Wikipedia

Neo-nationalism

This article is about the global nationalist-populist wave that appeared in the mid-2010s. For the policy associated with Theodore Roosevelt, see New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt).

Neo-nationalism,[1][2][3] or new nationalism,[4][5] is an ideology and political movement built on the basic characteristics of classical nationalism.[6] It developed to its final form by applying elements with reactionary character generated as a reaction to the political, economic and socio-cultural changes that came with globalization during the second wave of globalization in the 1980s.[7][8][9]

Neo-nationalism is associated with several positions such as right-wing populism,[10] anti-globalization,[11] nativism,[10] protectionism,[12] opposition to immigration,[2] Islamophobia in non-Muslim-majority countries,[13] and Euroscepticism, where applicable. With globalisation and the idea of a single nation, neo-nationalists see the problems of identification and threatened identities.[14][15] They call for the protection of symbolic heritage, like art and folk traditions, which is also common for cultural nationalism.[16]

Particularly notable expressions of new nationalism include the vote for Brexit in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum and the 2016 election of Donald Trump as the president of the United States.[17][18][19] Several neo-nationalist politicians have come to power or run strongly during the 2010s and 2020s, including Giorgia Meloni in Italy,[20] Marine Le Pen in France,[21] Rodrigo Duterte and Bongbong Marcos in the Philippines,[22][23] and Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil.[24]

Origins

edit

Neo-nationalism is considered a pan-West European phenomenon. It has its origins in the post-Cold War period and the changes that the third phase of globalization brought to the West European states. The European Union integration and enlargement gave rise to a series of economic, social, and political changes causing uncertainties on an individual and collective level.[25][26] Empowerment of the European Union by extending its members and the referendums on European Constitution formed the idea of a transnational quasi-state[27] and a global nation under liberal democracy as the single political ideology that governs that transnational state. After the referendum on the Treaty to establish a Constitution for Europe was rejected, the delegation of national sovereignty to the European Union was seen by the neo-nationalists as a strategic act that aims at accumulation of power that undermines states’ national sovereignty and their right to self-determination.

External factors

edit

The dramatic events that marked the Islamic world in the 1980s such as the Iranian Revolution set a start of increased immigration towards Western European states.[28] The problems that immigrants encountered in relation to their arrival, accommodation, and integration within the domestic society of the hosting state motivated restructure of the political agenda and policy adjustments that integrated the diversity of immigrants. The inclusion of "foreign principles" next to the traditional elements that constitute the character of the hosting state as criteria for policy led to the feeling of the threat neo-nationalist felt. This process was framed as "Islamization" and turned into the explanatory factor for a specific defensive collective behaviour.[29]

The conflicts and the violence that followed after the political destabilization in some of the Islamic states led to the categorisation of Islam as having an anti-democratic and anti-modern character that is at odds with the Western liberal democracy. After the September 11 attacks, this image of Islam became dominant. The sense of the "Islamic threat" to de modern societies, and their culture that spread along the Western European states resulted in the rise of national awareness and pride in terms of culture and folklore and a need of protection the national cultural identity.[30][31]

Roots in nationalism

edit

Neo-nationalism is the successor to classical nationalism. Both nationalists and neo-nationalists see the nation as one family but differ in the criteria for affiliation. Nationalists see the state and the nation as a family whose members are inextricably linked based on ethnical, racial, genetic, religious or cultural homogeneity as criteria of belonging[32] In contrast, neo-nationalists take historical association as the major factor for granting membership to the national family, which makes them fundamentally different from their predecessors in terms of inclusiveness.[33]

Overview and characteristics

edit

Writing for Politico, Michael Hirsh described new nationalism as "a bitter populist rejection of the status quo that global elites have imposed on the international system since the Cold War ended, and which lower-income voters have decided—understandably—is unfair."[4][5] Michael Brendan Dougherty wrote in The Week that new nationalism is a "broad nativist revolt" against post-Cold War politics long "characterized by an orthodoxy of free trade, nurturing the service economy, neoliberal trading arrangements, and liberalized immigration policies."[34] Political science professor Eirikur Bergmann defines new-nationalism as being a specific kind of nativist populism.[3]

The Economist wrote in November 2016 that "new nationalists are riding high on promises to close borders and restore societies to a past homogeneity."[35] Clarence Page wrote in the Las Vegas Sun that "a new neo-tribal nationalism has boiled up in European politics and to a lesser degree in the United States since the global economic meltdown of 2008".[36] In The Week, Ryan Cooper and researchers with the Centre for Economic Policy Research[37] have linked 21st-century right-wing populism to the Great Recession.[38] According to Harvard political theorist Yascha Mounk, "economic stagnation among lower- and middle-class whites [has been] a main driver for nationalism's rise around the globe."[39] According to religion scholar Mark L. Movesian, new nationalism "sets the nation-state against supranational, liberal regimes like the EU or NAFTA, and local customs and traditions, including religious traditions, against alien, outside trends."[40]

David Brog and Yoram Hazony wrote in National Review that some conservatives view the new nationalism associated with Brexit, Rodrigo Duterte, and Donald Trump as a betrayal of conservative ideology, while they see it as a "return".[41] According to conservative commentator Jonah Goldberg, the nationalism associated with Trump is "really little more than a brand name for generic white identity politics."[5]

Writing for The Week, Damon Linker called the idea of neo-nationalism being racist "nonsense" and went on to say that "the tendency of progressives to describe it as nothing but 'racism, Islamophobia, and xenophobia'—is the desire to delegitimize any particularistic attachment or form of solidarity, be it national, linguistic, religious, territorial, or ethnic."[42]

Regarding new nationalism, The Economist said that "Mr Trump needs to realise that his policies will unfold in the context of other countries' jealous nationalism" and called nationalism itself a "slippery concept" that is "easy to manipulate". They also repeatedly contrasted ethnic nationalism and civic nationalism and implied new nationalism could become "angry" and difficult to control, citing Chinese nationalism as an example.[43]

