The Cheteria are a group of royal dignitaries within the Sultanate of Brunei whose position ranks below the Wazir (Vizier) but above the Manteri. Each carry specialised tasks and report directly to the Sultan of Brunei. The Cheteria hierarchy is structured around what is known as the Four Fold system which expands up to 32 folds. The title of Cheteria are only bestowed upon the Pengiran, especially to the caste of Pengiran known as the Pengiran Peranakan.[1] The awarding of such titles are held in a ceremony called "mengangkat".[2]
History
editThe word Cheteria likely derives from the name of the Kshatriya warrior caste in Hinduism. These Bruneian traditional officials, who were part of the second class of officials in the country's traditional administration, were crucial to the state's decision-making process. In contrast to the Wazir, who were solely picked from the core aristocracy, they were recited from both the core and common nobility. The Pengiran Shahbandar Sahibul Bandar, traditionally function as the minister of commerce, was the highest-ranking representative in this group. Currently all ranks of Cheteria are primarily drawn from Brunei's nobility.[3]
Majapahit's dominance started to decline in the early 15th century, and Brunei became an independent nation in 1408. Despite Brunei's independence from Majapahit, Javanese Hindu-Buddhism had a significant cultural effect that is still visible in modern Brunei, particularly in social norms and the established governmental structure.[4] An example of this are the titles of Indera (derived from Indra)[5] and Maharaja (vassal kings with little possessions).[6]
Functions
editAlthough titles are still awarded today, the functions that they entail have changed to reflect the needs of the contemporary political structure. For instance, Pengiran Anak Abdul Wahab, the former bearer of the noble title Pengiran Kerma Negara, which is the chief of defence, is a pensioner who once worked in the Land Department.[7] On another note, the nomination of traditional officials persists even though the contemporary administrative system has practically superseded the ancient political system. In addition to serving ceremonially, these officers serve as a conduit between the Sultan and his subjects, advising him on issues that impact the country as a whole.[8]
Hierarchy
editIn Bruneian society, a person's position and status are indicated by a variety of characteristics. A royal court or state function's seating arrangement is one method. In seating configurations, di atas (upper) and di bawah (lower) are used as measurements. The top end, which is often the farthest from the door, is occupied by those of greatest status. The remaining guests are placed near the entrance in decreasing order of rank. Gradations of precedence may also be shown by a person's sitting arrangement, whereby those on the right are sat higher than those on the left.[9]
The title has been awarded to the authorities permanently. Even after passing away, the titleholder would continue be in possession of the title. It is common for officials to be promoted to a higher position within the same office and given a different title, nevertheless. The title may be inherited, as an official's successor may take office with the same title as his forebear. On the other hand, there are instances where the sons of officials are sworn in with titles that differ from their dads.[10]
The sub-viziers, referred to as the Cheteria in the local dialect, were placed in 4, 8, 16, and 32 ranks. To supplement, nevertheless, other positions were made inside the division. For example, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah appointed one Additional Cheteria Under Cheteria 4 rank and two Additional Cheteria Under Cheteria 16 rank. These aristocratic officials can be identified by their ceremonial costumes during royal ceremonies.[11] The Kepala Cheteria maintains the highest rank. In general, however, the number of positions within each Cheteria level follows the number of the level e.g.; the Cheteria 8 would consist of eight positions and Cheteria 32 of thirty-two positions. An exception to this would be the Kepala Cheteria of which there are two ranks, and the Cheteria Tambahan di Bawah Cheteria 4 and 16 ranks of which; there is one Cheteria Tambahan di Bawah Cheteria 4 and two Cheteria Tambahan di Bawah Cheteria 16.[2]
There are several levels within the Cheteria group:[12][2]
- Kepala Cheteria
- Cheteria 4
- Cheteria Tambahan di Bawah Cheteria 4
- Cheteria 8
- Cheteria 16
- Cheteria Tambahan di Bawah Cheteria 16
- Cheteria 32
Title and styling
editEvery individual who is bestowed with the position of Cheteria are given a unique title and referred to with the honorific style Yang Amat Mulia (The Glorious).[13] For example; for someone who is awarded the title Pengiran Kesuma Negara which is a position in the Cheteria 8, would be fully styled as Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Kesuma Negara, followed by another title (if any) and then real name.[14]
Court uniform and dress
editInvested officials' ceremonial attire during royal court events indicates their position. Certain authorities use traditional woven cloths with certain colors and designs as part of their ceremonial attire. Umbrellas and personal standards are also employed as concrete indicators of rank. Some leaders' personal standards serve as pretty accurate markers of their position and level of authority. The state flag is flown by average residents, whereas those descended from nobles have their own standards. The traditional officials' ceremonial attire and personal standard have a similar colour. The highest ranks of Brunei society are the only ones who wear umbrellas as a symbol of their position.[15]
The dress code for any royal court occasion determined the dress code based on the wearer's status and the time of the event. According to their position, traditional or royal dignitaries used various kinds, patterns, styles, motifs, and colors of traditional dastar and arat (belt). Every male dignitary has a keris with them. Only the Cheteria, the traditional noble officials, are outfitted in ceremonial dress costumes for royal court events. Every level of the Cheteria's traditional textiles has the same pattern and design, but rank is distinguished by a change in colour. The fabric features a Jong sarat pattern embroidered with the flying fox motif, or bunga cheteria bersiku keluang. The Chief Cheteria is dark purple, followed by the secondary Cheteria 4 is light purple, the Cheteria 8 is orange, the Cheteria 16 is blue, the Cheteria 32 is pink, and the Additional Cheteria Under Cheteria 4 is green with red stripes.[16]
Copper, silver, and gold items used in royal ceremonies reveal the rank and identity of the owner. Items such as the keris (Malay dagger) and kaskol (gold betel container)[17] were given to royal dignitaries who received the title of Wazir, Cheteria, and Manteri. The kaskol is only given to the Wazir and Kepala Cheteria while Cheteria-Cheteria and Manteri-Manteri such as Pehin Dato Perdana Manteri and Pehin Orang Kaya Di-Gadong received the silver-born tipa (container or vessel to store betel and its seasonings).[18] While copper-born tipa was granted for the other officials.[19]
In Brunei, dignitaries fly their own flag or standard in place of the national one. The person's rank determines the colour of the flag. The Perdana Wazir is white, whereas the Sultan's personal flag is yellow. Other dignitaries fly a purple flag, including Cheteria 4. Additionally, the flag's colour matches the royal court's ceremonial attire.[20]
- Ceremonial uniforms of Cheteria-Cheteria
-
Cheteria 8, Cheteria Tambahan di Bawah Cheteria 4 and Cheteria 4
-
Pengiran Anak Idris, Cheteria 4
-
Pengiran Bahrin, Cheteria Tambahan di Bawah Cheteria 16
-
Pengiran Hamdan, Cheteria 32
Cheteria-cheteria
editThe list of Cheteria is as of 12 May 2023.[12]
| Cheteria[21] | Hierarchy | Incumbent | Predecessor |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pengiran Perdana Cheteria Laila Diraja Sahibun Nabalah | Kepala Cheteria | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Perdana Chateria Laila Diraja Sahibun Nabalah Pengiran Haji Damit bin Pengiran Metussin |
| Pengiran Lela Cheteria Sahibun Najabah | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Lela Cheteria Sahibun Najabah Pengiran Anak Haji Abdul Aziz bin Pengiran Jaya Negara Pengiran Haji Abu Bakar | Office established | |
| Pengiran Maharaja Lela Sahibul Kahar | Cheteria 4 | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Maharaja Lela Sahibul Kahar Pengiran Anak Haji Mohammad Yusof ibni Al-Marhum Pengiran Pemancha Pengiran Anak Haji Mohamed Alam |
| Pengiran Indera Setia Diraja Sahibul Karib (Pengiran Paduka Tuan Sahibul Karib) | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Indera Setia Diraja Sahibul Karib Pengiran Anak Haji Idris bin Pengiran Maharaja Lela Pengiran Muda Abdul Kahar | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Paduka Tuan Sahibul Karib Pengiran Haji Abu Bakar ibni Al-Marhum Pengiran Pemancha Pengiran Anak Muhammad Salleh II | |
| Pengiran Maharaja Setia Laila Diraja Sahibul Irshad (Pengiran Maharaja Adinda Sahibul Fikri) | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Maharaja Setia Laila Diraja Sahibul Irshad Pengiran Anak Haji Abdul Rahim bin Pengiran Indera Mahkota Pengiran Anak (Dr.) Kemaludin Al-Haj | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Maharaja Setia Laila Diraja Sahibul Irshad Pengiran Haji Damit bin Pengiran Anak Sabtu | |
| Pengiran Pekerma Setia Diraja Sahibul Bandar (Pengiran Shahbandar Sahibul Bandar) | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Pekerma Setia Diraja Sahibul Bandar Pengiran Haji Muhammad Ali bin Pengiran Haji Muhammad Daud | |
