 August 2024 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  5. ^ a b c Liang, Prof. Song-Yun; Tucker, Gordon C.; Simpson, David A. "Eriophorum". Flora of China. Vol. 23. Retrieved 20 August 2024 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  6. ^ Crawford, R. M. M. (1989). Studies in Plant Survival. Blackwell Science. pp. 54–55.
  7. ^ Reznicek, A. A.; Voss, E. G.; Walters, B. S. (February 2011). "Eriophorum". Michigan Flora Online. University of Michigan. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  8. ^ "Eriophorum". Go Botany. Native Plant Trust. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  9. ^ Linnaeus (1753), Vol. 1, pp. 52–53.
  10. ^ Linnaeus (1762), Vol. 1, pp. 76–77.
  11. ^ a b "Eriophorum L.". WFO Plant List. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  12. ^ Novoselova (1994a).
  13. ^ Novoselova (1994b).
  14. ^ Linnaeus (1754), p. 27.
  15. ^ Micheli (1729), p. 53, Tab. 31.
  16. ^ Fernald (1905b), p. 129.
  17. ^ Tournefort (1694).
  18. ^ Tournefort & Jussieu (1719), p. 664.
  19. ^ "Linagrostis Guett.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  20. ^ "Linagrostis Guett.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  21. ^ "Linagrostis Hill". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  22. ^ "Linagrostis Zinn". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  23. ^ "Linagrostis Tourn. ex Scop.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  24. ^ Scopoli (1772), p. 47.
  25. ^ "Linagrostis vaginata (L.) Scop.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  26. ^ "Linagrostis alpina (L.) Scop.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  27. ^ "Linagrostis polystachia (L.) Scop.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
  28. ^ "Eriophoropsis Palla". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  29. ^ "Eriophoropsis Palla". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  30. ^ "Eriophorum subgen. Eriophoropsis (Palla) Raymond". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  31. ^ "Eriophorum gracile Roth". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 20 August 2024.
  32. ^ Ball, Peter W.; Wujek, Daniel E. (2002). "Eriophorum angustifolium". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 23. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 22 August 2024 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  33. ^ Liang, Prof. Song-Yun; Tucker, Gordon C.; Simpson, David A. "Eriophorum angustifolium". Flora of China. Vol. 23. Retrieved 14 September 2024 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  34. ^ "Eriophorum polystachion L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  35. ^ "Eriophorum alpinum L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  36. ^ "Eriophorum cyperinum L.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 28 August 2024.
  37. ^ "Eriophorum russeolum Fr.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  38. ^ Ball, Peter W.; Wujek, Daniel E. (2002). "Eriophorum chamissonis". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 23. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 August 2024 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  39. ^ "Eriophorum russeolum Fr.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  40. ^ Raymond (1954).
  41. ^ Jiménez-Mejías, P.; Luceño, M. (2011). "Eriophorum". Euro+Med Plantbase. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
  42. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "​Eriophorum​". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  43. ^ "Eriophorum". State-level distribution maps from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  44. ^ "Eriophorum crinigerum (A.Gray) Beetle". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  45. ^ "Eriophorum crinigerum (A.Gray) Beetle". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  46. ^ "Eriophorum scabriculme (Beetle) Raymond". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  47. ^ Starr et al. (2019), pp. 20–25.
  48. ^ "Eriophorum scabriculme (Beetle) Raymond". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  49. ^ "Eriophorum × beauverdii Soó". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  50. ^ Andersson (1849), pp. 11–14.
  51. ^ "Eriophorum sect. Vaginata Andersson". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  52. ^ "Eriophorum sect. Phyllanthela Andersson". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  53. ^ Fernald (1905a).
  54. ^ Léveillé-Bourret (2018), pp. 7, 36–37, 42, 222.
  55. ^ Larridon et al. (2021), pp. 873.
  56. ^ a b Léveillé-Bourret (2018), pp. 28, 35–36, 42.
  57. ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Cotton-Grass" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.

Bibliography

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