Associated politicians, parties and events

edit

Brazil

edit

The president of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro of the country's Liberal Party has been described as a leading new nationalist.[44] Bolsonaro's ideology and policies have been heavily influenced by his adviser, nationalist thinker Olavo de Carvalho.[45][46]

China

edit
See also: New Conservatism (China)

Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping's concept of "Chinese Dream" has been described as an expression of new nationalism.[47] His form of nationalism stresses pride in the historic Chinese civilisation, embracing the teachings of Confucius and other ancient Chinese sages, and thus rejecting the anti-Confucius campaign of Party chairman Mao Zedong.[48]

Egypt

edit

Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (assumed office in 2014), and Nation's Future Party has been described as a new nationalist.[49][50]

Hungary

edit

Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán (assumed office in 2010), the leader of the ruling Fidesz party, has been described as a new nationalist.[51]

India

edit
See also: Hindutva

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi (assumed office in 2014) and his Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have been referred to as neo-nationalist.[49] Modi is a volunteer in the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a religio-socio-cultural voluntary[52] organisation to which the BJP is aligned with, which has also been said to advocate a neo-nationalist ideology.[53] Modi's nationalist campaigns have been directed by BJP strategist Amit Shah, who currently serves as the Indian Home Minister (assumed office in 2019), and has been touted as a potential successor to Modi as Prime Minister.[54]

Yogi Adityanath, Chief Minister of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh (assumed office in 2017), has also been identified as a neo-nationalist.[55] He has also been touted as a future Prime Minister of the country.[56]

Israel

edit
Main article: Neo-Zionism

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (assumed office from 2009 to 2021), the leader of the Likud party, has been described both as promoting new nationalism,[57] and as pursuing a foreign policy of close ties with other new nationalist leaders, including Trump, Orbán, Salvini, Putin, Modi, Bolsonaro, Duterte and Sisi.[58][59][60][61][62]

In 2019, Netanyahu has forged a political alliance with the ultranationalist Union of Right-Wing Parties.[63]

Italy

edit

Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte (assumed office in 2018), head of the populist coalition Government of Change,[64] and in particular former Deputy Prime Minister and Interior Minister and the League's leader Matteo Salvini (2018–2019), were often described as new nationalists.[65][66][67] While in office, Salvini was described by some media outlets as the most powerful politician in the country, and a "de facto prime minister".[68][69][70] In August 2019, Salvini filed a motion of no confidence in the coalition government, asking new election to take "full powers",[71] but Conte formed a new government between Five Star Movement (M5S) and Democratic Party (PD).[72] At the head of this new cabinet, Conte toned down his neo-nationalist rhetoric.[73]

In the 2022 Italian general election, the neo-nationalist Brothers of Italy[74][75] emerged as the most voted party and its leader, Giorgia Meloni, became the new prime minister on 22 October 2022,[76] at the head of what it was described as the most right-wing government in Italy since 1945.[77]

Japan

edit

The 63rd Prime Minister Shinzō Abe (assumed office from 2012 to 2020), a member of the far-right organisation Nippon Kaigi, promoted ideas of new nationalism, as did the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan, which he led.[78]

Mexico

edit

Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador (assumed office in 2018) has been described as Neo-nationalist and often dubbed as "Mexican Donald Trump" by the media.[79][80]

Pakistan

edit

Former Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan (2018–2022), the leader of the then-ruling Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (Pakistan Movement for Justice) was compared to Donald Trump and described as a neo-nationalist populist during his tenure.[81]

Philippines

edit

Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte (assumed office in 2016) has been described as a new nationalist.[82] His party PDP-Laban has adopted Filipino nationalism as a platform.[82] The country has also a "far-right" reputation politically.[82] Bongbong Marcos, elected in 2022, is expected to govern in continuity with Duterte with a more far-right agenda.[83][needs update]

Poland

edit

Confederation party is a main political party in Poland that promotes New Nationalism, especially National Movement. There is also a neofascist and National Radical Narodowe Odrodzenie Polski that promotes harshly anti-globalist, anti-immigrant and anti-liberal agenda.

Russia

edit

President of Russia Vladimir Putin (second President of Russia from 2000 to 2008 and fourth President of Russia from 2012) has been labelled a new nationalist.[17] Putin has been described by Hirsh as "the harbinger of this new global nationalism".[4] Charles Clover, the Moscow bureau chief of the Financial Times from 2008 to 2013, wrote a book in 2016 titled Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism.[84] Russian nationalist thinker Aleksandr Dugin in particular has had influence over the Kremlin, serving as an adviser to key members of the ruling United Russia party, including now-SVR Director Sergey Naryshkin.[85]

Russia has been accused of supporting new nationalist movements across the Western World.[86]

Saudi Arabia

edit

The Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Mohammad bin Salman (assumed office in 2017), has been described by Kristin Diwan of The Arab Gulf States Institute as being attached to a "strong new nationalism".[87] The "new Saudi nationalism" has been used to bolster support for the Kingdom's economic and foreign policies, and represents a shift away from the Kingdom's earlier dependence on religion for legitimacy.[88] Many of the country's foreign policy actions from 2017 onwards, such as its blockade of Qatar and its diplomatic dispute with Canada have been described as motivated by this nationalism.[89] The policies of Mohammad bin Salman's administration have been heavily influenced by his adviser Saud al-Qahtani, who has been described as a "nationalist ideologue" and whose role has been compared to that formerly of Steve Bannon.[90][91]

Turkey

edit

In 2014, Mustafa Akyol wrote of a new "brand of Turkish neonationalism" promoted by Justice and Development Party (AKP), the country's ruling party, whose leader is President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (assumed office in 2014).[92][17] The Turkish "new nationalism" replaces the secular character of traditional forms of Turkish nationalism with an "assertively Muslim" identity.[93]

