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Antonine Itinerary

The Antonine Itinerary (Latin: Itinerarium Antonini Augusti, "Itinerary of the Emperor Antoninus") is an itinerarium, a register of the stations and distances along various roads. Seemingly based on official documents, possibly in part from a survey carried out under Augustus, it describes the roads of the Roman Empire.[1] Owing to the scarcity of other extant records of this type, it is a valuable historical record.[2]

Iter Britanniarum, displayed as a road map. The plotted routes and stations are approximations. The Antonine Wall and Hadrian's Wall are shown.

Almost nothing is known of its author or the conditions of its compilation. Numerous manuscripts survive, the eight oldest dating to some point between the 7th to 10th centuries after the onset of the Carolingian Renaissance.[3] Despite the title seeming to ascribe the work to the patronage of the 2nd-century Antoninus Pius, all surviving editions seem to trace to an original towards the end of the reign of Diocletian in the early 4th century.[3] The most likely imperial patron—if the work had one—would have been Caracalla.[1]

Iter Britanniarum

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Further information: List of Roman place names in Britain and Roman roads in Britannia

The British section is known as the Iter Britanniarum, and can be described as the 'road map' of Roman Britain. There are 15 such itineraries in the document applying to different geographic areas.

The itinerary measures distances in Roman miles, where 1,000 Roman paces equals one Roman mile. A Roman pace was two steps, left plus right, and was conventionally set at 5 Roman feet (0.296m), resulting in a Roman mile of approximately 1,480 metres (0.92 miles).

Examples

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Below are the original Latin ablative forms for sites along route 13,[4] followed by a translation with a possible (but not necessarily authoritative) name for the modern sites.[5] A transcriber omitted an entry, so that the total number of paces did not equal the sum of paces between locations.

Iter XIII (Itinerary 13)
Latin ablative Translated possible site name Distance
Roman (mile) Metric (km) English (mile)
Item ab Isca Calleva mpm[6] cviiii[7] sic A route from Isca Silurum to Calleva Atrebatum thus 109 161 100
Burrio mpm viii Usk, Monmouthshire 8 12 7.5
Blestio mpm xi Monmouth, Monmouthshire 11 16 10
Ariconio mpm xi Bury Hill, Weston under Penyard, Herefordshire 11 16 10
Clevo mpm xv Gloucester, Gloucestershire 15 22 14
(no entry - mpm xx) perhaps Corinium Dobunnorum at modern Cirencester, Gloucestershire (20) (30) (18.5)
Durocornovio mpm xiiii perhaps Wanborough, Wiltshire 14 21 13
Spinis mpm xv Speen, Berkshire 15 22 14
Calleva mpm xv Silchester, Hampshire 15 22 14

Below are the original Latin names for sites along route 14,[8] followed by a translation with a possible (but not necessarily authoritative) name for the modern sites.[5]

Iter XIV (Itinerary 14)
Latin ablative Translated possible site name Distance
Roman (mile) Metric (km) English (mile)
Item alio itinere ab Isca Calleva mpm ciii sic An alternate route from Isca Silurum to Calleva Atrebatum thus 103 152 95
Venta Silurum mpm viiii Caerwent, Monmouthshire 9 13 8
Abone mpm xiiii Sea Mills, Gloucestershire 14 21 13
Traiectus mpm viiii perhaps Bitton, near Willsbridge, Gloucestershire 9 13 8
Aquis Solis mpm vi Bath, Somerset 6 9 5.5
Verlucione mpm xv Sandy Lane, Wiltshire 15 22 14
Cunetione mpm xx Mildenhall, Wiltshire 20 30 18.5
Spinis mpm xv Speen, Berkshire 15 22 14
Calleva mpm xv Silchester, Hampshire 15 22 14

A confounding factor

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De Situ Britanniae (made available c. 1749, published 1757) was a forgery by Charles Bertram that provided much spurious information on Roman Britain, including "itineraries" that overlapped the legitimate Antonine Itineraries, sometimes with contradicting information. Its authenticity was not seriously challenged until 1845, and it was still cited as an authoritative source until the late nineteenth century. By then, its false data had infected almost every account of ancient British history, and had been adopted into the Ordnance Survey maps,[9] as General Roy and his successors believed it to be a legitimate source of information, on a par with the Antonine Itineraries. While the document is no longer cited since its authenticity became indefensible, its data has not been systematically removed from past and present works.

