Menometrorrhagia, also known as heavy irregular menstrual bleeding, is a condition in which prolonged or excessive uterine bleeding occurs irregularly and more frequently than normal. It is thus a combination of metrorrhagia (intermenstrual bleeding) and menorrhagia (heavy/prolonged menstrual bleeding).
| Menometrorrhagia | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Gynecology |
Causes
editIt can occur due to any of several causes, including hormonal imbalance, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, usage of progestin-only contraception, or cancer.[1] Not least, it can be caused by deficiencies of several clotting factors. It can lead to anemia in long-standing cases.[citation needed]
Diagnosis
editThe initial workup includes exclusion of pregnancy and cancer, by performing a pregnancy test, a pelvic exam and a gynecologic ultrasound. Further workup depends on outcomes of the preceding tests and may include hydrosonography, hysteroscopy, endometrial biopsy, and magnetic resonance imaging.[2]
Treatment
editTreatment depends on the cause. In cases where malignancy is ruled out, hormone supplementation or the therapeutic use of hormonal contraception is usually recommended to induce bleeding on a regular schedule. Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) are sometimes used to stop uterine bleeding.[1]
Epidemiology
editIt occurs in up to 24% of women ages 40-55 years.[2]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Bouchard, Philippe (December 2011). "Current and future medical treatments for menometrorrhagia during the premenopause". Gynecological Endocrinology. 27 (Supplement 1): 1120–1125. doi:10.3109/09513590.2012.638754. ISSN 0951-3590. PMID 22182055. S2CID 24192775.
- ^ a b Donnez, J. (2011). "Menometrorrhagia during the premenopause: An overview". Gynecological Endocrinology. 27: 1114–1119. doi:10.3109/09513590.2012.637341. PMID 22182054. S2CID 38447561.