| Pengiran Sanggamara Diraja | Cheteria Tambahan di Bawah Cheteria 4 | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Sanggamara Diraja Major General (Retired) Pengiran Haji Ibnu Basit bin Pengiran Datu Penghulu Pengiran Haji Apong | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Sanggamara Diraja Pengiran Anak Haji Chuchu bin Pengiran Anak Mohd. Salleh |
| Pengiran Indera Mahkota | Cheteria 8 | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Indera Mahkota Pengiran Anak (Dr.) Kemaluddin Al-Haj ibni Al-Marhum Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Anak Haji Mohd. Yassin |
| Pengiran Setia Negara | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Setia Negara Pengiran Haji Muhammad Yusof bin Pengiran Haji Abdul Rahim | |
| Pengiran Putera Negara | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Putera Negara Pengiran Haji Umar bin Pengiran Datu Penghulu Pengiran Haji Apong | |
| Pengiran Indera Negara | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Indera Negara Pengiran Anak Haji Puteh ibni Al-Marhum Pengiran Pemancha Pengiran Anak Haji Mohamed Alam | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Indera Negara Pengiran Anak Haji Tahiruddin bin Pengiran Anak Saifuddin | |
| Pengiran Negara Indera | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Kesuma Negara | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Kesuma Negara Pengiran Anak Haji Chuchu Besar ibni Al-Marhum Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Muda Haji Hashim | |
| Pengiran Sura Negara | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Sura Negara Pengiran Anak Haji Muhammad Bey Muntassir bin Pengiran Indera Mahkota Pengiran Anak (Dr.) Kemaludin Al-Haj | |
| Pengiran Siraja (Seri Raja) Muda | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Maharaja Anakda | Cheteria 16 | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Maharaja Anakda Pengiran Haji Ahmad ibni Al-Marhum Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Anak Haji Mohd. Yassin |
| Pengiran Kesuma Indera | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Jaya Negara | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Jaya Negara Pengiran Haji Abdul Rahman bin Pengiran Haji Abdul Rahim | |
| Pengiran Kerma Negara | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Kerma Negara Pengiran Anak Haji Abdul Wahab bin Pengiran Sabtu Kamaluddin | |
| Pengiran Kerma Indera | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Kerma Indera Pengiran Anak Tajuddin bin Pengiran Haji Momin | |
| Pengiran Dipa Negara Laila Diraja | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Dipa Negara Laila Diraja Pengiran Haji Abdul Momin bin Pengiran Haji Ismail | |
| Pengiran Dewa Negara | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Seri Maharaja | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Seri Maharaja Pengiran Anak Omar Ali ibni Al-Marhum Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Anak Abdul Rahman | |
| Pengiran Kerma Raja | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Kerma Raja Pengiran Haji Kamarulzaman bin Pengiran Pekerma Setia Diraja Pengiran Haji Ali | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Derma Wangsa | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Derma Putera | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Derma Putera Pengiran Haji Damit bin Pengiran Anak Sabtu | |
| Pengiran Jaya Kesuma | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Jaya Indera | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Jaya Indera Pengiran Haji Mokhtar Puteh bin Pengiran Haji Rajid | |
| Pengiran Seri Rama | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Seri Dewa | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Maharaja Dewa | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Penggawa Laila Bentara Istiadat Diraja Dalam Istana | Cheteria Tambahan di Bawah Cheteria 16 | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Penggawa Laila Bentara Istiadat Diraja Dalam Istana Pengiran Haji Alauddin bin Pengiran Paduka Tuan Pengiran Haji Abu Bakar | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Penggawa Laila Bentara Istiadat Diraja Dalam Istana Pengiran Haji Mokhtar Puteh bin Pengiran Haji Rajid |
| Pengiran Laila Kanun Diraja | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Laila Kanun Diraja Pengiran Haji Bahrin bin Pengiran Haji Abbas | Office established | |
| Pengiran Dewa Maharaja | Cheteria 32 | Vacant | Unknown |
| Pengiran Kerma Dewa | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Indera Dewa | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Seri Lela | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Seri Ratna | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Seri Utama | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Seri Negara | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Derma Wijaya | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Setia Raja | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Setia Raja Pengiran Haji Jaya bin Pengiran Haji Rajid | |
| Pengiran Lela Negara | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Lela Negara Pengiran Haji Mohammad ibni Al-Marhum Pengiran Bendahara Pengiran Anak Abdul Rahman | |
| Pengiran Paduka Ratna | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Paduka Raja | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Mahawangsa | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Jaya Perkasa | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Jaya Perkasa Pengiran Anak Haji Mohd. Hassan bin Pengiran Sabtu Kamaluddin | |
| Pengiran Ratna Indera | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Ratna Negara | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Indera Perkasa | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Indera Perkasa Pengiran Haji Hamdan bin Pengiran Haji Ismail | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Laila Raja | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Pengiran Laila Raja Pengiran Haji Buntar bin Pengiran Mohammad Ja'afar | |
| Pengiran Setia Jaya | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Setia Jaya Pengiran Pengiran Haji Abdul Momin bin Pengiran Othman | |
| Pengiran Ratna Wangsa | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Ratna Wangsa Pengiran Haji Metussin bin Pengiran Abdul Rahman Piut | |
| Pengiran Lela Perkasa | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Lela Perkasa Pengiran Haji Mohd Said bin Pengiran Jaya Negara Pengiran Haji Abu Bakar | |
| Pengiran Lela Wijaya | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Lela Wijaya Pengiran Haji Yussof bin Pengiran Limbang | |
| Pengiran Kerma Wijaya | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Jaya Petra | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Jaya Petra Pengiran Haji Ahmad bin Pengiran Luba | |
| Pengiran Paduka Dewa | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Paduka Indera | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Paduka Indera Pengiran Haji Abu Bakar bin Pengiran Mohammad | |
| Pengiran Seri Indera | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Seri Indera Pengiran Haji Ismail bin Pengiran Haji Mohammad | |
| Pengiran Ratna Wijaya | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Ratna Wijaya Brigadier General (Retired) Pengiran Haji Hasnan bin Pengiran Ahmad | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Indera Wijaya | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Indera Wijaya Pengiran (Dr.) Haji Ismail bin Pengiran Haji Damit | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Seri Wijaya | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Seri Wijaya Pengiran Haji Ahmad bin Pengiran Mohd. Yusof | |
| Pengiran Ratna Perkasa | Vacant | Unknown | |
| Pengiran Lela Utama | Vacant | Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Lela Utama Pengiran Haji Mohd. Said bin Pengiran Ahmad |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Mohd. Jamil Al-Sufri 2002, p. 14–15.
- ^ a b c Mohd. Jamil Al-Sufri 2002, p. 20.
- ^ Sidhu 2009, p. 58.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 31.
- ^ Gallop, Annabel Teh (2002). Malay Seal Inscriptions: A Study in Islamic Epigraphy from Southeast Asia. University of London. p. 154.
- ^ "Maharaja | Indian Ruler, Royalty & Monarch | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 52.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 42.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 45.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 53.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 41.
- ^ a b "Wazir dan Cheteria" (PDF). www.adat-istiadat.gov.bn (in Malay). 2023-05-12. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 48.
- ^ Mohd. Jamil Al-Sufri 2002, p. 575–579.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 49–50.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 178.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. xv.
- ^ Traditional Handicraft of Brunei Darussalam (PDF) (in Malay). Information Department. 2018. p. 78. ISBN 99917-49-29-2.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah (2014). Sejarah Sosio-Budaya Kraftangan di Brunei Darussalam: Barangan Logam dan Kain Tenunan (PDF) (in Malay). Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah. p. 35.
- ^ Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah 2005, p. 57.
- ^ "Pendekatan Mengenai Istiadat Mengurniakan Gelaran Di Negara Brunei Darussalam" (PDF). www.pelitabrunei.gov.bn (in Malay). 2004-07-14. p. 11. Retrieved 2024-05-24.
- Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah (2005). Traditional Woven Textiles: Tradition and Identity Construction in the 'New State' of Brunei Darussalam (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Western Australia. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
- Mohd. Jamil Al-Sufri (2002). Adat Istiadat Diraja Brunei. Bandar Seri Begawan: Jabatan Adat Istiadat Negara. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9991734228.
- Sidhu, Jatswan S. (2009-12-22). Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7078-9.