Devlet Bahçeli, the leader of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), has been described as creating a "new nationalist front" by forming the People's Alliance with Erdoğan's AKP in 2018.[94] The MHP is affiliated with the Grey Wolves paramilitary organisation, which Erdoğan has also expressed support for.[95]

United Arab Emirates

edit

The United Arab Emirates, under the leadership of Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi Mohammed bin Zayed (assumed office in 2004), has been described as propagating a "new Arab nationalism", which replaces the older, leftist form of the Arab nationalist ideology with a more conservative form, through its strong support for the rise of the respective new leaders of Egypt and Saudi Arabia, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and Prince Mohammad bin Salman, as a means of countering Iranian and Turkish influence in the Arab states.[citation needed]

United Kingdom

edit

The 23 June 2016 referendum in the United Kingdom to leave the European Union ("Brexit") has been described as a milestone of neo-nationalism.[96][97] Owen Matthews noted similarities in motives for support of the Brexit movement and Donald Trump in the United States. He wrote in Newsweek that supporters of both are motivated by "a yearning to control immigration, reverse globalization and restore national greatness by disengaging from the wide, threatening world".[98]

Matt O'Brien wrote of the Brexit as "the most shocking success for the new nationalism sweeping the Western world".[99] Leaders of the Brexit campaign, such as Nigel Farage, the former leader of the eurosceptic UK Independence Party (now of Reform UK); London Mayor (now former prime minister and Conservative Party leader) Boris Johnson; Vote Leave Co-Convenor Michael Gove; former Brexit Secretary David Davis; and European Research Group chairman Jacob Rees-Mogg, have been called "new nationalists".[4][100][101]

United States

edit
Main articles: American nationalism in the Donald Trump presidency and Trumpism

Donald Trump's rise to the Republican candidacy was widely described as a sign of growing new nationalism in the United States.[4][5] A Chicago Sun-Times editorial on the day of the inauguration of Donald Trump called him "our new nationalist president".[102] The appointment of Steve Bannon, the executive of Breitbart News (later cofounding The Movement), as White House Chief Strategist, was described by one analyst as arousal of a "new world order, driven by patriotism and a fierce urge to look after your own, a neo-nationalism that endlessly smears Muslims and strives to turn back the clock on free trade and globalization, a world where military might counts for far more than diplomacy and compromise".[103]

In the wake of Trump's election, U.S. Senator Marco Rubio has called for the Republican Party to embrace a "new nationalism" to oppose "economic elitism that has replaced a commitment to the dignity of work with a blind faith in financial markets and that views America simply as an economy instead of a nation."[104]

People

edit

The following politicians have all been described in some way as being neo-nationalists:

Africa

edit

Americas

edit
Main article: conservative wave

Asia-Pacific

edit

Europe

edit

Middle East

edit

Parties

edit

The following parties have all been described in some way as being neo-nationalist parties:

Africa

edit

Americas

edit

Asia-Pacific

edit

Europe

edit

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Stephens, Bret (21 November 2016). "Trump's Neo-Nationalists". The Wall Street Journal.
  2. ^ a b Eger, Maureen A.; Valdez, Sarah (2014). "Neo-nationalism in Western Europe". European Sociological Review. 31 (1): 115–130. doi:10.1093/esr/jcu087. Based on our combined analyses, we conclude that contemporary anti-immigrant parties constitute a new and distinct party family, which we term neo-nationalist.
  3. ^ a b Bergmann, Eirikur (2020). Neo-Nationalism: The Rise of Nativist Populism. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-030-41772-7.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2016). "Why the New Nationalists Are Taking Over". Politico.
  5. ^ a b c d Goldberg, Jonah (16 August 2016). "'New nationalism' amounts to generic white identity politics". Newsday. To listen to both his defenders and critics, Donald Trump represents the U.S. version of a new nationalism popping up around the world.
  6. ^ Banks, Marcus (1996). Ethnicity : anthropological constructions. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-41793-5. OCLC 229923551.
  7. ^ Holston, J.; Appadurai, A. (1 January 1996). "Cities and Citizenship". Public Culture. 8 (2): 187–204. doi:10.1215/08992363-8-2-187. ISSN 0899-2363.
  8. ^ Beck, Ulrich. Sopp, Peter. (1997). Individualisierung und Integration : Neue Konfliktlinien und neuer Integrationsmodus. Leske + Budrich. ISBN 978-3-8100-1848-9. OCLC 472507579.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Hannerz, U. (1996). Transactional connections : culture, people, places. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14309-7. OCLC 849306953.
  10. ^ a b Barber, Tony (11 July 2016). "A renewed nationalism is stalking Europe". Financial Times. ...the rise of rightwing populist nativism.
  11. ^ Stokes, Bruce (19 December 2016). "Analysis: Europe's far-right anger is moving mainstream". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  12. ^ Crouch, Colin; Sakalis, Alex; Bechler, Rosemary (2 October 2016). "Educating for democracy". openDemocracy. Some protagonists of the new nationalism – such as Donald Trump and Marine Le Pen – also advocate a retreat from the global economy into individual protectionist nation states.
  13. ^ Bangstad, Sindre (2018). "The New Nationalism and its Relationship to Islam". Diversity and Contestations over Nationalism in Europe and Canada. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 285–311. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-58987-3_11. ISBN 978-1-137-58986-6.
  14. ^ Jenkins, Richard (1952). Social Identity. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis. doi:10.4324/9780203292990 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-0-203-29299-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  15. ^ Macdonald, Sharon. (1993). Inside European identities : ethnography in Western Europe. Berg. ISBN 978-0-85496-723-0. OCLC 25831986.
  16. ^ Hutchinson, John (1 March 2013). "Cultural Nationalism". Oxford Handbooks Online. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199209194.013.0005.
  17. ^ a b c "Trump's world: The new nationalism". The Economist. 19 November 2016.
  18. ^ Persaud, Avinash (20 September 2016). "Brexit, Trump and the new nationalism are harbingers of a return to the 1930s". blogs.lse.ac.uk. London School of Economics.
  19. ^ Rushkoff, Douglas (7 July 2016). "The New Nationalism Of Brexit And Trump Is A Product Of The Digital Age". Fast Company.
  20. ^ Kirby, Paul (26 September 2022). "Giorgia Meloni: Italy's far-right wins election and vows to govern for all". BBC News. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  21. ^ Zreik, Mohamad (14 August 2019). "Marine Le Pen's Nationalist Ideology and the Rise of Right-Wing Parties in Europe". Modern Diplomacy. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  22. ^ Donald Kirk (9 May 2022). "The Filipino Trump: Ferdinand 'Bongbong' Marcos Jr Heading for Presidential Landslide". Thedailybeast.com. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  23. ^ "President Trump and Philippine President Duterte: Why they're alike". Usatoday.com. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  24. ^ Stevenson, Chris (1 January 2019). "Some cheer, some feel fear in Brazil as far-right president Jair Bolsonaro is sworn in". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  25. ^ McDonald, Maryon. (1989). "We are not French!" : language, culture, and identity in Brittany. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-00632-3. OCLC 19922545.
  26. ^ Seiser, Gertraud. On the importance of being the last one : iheritance and marriage in an Austrian peasant community. OCLC 610993126.
  27. ^ DeBardeleben, Joan 1950– Hurrelmann, Achim 1974– (2011). Transnational Europe : promise, paradox, limits. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-30637-0. OCLC 903291338.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Indra de Soysa and Ragnhild Nordås (December 2007). Replication data for: Islam's Bloody Innards?. Indra de Soysa and Ragnhild Nordås. OCLC 729701975.
  29. ^ Rath, Jan; Sunier, Thijl; Meyer, Astrid (1999), "Der Islam in den Niederlanden: Zur Bedeutung islamischer Institutionen in einer entsäulten Gesellschaft", Fundamentalismusverdacht, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 74–84, doi:10.1007/978-3-663-10116-1_5, ISBN 978-3-8100-2500-5
  30. ^ Praag, Carlo van. (2000). Multicultureel drama voor uitverkochte zaal : op zoek naar de genzen van multicultureel Nederland. OCLC 775376190.
  31. ^ Huinder, Chris (M.C.), 1950– Schnabel, Paul, 1948– Gowricharn, Ruben S. (Ruben Sewpersad), 1952– Mok, Ineke (Regina Johanna Maria), 1959– (2000). De multiculturele illusie. FORUM. ISBN 978-90-5714-069-3. OCLC 67730422.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ Walzer, Michael. (1993). Spheres of justice : a defence of pluralism and equality. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-14063-4. OCLC 439795521.
  33. ^ Warmenbol, Lien (2008). "Gingrich, Andre, and Marcus Banks (eds.): Neo-Nationalism in Europe and Beyond". Anthropos. 103 (2): 593–594. doi:10.5771/0257-9774-2008-2-593. ISSN 0257-9774.
  34. ^ Dougherty, Michael Brendan (26 July 2016). "A new nationalism is rising. Don't let Donald Trump destroy it". The Week.
  35. ^ "League of nationalists". The Economist. 19 November 2016.
  36. ^ Page, Clarence (2 July 2016). "Could Brexit foreshadow a victory by Trump?". Las Vegas Sun.
