The Brooklyn Papyrus (47.218.48 and 47.218.85, also known as the Brooklyn Medical Papyrus) is a medical papyrus dating from ancient Egypt and is one of the oldest preserved writings about medicine and ophiology.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The manuscript is dated to around 450 BC and is today kept at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City.
| Brooklyn Papyrus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Created | c. 450 BCE |
| Present location | New York City, New York, United States |
The term Brooklyn Papyrus can also refer to Brooklyn Papyrus 35.1446[8]
The manuscript
editThe Brooklyn Papyrus consists of a scroll of papyrus divided into two parts with some parts missing, its total length is estimated to 175 × 27 cm.[4][5] The text is on the recto side. The different numbers refer to the upper part (-48, 66,5 × 27,5 cm) and the lower part (-85, 66,5 × 27,5 cm) of the scroll.[3]
The manuscript is a collection, the first part systematically describing a number of different snakes and the second part describing different treatments for snakebites.[4][5][6][7] The manuscript also contains treatments of scorpion bites and spider bites.[2]
The papyrus scroll is dated between 660 and 330 BC around the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt.[3][4][5][6][7] The text however is written in a style common during the Middle Kingdom which could suggest its origin might be from the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt.[2]
Contents
editThe text proceeds page by page, alternating between the two parts of the papyrus. Thus each complete page starts with 47.218.48 and finishes with 47.218.85 (the accession numbers given by the Brooklyn Museum). The title and start of the work are missing, and the extant part of the first section commences at line 15 of the lower part (designated page 1) and continues to page 2 of both upper and lower parts, terminating at line 16 of the latter. The first section comprises a systematic description of snakes and their bites. The last line states that there have been descriptions of 38 snakes and their bites, of which the first 13 are lost.
The second section starts on line 17, page 2 of the lowers part (47.218.85), and continues almost complete up to the fifth pair of pages. Only the right-hand halves of the sixth pair of pages remain. The second section commences in paragraph 39 with an important introduction:
Beginning of the collection of remedies to... drive out the poison of all...snakes, all scorpions, all tarantulas and all ::serpents, in the hand of the kherep priests of Serqet and to drive away all snakes and to seal their mouths.
The second section then continues with many remedies and a few spells for those bitten by snakes. The format for the remedies is strictly pragmatic, and most are based on the species of snake responsible for the bite, or the symptoms suffered by the victim. The remedies are in the typical format of prescriptions that appear in the Ebers Papyrus and other medical papyri which were apparently intended for lay doctors. This papyrus provides the most striking evidence for the closely parallel roles of the physician swnw and the various priests concerned with healing.[9]
History
editThe date of the scroll's discovery is not known. It was purchased around 1889 by Charles Edwin Wilbour and donated to the museum by his daughter Theodora Wilbour in the early 1930s.[3] The manuscript might originate from a temple in Heliopolis.[4][5]
In 1989, French Egyptologist Serge Sauneron published an extensive description of the manuscript in his book Un traité égyptien d’ophiologie - Papyrus du Brooklyn Museum nos 47.218.48 et 85[10][2][4]
The ancient Egyptians were well aware of both snake's usefulness in controlling vermin and the dangers posed by its poison. Snake deities were worshipped in hopes of preventing potential attacks by their earthly representatives.[11]
At present, the manuscript is not on display at the Brooklyn Museum. The archive numbers are 47.218.48 and 47.218.85.
