The Luconia Shoals, divided into the North and South Luconia Shoals, and sometimes known as the Luconia Reefs, are one of the largest and least-known reef complexes in the South China Sea.[1] Some geographers classify the shoals as the southernmost part of the Spratly Islands.[2]
| Disputed reefs and shoal | |
|---|---|
  Luconia Shoals | |
| Other names | Gugusan Beting Raja Jarum (Malay) Gugusan Beting Patinggi Ali (Malay) 北康暗沙 Běikāng ànshā (Chinese) 南康暗沙 Nánkāng ànshā (Chinese) |
| Geography | |
| Location | South China Sea |
| Coordinates | 05°36′N 112°36′E / 5.600°N 112.600°E |
| Administration | |
| State | Sarawak, Division and District of Mukah, Subdistrict of Balingian |
| Claimed by | |
Location
editThe shoals lie around 100 kilometres (62 mi) off the Sarawak coast of Borneo, inside the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Malaysia, and around 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from Mainland China. The shoals are either part of the Spratly Islands,[2] or southeast of what some sources consider to be the southernmost members of the Spratly Islands, such as Louisa Reef.[3] Extending over an area of several thousand square kilometres, both the north and south groups of the shoals are permanently submerged at depths of 5 to 40 metres (16 to 131 ft) below sea level, with the exception of Luconia Breakers. There are extensive oil and natural gas resources under the seabed in this area,[1] which is also home to various fish including manta rays, wrasse, and grouper.[4] The shoals are also where the British barque Viscount Melbourne was wrecked on 5 January 1842.[5]
The Chinese name for the shoals 'Kang' is the shortened form of 'Lo-kang-nia' - a transliteration of the English language name, Luconia. The Republic of China's Maps Inspection Committee published this name in 1935.[6]
The English language name, Luconia, is from an old name of the island of Luzon in the Philippines, depicted in old Latin, Italian, and Portuguese maps as "Luçonia" or "Luconia."[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
Features
edit| Feature | Malaysian | Chinese (Trad./Simp.) |
Coordinates | Depth metres |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| North Luconia Shoals | Gugusan Beting Raja Jarum | Běikāng ànshā (北康暗沙) | ||
| Friendship Shoal | Beting Rentap | Méngyì ànshā (盟誼暗沙/盟谊暗沙) | 5°57′N 112°32′E / 5.950°N 112.533°E | 8.2 |
| Hardie Reef1 | Terumbu Asun | Hǎikāng ànshā (海康暗沙) | 5°56′N 112°31′E / 5.933°N 112.517°E | 5.1 |
| Aitken Reef1 | Terumbu Datak Landih | Yìjìng Jiāo (義淨礁/义净礁) | 5°54′N 112°33′E / 5.900°N 112.550°E | 9.4 |
| Buck Reef1 | Terumbu Linggir | Fǎxiǎn ànshā (法顯暗沙/法显暗沙) | 5°45′N 112°33′E / 5.750°N 112.550°E | 4.9 |
| Moody Reef | Terumbu Permaisuri | Kāngxī ànshā (康西暗沙) | 5°38′N 112°22′E / 5.633°N 112.367°E | 7.3 |
| Seahorse Breakers | Hempasan Dang Ajar | Nán'ān Jiāo (南安礁) | 5°32′N 112°35′E / 5.533°N 112.583°E | 2 |
| Tripp Reef | Terumbu Litong | Běi'ān Jiāo (北安礁) | 5°39′N 112°32′E / 5.650°N 112.533°E | 3.7 |
| Hayes Reef | Terumbu Lang Ngindang | Nánpíng Jiāo (南屏礁) | 5°22′N 112°38′E / 5.367°N 112.633°E | <0 |
| South Luconia Shoals | Gugusan Beting Patinggi Ali | Nánkāng ànshā (南康暗沙) | ||
| Stigant Reef | Terumbu Sahap | Hǎi'ān Jiāo (海安礁) | 5°02′N 112°30′E / 5.033°N 112.500°E | 4.6 |
| Connell Reef | Terumbu Dato Talip | Yǐnbō ànshā (隱波暗沙/隐波暗沙) | 5°06′N 112°34′E / 5.100°N 112.567°E | 1.8 |
| Herald Reef | Terumbu Saji | Hǎiníng Jiāo (海寧礁/海宁礁) | 4°57′N 112°37′E / 4.950°N 112.617°E | 2 |
| Comus Shoal | Beting Merpati | Huānlè ànshā (歡樂暗沙/欢乐暗沙) | 5°01′N 112°56′E / 5.017°N 112.933°E | 8.2 |
| Richmond Reef | Terumbu Balingian | Tánmén Jiāo (潭門礁/潭门礁) | 5°04′N 112°43′E / 5.067°N 112.717°E | 3.6 |
| Luconia Breakers | Hempasan Bentin | Qióngtái Jiāo (瓊台礁/琼台礁) | 5°01′N 112°38′E / 5.017°N 112.633°E | >0 |
| Sierra Blanca Reef2) | Beting Batu Puteh | Chéngpíng Jiāo (澄平礁) | 4°51′N 112°32′E / 4.850°N 112.533°E | 4.6 |
1) Hardie Reef, Aitken Reef and Buck Reef, from north to south, are part of an atoll which, as a whole, is named by the Chinese as: 盟谊南 or Méng yì nán, which translates as Friendship South.[2]
2) Sierra Blanca Reef is also listed separately from South Luconia Shoals, situated about 12 miles southwestward of the latter. Its least depth is given as 2½ fathoms.[15]
Satellite Images
editTerritorial disputes
editThe Luconia shoals are administered by Malaysia, and are claimed by the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China.[citation needed]
Malaysia
editThe shoals are administered by Malaysia,[16] and the Royal Malaysian Navy and Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency maintains a 24/7 presence in the area to monitor the shoals.[17] Malaysia's Fisheries Research Institute has conducted studies on the area since 2004.[18] Malaysia organises an annual International Deep Sea Fishing Tournament on the shoals with participants departing from the Marina Bay in Miri and heading up to the area for 3 days. The participant who catches the biggest fish is proclaimed the winner of the tournament.[19][20]
On 31 August 2015, amateur marine archaeologist Captain Hans Berekoven with his wife and a team of marine researchers, as well as the Sarawak Museum curator, went to the shoals to plant a Malaysian flag.[16] Berekoven said the move was important to warn China to back down, and to urge the Malaysian government to take a serious look into the archaeological history of the area because the Sunda Shelf may have hosted a civilisation 12,000 years ago.[5]
China
