USS Ward was laid down as a 1,247-long-ton (1,267 t) Wickes-class destroyer (designated DD-139) in the United States Navy during World War I, later converted to a high speed transport (designated APD-16) in World War II. She was responsible for the first American-caused casualties in the Pacific in World War II when she engaged and sank a Japanese midget submarine before Japanese aircraft arrived in the attack on Pearl Harbor, killing both crewmen on board.
 Ward in dazzle camouflage in 1918 (as DD-139)
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 United States | |
| Name | Ward |
| Namesake | James H. Ward |
| Builder | Mare Island Navy Yard |
| Laid down | 15 May 1918 |
| Launched | 1 June 1918 |
| Commissioned | 24 July 1918 |
| Decommissioned | 21 July 1921 |
| Recommissioned | 15 January 1941 |
| Reclassified | High-speed transport, APD-16, 6 February 1943 |
| Fate | Sunk by kamikaze[1] 7 December 1944 |
| General characteristics | |
| Class and type | Wickes-class destroyer |
| Displacement | 1,247 long tons (1,267 t) |
| Length | 314 ft 4 in (95.8 m) |
| Beam | 30 ft 11 in (9.4 m) |
| Draft | 9 ft 10 in (3.0 m) |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) |
| Complement | 231 officers and enlisted |
| Armament |
|
Design and construction
editWard was named in honor of Commander James Harmon Ward, USN, (1806–1861), the first U.S. Navy officer to be killed in action during the American Civil War.[2] Ward was built at the Mare Island Navy Yard, California in a record of 17½ days.[3] Under the pressure of urgent World War I needs for destroyers, her construction was pushed rapidly from keel laying on 15 May 1918 to launching on 1 June and commissioning on 24 July 1918.
Service history
editWard transferred to the Atlantic late in the year and helped support the trans-Atlantic flight of the Curtiss NC flying boats in May 1919. She came back to the Pacific a few months later, and remained there until she was decommissioned in July 1921. She had received the hull number DD-139 in July 1920. The outbreak of World War II in Europe brought Ward back into active service. She was recommissioned in January 1941. Sent to Pearl Harbor shortly thereafter, the destroyer operated on local patrol duties in Hawaiian waters over the next year.[citation needed]
Pearl Harbor
editOn the morning of 7 December 1941, under the command of LCDR William W. Outerbridge, Ward was conducting a precautionary patrol off the entrance to Pearl Harbor when she was informed at 03:57 by visual signals from the coastal minesweeper Condor of a periscope sighting, whereupon Ward began searching for the contact.[4] At about 06:37, she sighted a periscope apparently tailing the cargo ship Antares whereupon she attacked the target.[4] Though unconfirmed at the time, her guns holed a Japanese Ko-hyoteki-class, two-man midget submarine. The death of its two-man crew was the first American-caused casualties in the Pacific Theatre of World War II, occurring a few hours before Japanese carrier aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor. The submarine was attempting to enter the harbor by following Antares through the antisubmarine nets at the harbor entrance. By entering territorial waters of a neutral country without signalling any intent to stop, the submarine was not entitled to "innocent passage" protections and the neutral party had a right to use whatever means to protect its territory.[citation needed] Ward fired several rounds from its main guns, hitting the conning tower of the submarine, and also dropped several depth charges during the attack.[citation needed]
Skepticism whether Ward had really sunk a Japanese mini-sub rather than some sort of false alarm incident persisted from the event for decades, until University of Hawaii scientists found the sunken remains of the Japanese vessel on 28 August 2002. The wreck was found in American waters 1,200 ft (366 m) beneath the sea about 3–4 mi (3–3 nmi; 5–6 km) outside Pearl Harbor.[5] The starboard side of the Japanese submarine's conning tower has one shell hole, evidence of damage from Ward's number-three gun. Ward's depth charges did no apparent structural damage to the 46-long-ton (47 t), 78 ft (24 m) craft, which sank due to water flooding in from being holed.[6]
After Pearl Harbor
editIn 1942, Ward was sent to the West Coast for conversion to a high-speed transport. Redesignated APD-16 in February 1943, she steamed to the South Pacific to operate in the Solomon Islands area. She helped fight off a heavy Japanese air attack off Tulagi on 7 April 1943, and spent most of the rest of that year on escort and transport service. In December, she participated in the Cape Gloucester invasion. During the first nine months of 1944, Ward continued her escort and patrol work and also took part in several Southwest Pacific amphibious landings, among them the assaults on Saidor, Nissan Island, Emirau, Aitape, Biak, Cape Sansapor, and Morotai.