Snakes listed in Part One of the papyrus
edit| Paragraph | Egyptian name | Distinctive features | Severity of bite | Associated god | Specific treatment (Para.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 14 | (lost) | (lost) | can be saved | none | - |
| 15 | Great serpent Aapep | entirely red, belly white, 4 teeth | dies quickly | none | - |
| 16 | gany | entirely black | dies quickly | Sobek | - |
| 17 | ikher | dark, comes to a man | dies quickly1 | Kherybakef | - |
| 18 | ka-en-am | quail-colored, big head, tail like mouse | can be saved | Sobek/Neith | - |
| 19 | kedjuu | small as lizard | dies quickly | none | - |
| 20 | sedbu | red, yellow eyes | can be saved | none | 48,52 |
| 21 | nebed2 | green, belly white | non-lethal | Hathor | - |
| 22 | fy tiam | color of rer snake | non-lethal | Geb | 51 |
| 23 | white henep2 | entirely white, 4 teeth | may die | Serqet | 78 |
| 24 | red henepu2 | white, red back, 4 teeth | can be saved | Seth | 80 |
| 25 | neki | 2.4m long | non-lethal | Ra | 45,47 |
| 26 | fy | image of lotus on forehead | non-lethal | Horus | - |
| 27 | fy(blowing) | blue/green on neck, unique crawling motion | can be saved | Horus | 73 |
| 28 | fy(horned) | quail-colored | non-lethal | Horus | 75 |
| 29 | fy(small) | quail-colored, no horns | can be saved | Horus | - |
| 30 | fy | no description | can be saved | Horus | - |
| 31 | fy(male) | like red henepu 24 above | can be saved | Seth/Geb | - |
| 32 | hefaw arar | sand colored | non-lethal | Seth | - |
| 33 | hefaw nefet | quail colored, makes loud blowing noise | can be saved | Horus | - |
| 34 | (lost) | entirely white | can be saved | Seth | - |
| 35 | r-bedjadja | black, 3 teeth | (lost) | Khonsu | 53 |
| 36 | sedbu | gold belly and neck, found in fields | harmless | (lost) | 52 |
| 37 | (lost) | black, belly white | non-lethal | Hathor | - |
| 38 | kar | green, changes colors according to background | can be saved | Anubis | - |
- 1 Can be saved if the snake is weak
- 2 Female pronoun used throughout the description
- Numbers of teeth refer to the bite wound
- The word fy may mean viper, or a snake resembling a viper[9]: 184
Modern interpretation
editHerpetologists have proposed identifications for many of the animals it describes, but some remain uncertain partly because the species no longer live in Egypt. Niche modelling has been used to predict paleodistributions of ten species and found to lie within ancient Egypt or in trading areas.[12]
Gallery
edit-
Brooklyn Papyrus
-
Brooklyn Papyrus
See also
editReferences
editNotes
edit- ^ Marry, Austin (January 21, 2004). "Ancient Egyptian Medical Papyri". Ancient Egypt Fan. Eircom Limited. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
- ^ a b c d Sadek, Ashraf Alexandre (January 2001). "Some Aspects of Medicine in Pharonic Egypt". History of Medicine. Australian Academy of Medicine & Surgery. Archived from the original on 2019-03-05. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
- ^ a b c d "Snakebite Papyrus (47.218.48a-f)". Collection. Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
- ^ a b c d e f Kori-Lindner, Claus. "Ägyptische Medizin Papyri". KoLi - Dr. med. C. Kori-Lindner medizinisch wissenschaftlicher Service (in German). TeuberNet Webdesign. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
- ^ a b c d e Diederich, Manuela (April 18, 2004). "Papyrus - Historische Papyri". Die Welt der alten Ägypter (in German). Retrieved 2012-10-24.
- ^ a b c Ritner, Robert K. (2001). "Medicine" (PDF). In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 355. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5. LCCN 99054801. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-29. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
- ^ a b c Stuhr, Marko (April 19, 2015). "Medizinische Papyri". Medizinische Schriften der Alten Ägypter (in German). Retrieved 2012-10-24.
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b Nunn, John Francis (2002) [First published 1996]. Ancient Egyptian Medicine (Paperback ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3504-5. LCCN 95039770.
- ^ Un traité égyptien d’ophiologie - Papyrus du Brooklyn Museum nos 47.218.48 et 85
- ^ Bleiberg, Edward (2013). Soulful Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt. Brooklyn Museum / D Giles Limited. ISBN 978-1-90780427-4. LCCN 2013021563.
- ^ Elysha McBride, Isabelle C. Winder & Wolfgang Wüster (2023) What Bit the Ancient Egyptians? Niche Modelling to Identify the Snakes Described in the Brooklyn Medical Papyrus, Environmental Archaeology, DOI: 10.1080/14614103.2023.2266631
Literature
edit- Nunn, John Francis (2002) [First published 1996]. Ancient Egyptian Medicine (Paperback ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-8061-3504-5. LCCN 95039770.
- Sauneron, Serge (1989). Un traité égyptien d'ophiologie - Papyrus du Brooklyn Museum nos 47.218.48 et 85 (in French) (1 ed.). Cairo: Institut français d'archéologie orientale. ISBN 978-2-7247-0077-0. LCCN 90960242.
- Golding, Wendy Rebecca Jennifer (2020). The Brooklyn Papyrus (47.218.48 and 47.218.85) and its snakebite treatments (Thesis). Institutional Repository: University of South Africa.
- Stewart, Montgomery (2020). Ancient Snakebite Literature: The Brooklyn Medical Papyrus and Nicander's Theriaca. CUNY Academic Works.
External links
edit- "Snakebite Papyrus (47.218.48a-f)". Collection. Brooklyn Museum.
- "Snakebite Papyrus (47.218.85a-f)". Collection. Brooklyn Museum.