editIn June 2015, Malaysian authorities detected a China Coast Guard vessel entering the area. It appears to be anchored at the shoals, about 150 kilometres north of Malaysian Borneo—well inside the 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone claimed by Malaysia. The Chinese vessel has been warned to leave the area and is monitored closely by the Royal Malaysian Navy. Malaysia lodged a protest over China's incursion into its waters,[21] as Chinese ships had been in Malaysian waters for more than two years. In a statement in 2015 by a Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department, Shahidan Kassim, he said "We have never received any official claims from them (China) and they said the island (Beting Patinggi Ali) belongs to them, but the country is 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) away. We are taking diplomatic action but in whatever approach, they have to get out of our national waters". The Malaysian government has since sent diplomatic notes every week to protest against the intrusion.[22] There have also been reports that crews aboard the Chinese vessel threatened to shoot local Malaysian fishermen who attempted to fish in the area.[23]
On 31 March 2016, Malaysia summoned the Chinese ambassador in Kuala Lumpur to protest the presence of around 100 Chinese fishing boats at Luconia Shoals. Until March, the Malaysian government rarely rebuked China in public to avoid disturbances to Sino-Malay relations as Beijing emerges as the Malaysian economy's main investor. Kuala Lumpur has "consistently played down China's activities in our territories", said Wan Saiful Wan Jan, chief executive of the Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs, a Malaysian think tank. "This could be to protect our commercial interest, or it could also be to avoid the public...realising how useless our defences are".[24]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Luconia Shoals". oceandots.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ a b c Hancox, David; Prescott, Victor (1995). A geographical description of the Spratly Islands and an account of hydrographic surveys amongst those islands (Maritime briefing ). University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit. ISBN 978-1897643181. p.2
- ^ J. Ashley Roach (2014) Malaysia and Brunei: An Analysis of their Claims in the South China Sea, www.cna.org
- ^ "Preliminary Study on the Coral Reef Resources at Luconia Shoals, Miri, Sarawak" (PDF). Malaysian Fisheries Research Institute. December 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 May 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ a b Cindy Lai (8 September 2015). "Marine archaeologist stamps Malaysia's mark on Luconia Shoals". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
- ^ Hayton, Bill (2019). "The Modern Origins of China's South China Sea Claims: Maps, Misunderstandings, and the Maritime Geobody". Modern China. 45 (2): 127–170. doi:10.1177/0097700418771678. S2CID 150132870.
- ^ Van Linschoten, Jan Huygen (1596). "Exacta & Accurata Delineatio cum Orarum Maritimarum tum etjam locorum terrestrium quae in Regionibus China, Cauchinchina, Camboja sive Champa, Syao, Malacca, Arracan & Pegu". Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.
- ^ Quad, Matthias; Bussemachaer, Johann (1598). "Asia Partiu Orbis Maxima MDXCVIII". Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.
- ^ Hondius, Jodocus (1606). "India Orientalis". Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.
- ^ Jansson, Jan (1630). "Indiae Orientalis Nova Descriptio". Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.
- ^ Blaeu, Willem Janszoon (1642). "India quae Orientalis dicitur et Insulae Adiacentes". Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.
- ^ Blaeu, Willem Janszoon (1635). "Asia Noviter Delineata". Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.
- ^ Hondius, Henricus (1636). "India quae Orientalis dicitur et Insulae Adiacentes". Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.
- ^ Mariette, Pierre (1650). "Carte Generale Des Indes Orientales et des Isles Adiacentes". Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc.
- ^ "Sailing Directions for Sunda Strait and Northwest Coast of Borneo and Off-lying Dangers". 1935.
- ^ a b "Hans Berekoven and Malaysian colleagues with Malaysian flag on Luconia Shoals". abc.net.au. 8 August 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- ^ Jenifer Laeng (3 June 2015). "China Coast Guard vessel found at Luconia Shoals". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- ^ "Luconia Shoals" (PDF). Malaysia Fisheries Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-20. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- ^ "Miri Anglers Club". Miri Anglers Club. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
- ^ "Miri Deep Sea fishing contest wants 'early birds' for logistics". The Borneo Post. 23 February 2015. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
- ^ "Malaysia Toughens Stance With Beijing Over South China Sea". Wall Street Journal. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- ^ "Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali". Bernama. The Rakyat Post. 15 August 2015. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
- ^ "Presence of China Coast Guard ship at Luconia Shoals spooks local fishermen". The Borneo Post. 27 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
- ^ "Indonesia Blows Up 23 Foreign Fishing Boats to Send a Message". The Wall Street Journal. 5 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
External links
edit- Tactical Pilotage Chart 1:250,000 Map Sheet L-11 A
- Oblique aerial photograph of Luconia Breakers (drying reef)