  37. ^ Manuel Funke; Moritz Schularick; Christoph Trebesch (21 November 2015). "The political aftermath of financial crises: Going to extremes". Voxeu.org.
  38. ^ Ryan Cooper (15 March 2017). "The Great Recession clearly gave rise to right-wing populism". The Week.
  39. ^ Detrow, Scott (25 June 2016). "From 'Brexit' To Trump, Nationalist Movements Gain Momentum Around World". NPR.
  40. ^ a b Movesian, Mark L. (8 December 2016). "The New Nationalism". libertylawsite.org. Online Library of Law and Liberty.; cited in Veith, Gene (9 December 2016). "The triumphs of nationalism". Patheos.
  41. ^ Brog, David; Hazony, Yoram (7 December 2016). "The Nationalist Spirit of 2016: A Conservative Spring". National Review.
  42. ^ "Liberals keep denigrating the new nationalism as racist. This is nonsense". Theweek.com. 21 September 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  43. ^ "The new nationalism". Economist.com. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  44. ^ "La nouvelle Internationale planétaire des nationalistes". Slate.fr. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  45. ^ a b Cook, Nancy (19 March 2019). "Right-wing movements merge as Bolsonaro visits Trump". Politico.
  46. ^ Dom Phillips. "'Same rhetoric': Bolsonaro's US visit to showcase populist alliance with Trump". The Guardian.
  47. ^ Wang, Zheng (10 May 2016). "The New Nationalism: 'Make My Country Great Again'". The Diplomat.
  48. ^ "Xi Jinping Thought Explained: A New Ideology for a New Era". New York Times. 26 February 2018.
  49. ^ a b "League of nationalists". Economist.com. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  50. ^ "Army chief Sisi, Egypt's new nationalist icon – Middle East Institute". www.mei.edu. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  51. ^ Kaylan, Melik (4 March 2016). "Merkel And Former Communists Versus Orban And The New Nationalists". Forbes.
  52. ^ McLeod, John (2002). The history of India. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 209–. ISBN 978-0-313-31459-9. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
  53. ^ "The RSS and BJP's blueprint of a new nationalism for 2019". www.dailyo.in. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  54. ^ "The Man Stoking Nationalism in India Could Succeed Modi One Day". Bloomberg. 28 November 2019.
  55. ^ Guha, Ramachandra (5 February 2018). "Patriotism Vs Jingoism". Outlook. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  56. ^ Barry, Ellen; Raj, Suhasini (12 July 2017). "Firebrand Hindu Cleric Ascends India's Political Ladder". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  57. ^ "The unraveling of Israeli democracy". Times of Israel. 21 December 2015.
  58. ^ "Nationalists of the World, Unite!". Foreign Policy. 8 January 2018.
  59. ^ "Is Netanyahu making deals with the devil?". Jewish News Syndicate. 7 February 2019.
  60. ^ "New world disorder: Trump's nationalist axis has upended global politics". Middle East Eye. 27 July 2018.
  61. ^ "Netanyahu's Negotiating With Neo-Fascists for a 'Consensus View' of the Holocaust". The Daily Beast. 12 December 2018.
  62. ^ "Bibi Was Right". The Atlantic. 18 December 2018.
  63. ^ "Top Posts for Merging With Kahanists: Netanyahu, Far-right Party Reach Deal". Haaretz. 20 February 2018.
  64. ^ "Market turmoil hits Conte's road to Rome". Financial Times. 25 May 2018.
  65. ^ "Salvini tra Russia, nazionalismo e fascismo padano". HuffPost. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  66. ^ "Blog – Salvini con Casapound: ma la nuova Lega nazionalista aspira davvero a governare? – Il Fatto Quotidiano". Ilfattoquotidiano.it. 9 March 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  67. ^ "La svolta a destra di Salvini. Errori e contraddizioni del programma economico della nuova Lega". Ilfoglio.it. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  68. ^ Politi, James (19 June 2018). "Combative Salvini Seizes Control of Italy's Political Agenda". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  69. ^ "How Matteo Salvini is Dominating Italian Politics". The Economist. 21 June 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  70. ^ Tondo, Lorenzo; Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (3 July 2018). "Matteo Salvini backed by politician 'with links to mafia'". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  71. ^ Borrelli, Silvia Sciorilli (9 August 2019). "Matteo Salvini calls confidence vote in Italian PM". POLITICO. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  72. ^ "Consultazioni, Mattarella convoca Conte per giovedì mattina: il premier al Colle alle 09:30". Tgcom24. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.
  73. ^ "Juncker loda la metamorfosi di Conte e la rivendica: "È come con Tsipras"". lastampa.it. 30 August 2019.
  74. ^ Wolfram Nordsieck (2013). "Parties and Elections in Europe – Italy". Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  75. ^ Binnie, Isla (31 January 2018). "Leading lady of Italy's right campaigns for a baby boom". Reuters. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  76. ^ "Far-right Meloni set to become Italy's first woman PM". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 21 October 2022. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  77. ^ Italy elects most far-right government since WWII. CNN, YouTube
  78. ^ Tisdall, Simon (27 November 2013). "Is Shinzo Abe's 'new nationalism' a throwback to Japanese imperialism?". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  79. ^ a b Andrés Martinez (29 November 2018). "Andrés Manuel López Obrador and Trump Make an Odd Pair". The Atlantic.
  80. ^ Jones, James R. (2 July 2018). "Mexico's new president is a nationalist, but he's not anti-American". The Washington Post.
  81. ^ Robertson, Nic (29 July 2018). "Imran Khan: Pakistan's Trump?". CNN.
  82. ^ a b c "How Neo-Nationalism Went Global". U.S. News & World Report. 15 March 2018.
  83. ^ Wee, Sui-Lee (9 May 2022). "After 36 years, a Marcos is again on the path to power". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  84. ^ Clover, Charles (2016). Black Wind, White Snow: The Rise of Russia's New Nationalism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12070-7.
  85. ^ "Aleksandr Dugin Wants to See a Return to Russian Imperialism". Vice Media. 28 April 2018.
  86. ^ Kirchick, James (17 March 2017). "Russia's plot against the West". Politico.
  87. ^ "Lebanon the next battlefield as Saudis escalate bitter struggle with Iran". Sydney Morning Herald. 12 November 2017.
  88. ^ "Saudi Royals Turn to Flag Waving and Fireworks to Marshal Support". Wall Street Journal. 24 September 2018.
  89. ^ "Saudi Arabia picks a pointless fight with Canada". The Economist. 9 August 2018.
  90. ^ "Spotlight: Inside the stricken court of crown prince Mohammed Bin Salman". GQ. 27 December 2018.
  91. ^ "Saudi 'Mr. Hashtag' becomes fall guy in Khashoggi case, but is he really down?". France 24. 25 October 2018.
  92. ^ Akyol, Mustafa (23 June 2014). "AKP pushes its own brand of Turkish neonationalism". Al-Monitor.
  93. ^ "Is Turkey Experiencing a New Nationalism?". Center for American Progress. 11 February 2018.
  94. ^ "Turkey: Toward a third 'Nationalist Front' government". Hürriyet Daily News. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  95. ^ Stevenson, Tom (21 July 2018). "'Our bodies are Turkish, our souls Islamic!' The rise of Turkey's ultra-nationalists". Middle East Eye.
  96. ^ Toubeau, Simon (24 June 2016). "Brexit: Europe's new nationalism is here to stay". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  97. ^ Khatun, Fahmida (27 June 2016). "Brexit: Rise of neo-nationalism and protectionism?". The Daily Star.
  98. ^ Matthews, Owen (28 June 2016). "Beyond Brexit: Europe's Populist Backlash Against Immigration and Globalization". Newsweek.
  99. ^ O'Brien, Matt (27 June 2016). "The world's losers are revolting, and Brexit is only the beginning". The Washington Post.
  100. ^ Ahmad, Naveed (27 June 2016). "Brexit: a call for xenophobia and neo-nationalism". The Express Tribune.
  101. ^ Collins, Philip (14 September 2017). "Britain's new Gaullists". Prospect.
  102. ^ "Editorial: Our new nationalist president". Chicago Sun-Times. 20 January 2017.
  103. ^ Law, Bill (18 November 2016). "First we take the White House: The rise and rise of Steve Bannon". Middle East Eye.
  104. ^ "Rubio Goes Nationalist". The Weekly Standard. 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018.
  105. ^ "Liberal democracy has failed in Nigeria". africasacountry.com. 28 May 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  106. ^ "Hamid Chabat: from union activist to leader of Morocco's Istiqlal". The North Africa Post. 3 October 2012.
  107. ^ "NIGERIA Buhari returns from sick leave to raging battles on economic policy – Blog Post". Africa-confidential.com. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  108. ^ "White Nationalism Moves into South African Mainstream Politics | Voice of America – English". 12 July 2019.
  109. ^ The Turn of the Fascist Archived 12 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Jane Duncan, SACSIS (2011).
  110. ^ Imraan Baccus,"Is fascism rearing its ugly head in SA?" Archived 6 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, City Press (2013).
  111. ^ "Herman Mashaba is South Africa's Donald Trump – Nehanda Radio". 2 November 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  112. ^ "John Magufuli – Tanzania's 'Bulldozer' president in profile". BBC News. 30 October 2019.
  113. ^ Tesfagiorgis, Paulos (15 June 2020). "The Cruel Fate of Nationalism and Nationalists in Eritrea".
  114. ^ "La nouvelle Internationale planétaire des nationalistes". Slate.fr. 2 March 2017.
  115. ^ Blair, Laurence (24 April 2018). "Paraguay election: Mario Abdo Benítez victory recalls brutal dictatorship". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  116. ^ "Elecciones en Bolivia: Chi Hyun Chung, el Bolsonaro boliviano que busca destronar a Evo Morales". 10 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  117. ^ Miranda, Boris (11 November 2019). "Evo Morales renuncia a la presidencia de Bolivia: Luis Fernando Camacho, el "Bolsonaro boliviano" que protagonizó las protestas que forzaron la dimisión del líder indígena" [Evo Morales resigns from the presidency of Bolivia: Luis Fernando Camacho, the "Bolivian Bolsonaro" who starred in the protests that forced the resignation of the indigenous leader] (in Spanish). BBC News. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  118. ^ Kovarik, Jacquelyn (13 November 2019). "Bolivia's Anti-Indigenous Backlash Is Growing". The Nation. The Nation. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  119. ^ "A 'Mad Max' Candidate Offers a Far-Right Jolt to the Canadian Election". New York Times. 15 October 2019.
  120. ^ Melissa Vida (16 June 2019). "El Salvador's Trump Takes Office". Foreignpolicy.com.
  121. ^ "Paraguay elects controversial president Horacio Cartes". www.irishtimes.com. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  122. ^ "Chile president-elect reveals hardline cabinet with ties to Pinochet". The Guardian. 23 January 2018.
  123. ^ "Honduran President Begins Second Term amid Scandal, Unrest". Geopolitical Monitor. 1 February 2018.
  124. ^ "José Antonio Kast lanza su movimiento Acción Republicana "para despertar a la gran mayoría silenciosa"". La Tercera. 20 April 2018.
  125. ^ "Midway through their mandate, embattled Quebec Liberals ride an airplane high". Montreal Gazette. 1 May 2016.
  126. ^ a b "Did France put an end to the new nationalism?". Troy Media. 9 May 2017.
  127. ^ Turley, Steve (20 June 2018). "Ivan Duque Wins! Colombia Turns to the Populist Right!!!". Turley Talks. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  128. ^ "In Guatemala, anti-establishment presidential candidate benefits from corruption scandals". The Tico Times. 10 June 2015.
  129. ^ "Alejandro Giammattei: La educación es el mejor anticonceptivo – Prensa Libre" (in Spanish). 9 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  130. ^ "Fabricio Alvarado, evangelical Christian, Costa Rica's presidential front-runner". The Washington Times. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  131. ^ "A Trump in the Tropics? Why a Demagogue became the Leading Contender in Costa Rica's Upcoming Election – OxPol". OxPol. 9 January 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  132. ^ Umaña, Carlos (29 March 2017). "Juan Diego Castro y la oleada post-Trump en Costa Rica". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  133. ^ Moleiro, Alonso (2018). "El Donald Trump de Costa Rica es un profeta de la antipolítica en Twitter". Al Navío. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  134. ^ Madrigal, Luis. "El populismo como arma: el caso de Juan Diego Castro". MundoCR. Retrieved 1 December 2017.[permanent dead link]
  135. ^ Fuchs, Gustavo (1 February 2018). "Costa Rica: is the far right poised for victory?". Lab. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
  136. ^ Murillo, Álvaro. "Figueres contra Chaves: el heredero del poder frente al candidato que reta al sistema para presidir Costa Rica". El País. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  137. ^ Hirsh, Michael (27 June 2016). "Why the New Nationalists Are Taking Over". Politico.com.
  138. ^ "Brexit: Europe's new nationalism is here to stay". Smh.com.au. 24 June 2016.
  139. ^ "First we take the White House: The rise and rise of Steve Bannon". Middle East Eye. 20 November 2016.
  140. ^ Ruse, Austin (19 July 2019). "Social Conservatism and the New Nationalism". Crisis Magazine.
  141. ^ "The Nationalists Take Washington". The Atlantic. 17 July 2019.
  142. ^ "The Problem With Nationalism: North Korea, Syria, Venezuela and England". The New York Observer. 14 July 2016.
  143. ^ Emanuel, Louis (13 August 2018). "How Daniel Ortega squeezed the life out of his socialist dream – and left Nicaragua on the brink of civil war". The Daily Telegraph – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  144. ^ Churchill, Chris (24 August 2020). "Churchill: Elise Stefanik stumps for Trump". Times Union.
  145. ^ Joyner, Chris. "Marjorie Taylor Greene, the Washington 'outsider,' spent donations on insider expenses". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  146. ^ "How the "QAnon Candidate" Marjorie Taylor Greene Reached the Doorstep of Congress". The New Yorker. 9 October 2020.
  147. ^ "Why Won't Some Western Slope Republicans Talk About Lauren Boebert?". 16 February 2021.
  148. ^ "The QAnon supporters winning congressional primaries, explained". 3 July 2020.
  149. ^ "What do Right-Leaning Populists Actually Want?". The Atlantic. 30 March 2017.
  150. ^ Freedom Caucus
  151. ^ Contorno, Steve (25 August 2020). "'It's a horror film': Matt Gaetz warns of Democratic rule at Republican convention". Tampa Bay Times.
  152. ^ https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2021/braga_cezar.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  153. ^ "'Team Australia': a nationalism framed in terms of external threats". Sbs.com.au. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  154. ^ Wang, Zheng (10 May 2016). "The New Nationalism: 'Make My Country Great Again'". The Diplomat.
  155. ^ "Kim Jong Un's New Year's Day Speech: Understanding 'Sovereignty' Is the Key". The National Interest. 8 January 2019.
  156. ^ Ndhlovu, Finex (2018). Language, Vernacular Discourse and Nationalisms. Springer. p. 330.
  157. ^ "New Leader Promises Reforms at Korean Film Council". Variety. 18 February 2018.
  158. ^ "Meet the South Korean Presidential Candidate Who Wants Trump to Give Him Nukes". Weekly Standard. 5 April 2017. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018.
  159. ^ "The Return of the Marcoses | Vicente L. Rafael | The New York Review of Books". Nybooks.com. 21 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  160. ^ a b "League of nationalists – Global politics". The Economist. 19 November 2016.
  161. ^ Simon Tisdall (27 November 2013). "Is Shinzo Abe's 'new nationalism' a throwback to Japanese imperialism?". The Guardian.
  162. ^ "Pakistan's Populist Triumph". The Atlantic. 27 July 2018.
  163. ^ "A Look at Global Neo-Nationalism After Brexit and Donald Trump's Election". US News & World Report. 15 March 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  164. ^ Pearlman, Jonathan (19 October 2017). "Jacinda Ardern, 37, finds out she is New Zealand's prime minister from TV as kingmaker says 'voters deserved to know first'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 21 July 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  165. ^ "Trump's hosting of Malaysia's prime minister marks another setback for the rule of law". Washington Post. 3 September 2017.
  166. ^ "Hun Sen flirts with dictatorship". Japan Times. 12 September 2017.
  167. ^ Bourchier, David (2014). Illiberal Democracy in Indonesia. Routledge. p. 255.
  168. ^ "'Questionable USD1 mln in Yameen's bank account not held by ACC' – Mihaaru". en.mihaaru.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  169. ^ "Buddhist Nationalism Reaches Beyond Myanmar". US News & World Report. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  170. ^ Gulati, Sumegha (17 October 2015). "An 'anti-Dalai Lama' atheist may steal the thunder in Tibetan polls this weekend (but lose)". Scroll.
  171. ^ Students for Lukar Jam (23 April 2017). "Are Lukar Jam's critics trying to damage his reputation?". Tibet Sun.
  172. ^ "Austria heads for a new, conservative-nationalist government". The Economist. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  173. ^ "Can Europe's new xenophobes reshape the continent?". The Guardian. 3 February 2018.
  174. ^ "Who is Vlaams Belang leader Van Grieken?". vrtnws.be. 27 May 2019.
  175. ^ Cas Mudde (3 January 2019). "Why 'good populism' is the wrong strategy to fight 'bad populism'". The Guardian.
  176. ^ Liphshiz, Cnaan (17 November 2018). "A Jewish lawyer is Steve Bannon's main ally in uniting Europe's right". The Times of Israel.
  177. ^ Stojic, Marko (2017). Party Responses to the EU in the Western Balkans. Springer. p. 50.
  178. ^ "EU warily welcomes Boyko Borisov's embrace". Financial Times. 14 January 2018.
  179. ^ "Borissov appoints nationalist deputies to his third cabinet". Euractiv. 4 May 2017.
  180. ^ Rick Lyman (24 February 2017). "In Bulgaria, a Businessman Who Talks (and Acts) Like Trump". The New York Times.
  181. ^ a b c "The new nationalism: Eastern Europe turns right". Prospect. 18 February 2016. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  182. ^ "Czech Republic elects billionaire nationalist skeptical of the EU, immigration". Theweek.com. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  183. ^ Rapoza, Kenneth. "Europe's New Political Equation: Anti-Open Borders Plus Tax Cuts Equals Winning". Forbes.com. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  184. ^ Simon Tisdall. "Danish rightwinger Kristian Thulesen Dahl rides high on populist tide". The Guardian.
  185. ^ "Estonia joins the far-right club". Politico. 30 April 2019.
  186. ^ "Jussi Halla-aho, quiet hardliner behind Finland's populist uproar". Euractiv.com. 15 April 2019.
  187. ^ "La Croix". La Croix. 26 July 2021. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021.
  188. ^ Alex Pearson (13 November 2019). "The AfD's Alexander Gauland: From conservative to nationalist". DW.
  189. ^ "AfD: Meet the far-right bosses". DW.
  190. ^ Dagmar Breitenbach (14 November 2018). "AfD′s Alice Weidel: The pride of the populists, a mystery to everyone else". DW.
  191. ^ "In Greece, the line between conservative journalism and political campaigns blurs". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  192. ^ "For Trump adviser at center of Russia probe, a rapid rise and dramatic fall in his ancestral land". Washington Post. 10 December 2017.
  193. ^ "ΘΕΣΕΙΣ". ELLHNES.net. Archived from the original on 19 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  194. ^ "ΘΕΣΕΙΣ • ΕΛΑΣΥΝ". ΕΛΑΣΥΝ (in Greek). Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  195. ^ Andy Dabilis (28 September 2013). "Profile Of A Greek Extremist: Nikolaos Michaloliakos | GreekReporter.com". Greekreporter.com. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  196. ^ "Small Euroskeptic, far-right Greek Solution party may squeeze into Euro Parliament". ekathimerini.com. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  197. ^ "Greek minister denies 'dark' anti-Semitic past". Arutz Sheva. 13 July 2019.
  198. ^ "Ex-aide to former PM forms far-right party". ekathimerini.com. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  199. ^ "Merkel And Former Communists Versus Orban And The New Nationalists". Forbes.com. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  200. ^ "Panama Papers: Iceland's prime minister had offshore holdings in collapsed banks". Irish Times. 6 April 2019.
  201. ^ Binnie, Isla (31 January 2018). "Leading lady of Italy's right campaigns for a baby boom". Reuters – via www.reuters.com.
  202. ^ "Salvini tra Russia, nazionalismo e fascismo padano". Huffingtonpost.it. 18 October 2014.
  203. ^ "Post". Ģimene Tauta Valsts. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  204. ^ "Defiant impeached former Lithuanian President launches campaign to restore litas". Bnn-news.com. November 2018.
  205. ^ "Montenegro Opposition Leader to Join Steve Bannon 'Movement'". 4 February 2019.
  206. ^ "How the Suave New Dutch Far Right Nearly Won an Election". Bloomberg. 25 May 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  207. ^ "The Kremlin's Influence Reaches Warsaw". Visegradinsight.eu. 28 May 2019.
  208. ^ "Romania Bucks Nationalist Wave With Election Shock". Bloomberg. 19 November 2014.
  209. ^ "The new nationalism – Trump's world". Economist.com. 19 November 2016.
  210. ^ Pirro, Andrea L. P. (5 June 2015). The Populist Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe: Ideology, impact, and electoral performance. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-55711-1.
  211. ^ "Slovenia's President Wins Second Term in Runoff Election". New York Times. 12 November 2017.
  212. ^ "Leader of Spanish populist party aims to become 'new Trump'". Voice of Europe. 9 November 2018. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  213. ^ Amírola, Rodrigo. "Spain's Right-Wing Populist". Jacobin Magazine. Jacobin. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
  214. ^ "Who is Jimmie Åkesson, the architect of Sweden's rising far-right?". Thelocal.se. 5 September 2018.
  215. ^ "The Trump Before Trump". The American Interest. 17 December 2018.
  216. ^ "UKIP aiming to be 'radical, populist' party – Gerard Batten". BBC News. 21 September 2018.
  217. ^ "Vil ikke være medlem av Tybring-Gjeddes 'nye' Frp". TV2. 20 September 2019.
  218. ^ "Moqtada al-Sadr: In Iraq, a fiery cleric redefines himself as nationalist patriot". Christian Science Monitor. 3 May 2017.
  219. ^ "The unraveling of Israeli democracy". Blogs.timesofisrael.com. 21 December 2015.
  220. ^ "Israel's Bennett and Shaked announce 'New Right' political party". Al Jazeera. 30 December 2018.
  221. ^ "Khalifa Haftar: Libya's military strongman". Deutsche Welle. 5 April 2019.
  222. ^ "A Renewed Sense of Nationalism Takes Root in Qatar". Stratfor. 29 December 2017.
  223. ^ Mustafa Akyol (23 June 2014). "AKP pushes its own brand of Turkish neonationalism". Al-monitor.com.
  224. ^ "Lebanon the next battlefield as Saudis escalate bitter struggle with Iran". Smh.com.au. 11 November 2017.
  225. ^ "Crown prince Mohammed Bin Salman: Inside the stricken court". Gq-magazine.co.uk. 27 December 2018.
  226. ^ "Turkey: Toward a third 'Nationalist Front' government". Hurriyetdailynews.com. 8 November 2016.
  227. ^ Elba, Miriam (8 September 2017). "Why White Nationalists Love Bashar Al-Assad". The Intercept. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  228. ^ Teller, Neville (13 October 2020). "Is Mohammed Dahlan the next Palestinian president in waiting?". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  229. ^ Balousha, Hazem (3 January 2016). "Dismissed Fatah leader Dahlan says Abbas, Hamas lack 'serious nationalism'". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  230. ^ "ROBERT GABRIEL MUGABE | African Nationalist Leaders – Rhodesia to Zimbabwe". Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  231. ^ Haynes, Jeffrey (4 April 2021). Trump and the Politics of Neo-Nationalism (1 ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 9781003122432.
  232. ^ a b "Cuban Communists Warped Sense of Nationalism". 6 September 2015.
  233. ^ "Partido para sa kinabukasan". Katipunan ng Demokratikong Pilipino. 11 November 2021.
  234. ^ Keddie, Amanda (2017). Supporting and Educating Young Muslim Women. Taylor & Francis. p. 6.
  235. ^ Meaney, Thomas (3 October 2016). "The New Star of Germany's Far-Right". The New Yorker. This article appears in other versions of the October 3, 2016, issue, with the headline "Germany's New Nationalists."
  236. ^ a b Kosmin, Barry A. (2007). Secularism & Secularity: Contemporary International Perspectives. ISSSC. p. 134.
  237. ^ "Europe's populists are waltzing into the mainstream". The Economist. 3 February 2018.
  238. ^ Flamm, Lazlo (2012), The Crisis and Eurosceptism in Central and Eastern Europe, International Centre for European Studies, p. 312
  239. ^ Pakulski, Jan (2016). The Visegrad Countries in Crisis (PDF). Collegium Civitas. p. 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  240. ^ Teitelbaum, Benjamin (2017), Lions of the North: Sounds of the New Nordic Radical Nationalism, OUP
  241. ^ "All federal councils". Swiss confederation. 15 September 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  242. ^ "Nationalism the big winner in Bulgarian election". Reuters.com. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
  243. ^ "Portugal election result cements modest gains for Europe's centre-left". The Guardian. 7 October 2019.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neo-nationalism&oldid=1254952582"