Fate
editAs the Pacific War moved closer to Japan, Ward was assigned to assist with operations to recover the Philippine Islands. On 17 October 1944, she put troops ashore on Dinagat Island during the opening phase of the Leyte invasion. After spending the rest of October and November escorting ships to and from Leyte, in early December, Ward transported Army personnel during the landings at Ormoc Bay, Leyte. On the morning of 7 December, three years to the day after she fired the opening shot of the Pearl Harbor attack, she came under attack by several Japanese kamikazes while patrolling off the invasion area. One bomber hit her hull amidships, bringing her to a dead stop. When the resulting fires could not be controlled, Ward's crew was ordered to abandon ship, and she was sunk by gunfire from O'Brien, whose commanding officer, William W. Outerbridge, had been in command of Ward during her action in Hawaii three years before.
In early December 2017, Ward's wreckage was located by RV Petrel in 686 ft (209 m) of water.[7][8]
In the movie Tora! Tora! Tora!, Ward was portrayed by USS Finch,[9] an Edsall-class destroyer escort.
Awards
edit- World War I Victory Medal
- American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
- Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with nine battle stars
- World War II Victory Medal
- Philippine Liberation Medal with two stars
Memorial
editWard's number-three 4"/50 caliber gun was removed when she was converted to a high speed transport. In 1958, the year of the Minnesota Centennial, it was installed as a memorial at the Minnesota State Capitol in St. Paul, when the men who fired it on 7 December 1941 were members of the Minnesota Naval Reserve. A plaque containing a listing of the naval reservists from Saint Paul who served aboard Ward is now displayed in the St. Paul City Hall on the third floor between the council and mayoral offices, in an area also containing the ship's bell from the cruiser Saint Paul. The last surviving member of the gun crew from the morning of 7 December, Alan Sanford, died in January 2015.[10]
As of 2012, no other ship in the United States Navy has borne this name, although sometimes confusion occurs with the three destroyers named Aaron Ward.
References
edit- ^ Brown, p. 133
- ^ Klobuchar, Richard P. (2012). The USS Ward. US: McFarland. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7864-6429-6. Archived from the original on May 9, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
- ^ Mare Island History Archived 16 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Vallejo Convention & Visitors Bureau website. Accessed 22 August 2007. DANFS states 15 days from keel laying to launch.
- ^ a b Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet (15 February 1942). "Pearl Harbor Attack: 7 December 1941, Online Action Reports: Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, Serial 0479 of 15 February 1942". Naval History And Heritage Command. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ^ Lum, Curtis (29 August 2002). "1941 Japanese mini sub found off Pearl Harbor". Honolulu Advertiser.
- ^ Wiltshire, John C. (20 December 2003). "Japanese midget submarine: sunk Dec 7, 1941 – found, Aug 2002: Analysis of Hole in Conning Tower of Midget Sub". Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- ^
Christine Hauser (8 December 2017). "The First Photos of a Pearl Harbor Warship's Watery Grave". New York Times. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
It was midmorning on Dec. 1. The team, which included pilots, researchers, historians and officials from the Philippines, watched as images were beamed back to the vessel from a remotely operated submersible vehicle circling a shipwreck at the bottom of Ormoc Bay, about 650 feet below the surface.
- ^ "Wreckage of USS Ward Found in the Philippines". Marine Link. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
- ^ "USS FINCH (DER 328)" (PDF). USS FINCH Website. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
- ^ Phillips, Michael M. (21 May 2015). "First to Fire: U.S. Gunner at Pearl Harbor Is Laid to Rest". Wall Street Journal.
- Brown, David. Warship Losses of World War Two. Arms and Armour, London, Great Britain, 1990. ISBN 0-85368-802-8.
Further reading
editThis article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
External links
edit- navsource.org: USS Ward
- UH finds sub that led Pearl Harbor attack Archived 17 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine