This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (December 2023) |
Rolandas Paksas (Lithuanian: [rɔˈɫɐ̂ˑndɐs ˈpaːksɐs] ; born 10 June 1956) is a Lithuanian politician who served as the sixth president of Lithuania from 2003 until his impeachment in April 2004. He previously served two terms as the prime minister of Lithuania in 1999, and again from 2000 to 2001, and as Mayor of Vilnius from 1997 to 1999 and again from 2000 to 2001. He led Order and Justice from 2004 to 2016 and was a Member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019.
Rolandas Paksas | |
|---|---|
 Paksas in 2018 | |
| 6th President of Lithuania | |
| In office 26 February 2003 – 6 April 2004 | |
| Prime Minister | Algirdas Brazauskas |
| Preceded by | Valdas Adamkus |
| Succeeded by | Artūras Paulauskas (Acting) |
| Member of European Parliament | |
| In office 4 June 2009 – 1 July 2019 | |
| 9th and 11th Prime Minister of Lithuania | |
| In office 26 October 2000 – 20 June 2001 | |
| President | Valdas Adamkus |
| Preceded by | Andrius Kubilius |
| Succeeded by | Eugenijus Gentvilas (Acting) |
| In office 18 May 1999 – 27 October 1999 | |
| President | Valdas Adamkus |
| Preceded by | Irena Degutienė (Acting) |
| Succeeded by | Irena Degutienė (Acting) |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
| In office 12 July 2001 – 1 November 2001 | |
| Succeeded by | Gintaras Steponavičius (interim) |
| Member of the Seimas | |
| In office 19 October 2000 – 15 February 2003 | |
| Preceded by | Aloyzas Sakalas |
| Succeeded by | Andrius Kubilius |
| Constituency | Antakalnis |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 10 June 1956 Telšiai, Lithuanian SSR, Soviet Union (now Lithuania) |
| Political party | Communist Party of Lithuania (1983~1989) Democratic Labour Party (1989–1995) Homeland Union (1995–1999) Liberal Union (1999–2002) Order and Justice (2002~2003, 2004–2018) Independent (2003~2004, 2018–present) |
| Spouse | Laima Paksienė |
| Alma mater | Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Leningrad Civil Aviation Academy |
| Profession | Pilot, Politician, Businessman, Engineer. |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Lithuania |
| Branch/service |  National Defence Volunteer Forces |
| Rank |  Major[1] |
A national aerobatics champion in the 1980s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Paksas founded a construction company, Restako. In 1997, he was elected to the Vilnius City Council for the centre-right Homeland Union and became mayor. In May 1999, Paksas was appointed prime minister, but resigned five months later after a disagreement over privatisation. Paksas joined the Liberal Union of Lithuania (LLS) in 2000. The LLS won the 2000 election, and Paksas became prime minister again, but he left within seven months after another dispute over economic reforms.
In 2002, Paksas founded the Liberal Democratic Party, and ran for the presidency, winning the run-off against incumbent Valdas Adamkus in January 2003. It emerged that he had granted citizenship to a major campaign donor, leading to his impeachment and removal from office in April 2004. He was the first European head of state to have been impeached.[2] Barred from the Seimas, Paksas was elected to the European Parliament in 2009, while leading his party, now called Order and Justice (TT). His lifetime ban from the Seimas was ruled to be disproportionate measure by the European Court of Human Rights in 2011. In 2018 the amendment which would allow Paksas to run for the Seimas was submitted.[3] But he will not be allowed to run for president or become the speaker of the Seimas. He is considered to be the worst President of Lithuania in modern history.[4]
Early life, education and non-political career
editPaksas was born in Telšiai to Feliksas and Elena. In 1974, he attended Zemaites High School and continued his studies at the Vilnius Civil Engineering Institute (now Vilnius Gediminas Technical University). Paksas received a degree in civil engineering in 1979.[5] In 1984, he graduated from the Leningrad Civil Aviation Academy.[5][6] During this period, he competed in aerobatics competitions, participating in both Soviet and Lithuanian teams and winning several championships.[5][7]
From 1992 to 1997, Rolandas Paksas was the President of the construction company "Restako".[7]
Political career
editMayor of Vilnius and Prime Minister
editPaksas, a former member of the Communist Party of Lithuania (LKP) and its leftist successor Democratic Labour Party (LDDP) in 1995 switched his political orientation in favour of the conservative right Homeland Union (Lithuanian Conservatives). In 1997, Paksas was elected to the Vilnius City Council and became Mayor of Vilnius.[7] Paksas also served as chairman of the Vilnius branch of the Homeland Union (Lithuanian Conservatives).
In May 1999, Gediminas Vagnorius stepped down as prime minister and President Valdas Adamkus asked Paksas to replace him. The Conservatives had 68 of the Seimas' 138 seats and were part of an 81-member coalition with the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party.[citation needed]
In June 1999, he became prime minister, heading the ninth Government after independence. Five months later, he resigned because of a disagreement over the sale of Mažeikių Nafta, a major Lithuanian oil refining company, to a US oil company.[5] He then served as Special Assignments envoy to Adamkus.[8]
After leaving Homeland Union, Paksas joined Liberal Union of Lithuania and in April 2000, he became Mayor of Vilnius again. In 2000, he was elected as the Prime Minister in the eleventh Cabinet and served from November 2000 to June 2001. In March 2002, Paksas was elected as a chairman of his newly founded Liberal Democratic Party.[citation needed]
President of Lithuania
editOn 5 January 2003, he was elected President of Lithuania, after a surprise win over the incumbent Valdas Adamkus in a runoff. In the first round of elections, Paksas finished second with 19.7% of vote but, in the runoff, he gathered 54.9%. His platform included pledges to reduce poverty and income disparities, fight corruption, introduce the death penalty for drug traffickers, and move Lithuania towards a more market-based economy.[5]
On 26 February 2003 his term as president began. During his term, concerns arose that he had ties to the Russian mafia.[2] Yuri Borisov [lt], president of the aviation company Avia Baltika [lt], had donated $400,000 to his campaign,[2] and was given Lithuanian citizenship by Paksas' decree. This decree was later ruled to be unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Lithuania. Paksas' connections were investigated by the State Security Department of Lithuania. In early 2004, the Seimas started impeachment proceedings against him. On 31 March 2004, the Constitutional Court of Lithuania found him guilty of violating the Constitution of Lithuania and his oath of office.[9] On 6 April 2004, the Seimas voted on three charges: that he had leaked classified information about his investigation to Borisov; that he had improperly restored Borisov's citizenship; and that he had interfered in a privatization transaction.[2] The vote passed, effectively removing Paksas from the presidency.[2]
Post-impeachment legal proceedings
editPaksas expressed an intent to run in the June presidential election that was to replace him.[9] In response, on 4 May the Seimas passed a constitutional amendment barring impeached persons from standing for the presidency for five years following impeachment.[9] Following an appeal by Paksas' supporters, the Constitutional Court of Lithuania ruled the amendment unconstitutional, holding instead that persons who had violated the Constitution or failed to uphold their oaths of office could never again hold public offices that required an oath.[9]
The District Court of Vilnius found Paksas not guilty of disclosing classified information (state secrets).[10] This decision was reversed in 2005 by the Court of Appeals of the Republic of Lithuania, on the basis that the District Court had not linked all the supporting evidence.[10] The Appeals Court, while finding Paksas guilty of a criminal act, did not impose a penalty, stating that Paksas's departure from public service meant that he no longer posed a threat.[10]
In 2011, the European Court of Human Rights found the lifetime prohibition for Paksas to be elected to the Seimas to be disproportionate and thus in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights.[11][12]
In September 2018, Paksas suspended his membership in the Order and Justice party. But he is still not be allowed to run for president or become the Speaker of the Seimas due to his refusal to be associated with party decisions.[13][14]
Personal life
editRolandas Paksas is married to Laima Paksienė and has two children; Inga and Mindaugas. He is also a former member of both Soviet and Lithuanian national aerobatic teams, and a skilled stunt pilot who currently performs around the world.[5]
In 2006, Rolandas Paksas made a 47-day flight around the world, a trip which started and ended at Kyviškės airfield.[15][16][17]
References
edit- ^ "KASP brošiūra" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e "Lithuanian Parliament Removes Country's President After Casting Votes on Three Charges". New York Times. 7 April 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
- ^ "Amendment to allow Paksas to run for Lithuanian parliament, president to be submitted". Lithuania Tribune. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2019 – via Delfi.
- ^ "Politologai baisisi R.Pakso kadencijos rezultatais - Lietuvoje - m.DELFI.lt".
- ^ a b c d e f "Profile: Rolandas Paksas". BBC. 6 April 2004. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
- ^ "Rolandas Paksas". European Parliament. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
- ^ a b c "Rolandas PAKSAS". NATO. 25 February 2002. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
- ^ "Paksas lands in Adamkus' office". The Baltic Times. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
- ^ a b c d "DEMOCRATIC STATE-BUILDING IN POST-COMMUNIST LITHUANIA". Lituanus. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
- ^ a b c "WORLD LAW BULLETIN – March 2005" (PDF). Law Library of Congress. 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
- ^ Webcast of the hearing in Paksas v. Lithuania
- ^ ECtHR Grand Chamber judgment in Paksas v. Lithuania
- ^ "Paksas mulls new movement after leaving Lithuania's Order and Justice party". Lithuania Tribune. 1 October 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2019 – via Delfi.
- ^ Balčiūnaitė, Sniegė (29 September 2018). "R.Paksas: nebelaikau savęs partijos "Tvarka ir teisingumas" nariu". 15min (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 25 March 2019.
- ^ Digrytė, Eglė (27 July 2006). "R.Paksui skrydis aplink pasaulį pasirodė sunkesnis nei tikėjosi". DELFI (in Lithuanian). Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ^ Petit Press a.s. (10 June 2006). "Bývalý prezident sa chystá obletieť svet". svet.sme.sk (in Slovak). Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
- ^ "Former president to go flying high". IOL. 10 June 2006. Archived from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.