Some authors, such as Thomas Reynolds, without challenging the authenticity of the forgery, took care to note its discrepancies and challenge the quality of its information.[10][11] This was not always so, even after the forgery was debunked.

Gonzalo Arias (died 2008) proposed that some of the distance anomalies in the British section of the Antonine Itinerary resulted from the loss of Latin grammatical endings, as these had marked junctions heading towards places, as distinct from the places themselves.[12] However, Arias may not have taken account of earlier work indicating that distances were measured between the edges of administrative areas of named settlements as opposed to centre-to-centre, thereby explaining supposed distance shortfalls and providing additional useful data on the approximate sizes of such areas.[13]

Hispania

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Main Roman roads in Hispania
 
Roads listed on the Itinerary

There are 34 routes in the itinerary for the provinces of Hispania.

Route Start End Distance (Roman miles)
1 Mediolanum (Milan) Legio VII Gemina (León) 1257
2 Arelate (Arles) Castulo 898
3 Corduba (Córdoba) Castulo 99
4 Corduba Castulo 78
5 Castulo Malaca (Málaga) 291
6 Malaca Gades (Cádiz) 145
7 Gades Corduba 294
8 Hispalis (Seville) Corduba 94
9 Hispalis Italica 6
10 Hispalis Emerita (Mérida) 162
11 Corduba Emerita 144
12 Olisipo (Lisbon) Emerita 161
13 Salacia (Alcácer) Ossonoba (Faro) 16
14 Olisipo Emerita 145
15 Olisipo Emerita 220
16 Olisipo Bracara (Braga) 244
17 Bracara Asturica (Astorga) 247
18 Bracara Asturica 215
19 Bracara Asturica 299
20 Bracara Asturica 207
21 Esuris (Castro Marim) Pax Julia 267
22 Esuris Pax Julia 76
23 Mouth of the Ana (Guadiana) Emerita 313
24 Emerita Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza) 632
25 Emerita Caesaraugusta 348
26 Asturica Caesaraugusta 497
27 Asturica Caesaraugusta 301
28 Turiaso (Tarazona) Caesaraugusta 56
29 Emerita Caesaraugusta 458
30 Laminium (Fuenllana) Toletum (Toledo) 95
31 Laminium Toletum 249
32 Asturica Tarraco (Tarragona) 482
33 Caesaraugusta Benearnum (Lescar) 112
34 Asturica Burdigala (Bordeaux) 421

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Antonini Itinerarium". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 148.
  2. ^ Rivet, A. L. F.; Jackson, Kenneth (1970). "The British Section of the Antonine Itinerary". Britannia. 1: 34–82. doi:10.2307/525833. JSTOR 525833. S2CID 162217811.
  3. ^ a b Öberg (2023), p. 5.
  4. ^ Parthey & Pinder 1848:232–33 in Britannia
  5. ^ a b Codrington 1918, In Roman Roads in Britain
  6. ^ = milia plus minus
  7. ^ Roman numerals
  8. ^ Parthey & Pinder 1848:233 in Britannia
  9. ^ Redmonds, George (2004), Names and History: People, Places and Things, Hambledon & London, pp. 65–68, ISBN 978-1-85285-426-3 A Major Place-Name Ignored
  10. ^ Reynolds 1799 Iter Britanniarum
  11. ^ Dyer 1816 Vulgar Errors, Ancient and Modern
  12. ^ For most Roman roads in Hispania, see Gonzalo Arias. "El Miliario Extravagante". Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2012-08-27.. Cf. also his Grammar in the Antonine Itinerary: A Challenge to British Archaeologists (available in only a few libraries).
  13. ^ Cf. Rodwell, "Milestones, Civic Territories and the Antonine Itinerary", 6 Britannia 76-101 (1975).

Bibliography

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