Displaying 1-10 of 26 results found.
2, 5, 7, 13, 19, 31, 43, 61, 79, 103, 131, 163, 199, 241, 283, 331, 383, 443, 503, 571, 641, 715, 793, 877, 965, 1063, 1163, 1267, 1373, 1483, 1595, 1723, 1853, 1991, 2129, 2279, 2429, 2587, 2749, 2917, 3089, 3269, 3449, 3641, 3833, 4031, 4229
COMMENTS
Sequence is interesting because of the fact that a(n) is a prime number for n = 0..20.
Main inspiration of sequence was indices of prime numbers in A036439 and A227547.
FORMULA
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} prime(k) + n mod 2 + 2 for n>0, a(0)=2 (from Pari code).
MATHEMATICA
s = Accumulate@ Prime@ Range@ 1200; {2}~Join~Table[s[[n]] + If[OddQ@ n, 3, 2], {n, 46}] (* Michael De Vlieger, Sep 21 2015 *)
PROG
(PARI) a(n) = sum(k=1, n, prime(k)) + (n%2) + 2;
vector(50, n, a(n-1))
Thue-Morse sequence: let A_k denote the first 2^k terms; then A_0 = 0 and for k >= 0, A_{k+1} = A_k B_k, where B_k is obtained from A_k by interchanging 0's and 1's.
+10
575
0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1
COMMENTS
Named after Axel Thue, whose name is pronounced as if it were spelled "Tü" where the ü sound is roughly as in the German word üben. (It is incorrect to say "Too-ee" or "Too-eh".) - N. J. A. Sloane, Jun 12 2018 Also called the Thue-Morse infinite word, or the Morse-Hedlund sequence, or the parity sequence.
Fixed point of the morphism 0 --> 01, 1 --> 10, see example. - Joerg Arndt, Mar 12 2013 The sequence is cubefree (does not contain three consecutive identical blocks) [see Offner for a direct proof] and is overlap-free (does not contain XYXYX where X is 0 or 1 and Y is any string of 0's and 1's).
a(n) = "parity sequence" = parity of number of 1's in binary representation of n.
To construct the sequence: alternate blocks of 0's and 1's of successive lengths A003159(k) - A003159(k-1), k = 1, 2, 3, ... ( A003159(0) = 0). Example: since the first seven differences of A003159 are 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, the sequence starts with 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0. - Emeric Deutsch, Jan 10 2003 a(n) = S2(n) mod 2, where S2(n) = sum of digits of n, n in base-2 notation. There is a class of generalized Thue-Morse sequences: Let Sk(n) = sum of digits of n; n in base-k notation. Let F(t) be some arithmetic function. Then a(n)= F(Sk(n)) mod m is a generalized Thue-Morse sequence. The classical Thue-Morse sequence is the case k=2, m=2, F(t)= 1*t. - Ctibor O. Zizka, Feb 12 2008 (with correction from Daniel Hug, May 19 2017) More generally, the partial sums of the generalized Thue-Morse sequences a(n) = F(Sk(n)) mod m are fractal, where Sk(n) is sum of digits of n, n in base k; F(t) is an arithmetic function; m integer. - Ctibor O. Zizka, Feb 25 2008 Starting with offset 1, = running sums mod 2 of the kneading sequence ( A035263, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, ...); also parity of A005187: (1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Jun 15 2008 Generalized Thue-Morse sequences mod n (n>1) = the array shown in A141803. As n -> infinity the sequences -> (1, 2, 3, ...). - Gary W. Adamson, Jul 10 2008 The Thue-Morse sequence for N = 3 = A053838, (sum of digits of n in base 3, mod 3): (0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 0, 2, 0, 1, 1, 2, ...) = A004128 mod 3. - Gary W. Adamson, Aug 24 2008 For all positive integers k, the subsequence a(0) to a(2^k-1) is identical to the subsequence a(2^k+2^(k-1)) to a(2^(k+1)+2^(k-1)-1). That is to say, the first half of A_k is identical to the second half of B_k, and the second half of A_k is identical to the first quarter of B_{k+1}, which consists of the k/2 terms immediately following B_k.
Proof: The subsequence a(2^k+2^(k-1)) to a(2^(k+1)-1), the second half of B_k, is by definition formed from the subsequence a(2^(k-1)) to a(2^k-1), the second half of A_k, by interchanging its 0's and 1's. In turn, the subsequence a(2^(k-1)) to a(2^k-1), the second half of A_k, which is by definition also B_{k-1}, is by definition formed from the subsequence a(0) to a(2^(k-1)-1), the first half of A_k, which is by definition also A_{k-1}, by interchanging its 0's and 1's. Interchanging the 0's and 1's of a subsequence twice leaves it unchanged, so the subsequence a(2^k+2^(k-1)) to a(2^(k+1)-1), the second half of B_k, must be identical to the subsequence a(0) to a(2^(k-1)-1), the first half of A_k.
Also, the subsequence a(2^(k+1)) to a(2^(k+1)+2^(k-1)-1), the first quarter of B_{k+1}, is by definition formed from the subsequence a(0) to a(2^(k-1)-1), the first quarter of A_{k+1}, by interchanging its 0's and 1's. As noted above, the subsequence a(2^(k-1)) to a(2^k-1), the second half of A_k, which is by definition also B_{k-1}, is by definition formed from the subsequence a(0) to a(2^(k-1)-1), which is by definition A_{k-1}, by interchanging its 0's and 1's, as well. If two subsequences are formed from the same subsequence by interchanging its 0's and 1's then they must be identical, so the subsequence a(2^(k+1)) to a(2^(k+1)+2^(k-1)-1), the first quarter of B_{k+1}, must be identical to the subsequence a(2^(k-1)) to a(2^k-1), the second half of A_k.
Therefore the subsequence a(0), ..., a(2^(k-1)-1), a(2^(k-1)), ..., a(2^k-1) is identical to the subsequence a(2^k+2^(k-1)), ..., a(2^(k+1)-1), a(2^(k+1)), ..., a(2^(k+1)+2^(k-1)-1), QED.
According to the German chess rules of 1929 a game of chess was drawn if the same sequence of moves was repeated three times consecutively. Euwe, see the references, proved that this rule could lead to infinite games. For his proof he reinvented the Thue-Morse sequence. - Johannes W. Meijer, Feb 04 2010 "Thue-Morse 0->01 & 1->10, at each stage append the previous with its complement. Start with 0, 1, 2, 3 and write them in binary. Next calculate the sum of the digits (mod 2) - that is divide the sum by 2 and use the remainder." Pickover, The Math Book.
Let s_2(n) be the sum of the base-2 digits of n and epsilon(n) = (-1)^s_2(n), the Thue-Morse sequence, then prod(n >= 0, ((2*n+1)/(2*n+2))^epsilon(n) ) = 1/sqrt(2). - Jonathan Vos Post, Jun 06 2012 Dekking shows that the constant obtained by interpreting this sequence as a binary expansion is transcendental; see also "The Ubiquitous Prouhet-Thue-Morse Sequence". - Charles R Greathouse IV, Jul 23 2013 Drmota, Mauduit, and Rivat proved that the subsequence a(n^2) is normal--see A228039. - Jonathan Sondow, Sep 03 2013 Although the probability of a 0 or 1 is equal, guesses predicated on the latest bit seen produce a correct match 2 out of 3 times. - Bill McEachen, Mar 13 2015 From a(0) to a(2n+1), there are n+1 terms equal to 0 and n+1 terms equal to 1 (see Hassan Tarfaoui link, Concours Général 1990). - Bernard Schott, Jan 21 2022
REFERENCES
J.-P. Allouche and J. Shallit, Automatic Sequences, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003, p. 15.
Jason Bell, Michael Coons, and Eric Rowland, "The Rational-Transcendental Dichotomy of Mahler Functions", Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 16 (2013), #13.2.10.
J. Berstel and J. Karhumaki, Combinatorics on words - a tutorial, Bull. EATCS, #79 (2003), pp. 178-228.
B. Bollobas, The Art of Mathematics: Coffee Time in Memphis, Cambridge, 2006, p. 224.
S. Brlek, Enumeration of factors in the Thue-Morse word, Discrete Applied Math., 24 (1989), 83-96. doi:10.1016/0166-218X(92)90274-E.
Yann Bugeaud and Guo-Niu Han, A combinatorial proof of the non-vanishing of Hankel determinants of the Thue-Morse sequence, Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 21(3) (2014), #P3.26.
Y. Bugeaud and M. Queffélec, On Rational Approximation of the Binary Thue-Morse-Mahler Number, Journal of Integer Sequences, 16 (2013), #13.2.3.
Currie, James D. "Non-repetitive words: Ages and essences." Combinatorica 16.1 (1996): 19-40
Colin Defant, Anti-Power Prefixes of the Thue-Morse Word, Journal of Combinatorics, 24(1) (2017), #P1.32
F. M. Dekking, Transcendance du nombre de Thue-Morse, Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences de Paris 285 (1977), pp. 157-160.
F. M. Dekking, On repetitions of blocks in binary sequences. J. Combinatorial Theory Ser. A 20 (1976), no. 3, pp. 292-299. MR0429728(55 #2739)
Dekking, Michel, Michel Mendès France, and Alf van der Poorten. "Folds." The Mathematical Intelligencer, 4.3 (1982): 130-138 & front cover, and 4:4 (1982): 173-181 (printed in two parts).
Dubickas, Artūras. On a sequence related to that of Thue-Morse and its applications. Discrete Math. 307 (2007), no. 9-10, 1082--1093. MR2292537 (2008b:11086).
Fabien Durand, Julien Leroy, and Gwenaël Richomme, "Do the Properties of an S-adic Representation Determine Factor Complexity?", Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 16 (2013), #13.2.6.
M. Euwe, Mengentheoretische Betrachtungen Über das Schachspiel, Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Vol. 32 (5): 633-642, 1929.
S. Ferenczi, Complexity of sequences and dynamical systems, Discrete Math., 206 (1999), 145-154.
S. R. Finch, Mathematical Constants, Cambridge, 2003, Section 6.8.
W. H. Gottschalk and G. A. Hedlund, Topological Dynamics. American Mathematical Society, Colloquium Publications, Vol. 36, Providence, RI, 1955, p. 105.
J. Grytczuk, Thue type problems for graphs, points and numbers, Discrete Math., 308 (2008), 4419-4429.
A. Hof, O. Knill and B. Simon, Singular continuous spectrum for palindromic Schroedinger operators, Commun. Math. Phys. 174 (1995), 149-159.
Mari Huova and Juhani Karhumäki, "On Unavoidability of k-abelian Squares in Pure Morphic Words", Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 16 (2013), #13.2.9.
B. Kitchens, Review of "Computational Ergodic Theory" by G. H. Choe, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., 44 (2007), 147-155.
Le Breton, Xavier, Linear independence of automatic formal power series. Discrete Math. 306 (2006), no. 15, 1776-1780.
M. Lothaire, Combinatorics on Words. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1983, p. 23.
Donald MacMurray, A mathematician gives an hour to chess, Chess Review 6 (No. 10, 1938), 238. [Discusses Marston's 1938 article]
Mauduit, Christian. Multiplicative properties of the Thue-Morse sequence. Period. Math. Hungar. 43 (2001), no. 1-2, 137--153. MR1830572 (2002i:11081)
C. A. Pickover, Wonders of Numbers, Adventures in Mathematics, Mind and Meaning, Chapter 17, 'The Pipes of Papua,' Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 2000, pages 34-38.
C. A. Pickover, A Passion for Mathematics, Wiley, 2005; see p. 60.
Clifford A. Pickover, The Math Book, From Pythagoras to the 57th Dimension, 250 Milestones in the History of Mathematics, Sterling Publ., NY, 2009, page 316.
Narad Rampersad and Elise Vaslet, "On Highly Repetitive and Power Free Words", Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 16 (2013), #13.2.7.
G. Richomme, K. Saari, L. Q. Zamboni, Abelian complexity in minimal subshifts, J. London Math. Soc. 83(1) (2011) 79-95.
Michel Rigo, Formal Languages, Automata and Numeration Systems, 2 vols., Wiley, 2014. Mentions this sequence - see "List of Sequences" in Vol. 2.
M. Rigo, P. Salimov, and E. Vandomme, "Some Properties of Abelian Return Words", Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 16 (2013), #13.2.5.
Benoit Rittaud, Elise Janvresse, Emmanuel Lesigne and Jean-Christophe Novelli, Quand les maths se font discrètes, Le Pommier, 2008 (ISBN 978-2-7465-0370-0).
A. Salomaa, Jewels of Formal Language Theory. Computer Science Press, Rockville, MD, 1981, p. 6.
Shallit, J. O. "On Infinite Products Associated with Sums of Digits." J. Number Th. 21, 128-134, 1985.
Ian Stewart, "Feedback", Mathematical Recreations Column, Scientific American, 274 (No. 3, 1996), page 109 [Historical notes on this sequence]
Thomas Stoll, On digital blocks of polynomial values and extractions in the Rudin-Shapiro sequence, RAIRO - Theoretical Informatics and Applications (RAIRO: ITA), EDP Sciences, 2016, 50, pp. 93-99. <hal-01278708>.
A. Thue. Über unendliche Zeichenreihen, Norske Vid. Selsk. Skr. I. Mat. Nat. Kl. Christiania, No. 7 (1906), 1-22.
A. Thue, Über die gegenseitige Lage gleicher Teile gewisser Zeichenreihen, Norske Vid. Selsk. Skr. I. Mat. Nat. Kl. Christiania, 1 (1912), 1-67.
S. Wolfram, A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media, 2002; p. 890.
LINKS
A. G. M. Ahmed, AA Weaving. In: Proceedings of Bridges 2013: Mathematics, Music, Art, ..., 2013. Max A. Alekseyev and N. J. A. Sloane, On Kaprekar's Junction Numbers, arXiv:2112.14365, 2021; Journal of Combinatorics and Number Theory 12:3 (2022), 115-155. J.-P. Allouche, Andre Arnold, Jean Berstel, Srecko Brlek, William Jockusch, Simon Plouffe and Bruce E. Sagan, A relative of the Thue-Morse sequence, Discrete Math., 139 (1995), 455-461. Jean-Paul Allouche, Julien Cassaigne, Jeffrey Shallit and Luca Q. Zamboni, A Taxonomy of Morphic Sequences, arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.10807 [cs.FL], Nov 29 2017. J.-P. Allouche and T. Johnson, Narayana's cows and delayed morphisms, in G. Assayag, M. Chemillier, and C. Eloy, Troisièmes Journées d'Informatique Musicale, JIM '96, Île de Tatihou, France, 1996, pp. 2-7. [The hal link does not always work. - N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 19 2025] J.-P. Allouche and T. Johnson, Narayana's cows and delayed morphisms, in G. Assayag, M. Chemillier, and C. Eloy, Troisièmes Journées d'Informatique Musicale, JIM '96, Île de Tatihou, France, 1996, pp. 2-7. [Local copy with annotations and a correction from N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 19 2025] J.-P. Allouche and M. Mendes France, Automata and Automatic Sequences, in: Axel F. and Gratias D. (eds), Beyond Quasicrystals. Centre de Physique des Houches, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 293-367, 1995; DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03130-8_11. J.-P. Allouche and M. Mendes France, Automata and Automatic Sequences, in: Axel F. and Gratias D. (eds), Beyond Quasicrystals. Centre de Physique des Houches, vol 3. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 293-367, 1995; DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03130-8_11. [Local copy] J.-P. Allouche and Jeffrey Shallit, The Ubiquitous Prouhet-Thue-Morse Sequence, in C. Ding. T. Helleseth and H. Niederreiter, eds., Sequences and Their Applications: Proceedings of SETA '98, Springer-Verlag, 1999, pp. 1-16. J. Endrullis, D. Hendriks and J. W. Klop, Degrees of streams, Journal of Integers B 11 (2011): 1-40.. Maciej Gawro and Maciej Ulas, "On formal inverse of the Prouhet-Thue-Morse sequence." Discrete Mathematics 339.5 (2016): 1459-1470. Also arXiv:1601.04840, 2016. F. Mignosi, A. Restivo, and M. Sciortino, Words and forbidden factors, WORDS (Rouen, 1999). Theoret. Comput. Sci. 273 (2002), no. 1-2, 99--117. MR1872445 (2002m:68096). C. A. Pickover, "Wonders of Numbers, Adventures in Mathematics, Mind and Meaning," Zentralblatt reviewEric Weisstein's World of Mathematics, ParityJoost Winter, Marcello M. Bonsangue, and Jan J. M. M. Rutten, Context-free coalgebras, Journal of Computer and System Sciences, 81.5 (2015): 911-939. Hans Zantema, Complexity of Automatic Sequences, International Conference on Language and Automata Theory and Applications (LATA 2020): Language and Automata Theory and Applications, 260-271.
FORMULA
a(2n) = a(n), a(2n+1) = 1 - a(n), a(0) = 0. Also, a(k+2^m) = 1 - a(k) if 0 <= k < 2^m.
If n = Sum b_i*2^i is the binary expansion of n then a(n) = Sum b_i (mod 2).
Let S(0) = 0 and for k >= 1, construct S(k) from S(k-1) by mapping 0 -> 01 and 1 -> 10; sequence is S(infinity).
G.f.: (1/(1 - x) - Product_{k >= 0} (1 - x^(2^k)))/2. - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 23 2003 a(0) = 0, a(n) = (n + a(floor(n/2))) mod 2; also a(0) = 0, a(n) = (n - a(floor(n/2))) mod 2. - Benoit Cloitre, Dec 10 2003 a(n) = -1 + (Sum_{k=0..n} binomial(n,k) mod 2) mod 3 = -1 + A001316(n) mod 3. - Benoit Cloitre, May 09 2004 Let b(1) = 1 and b(n) = b(ceiling(n/2)) - b(floor(n/2)) then a(n-1) = (1/2)*(1 - b(2n-1)). - Benoit Cloitre, Apr 26 2005 G.f. A(x) satisfies: A(x) = x / (1 - x^2) + (1 - x) * A(x^2). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Jul 29 2021 a(n) = a(n*2^k) for k >= 0.
a((2^m-1)^2) = (1-(-1)^m)/2 (see Hassan Tarfaoui link, Concours Général 1990). (End)
EXAMPLE
The evolution starting at 0 is:
0
0, 1
0, 1, 1, 0
0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1
0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0
0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1
.......
A_2 = 0 1 1 0, so B_2 = 1 0 0 1 and A_3 = A_2 B_2 = 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1.
The first steps of the iterated substitution are
Start: 0
Rules:
0 --> 01
1 --> 10
-------------
0: (#=1)
0
1: (#=2)
01
2: (#=4)
0110
3: (#=8)
01101001
4: (#=16)
0110100110010110
5: (#=32)
01101001100101101001011001101001
6: (#=64)
0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110
(End)
Written as an irregular triangle in which row lengths is A011782, the sequence begins: 0;
1;
1,0;
1,0,0,1;
1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0;
1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1;
1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,1,1,0;
(End)
MAPLE
s := proc(k) local i, ans; ans := [ 0, 1 ]; for i from 0 to k do ans := [ op(ans), op(map(n->(n+1) mod 2, ans)) ] od; return ans; end; t1 := s(6); A010060 := n->t1[n]; # s(k) gives first 2^(k+2) terms. a := proc(k) b := [0]: for n from 1 to k do b := subs({0=[0, 1], 1=[1, 0]}, b) od: b; end; # a(k), after the removal of the brackets, gives the first 2^k terms. # Example: a(3); gives [[[[0, 1], [1, 0]], [[1, 0], [0, 1]]]]
add(i, i=convert(n, base, 2)) mod 2 ;
end proc:
map(`-`, convert(StringTools[ThueMorse](1000), bytes), 48); # Robert Israel, Sep 22 2014
MATHEMATICA
Table[ If[ OddQ[ Count[ IntegerDigits[n, 2], 1]], 1, 0], {n, 0, 100}];
mt = 0; Do[ mt = ToString[mt] <> ToString[(10^(2^n) - 1)/9 - ToExpression[mt] ], {n, 0, 6} ]; Prepend[ RealDigits[ N[ ToExpression[mt], 2^7] ] [ [1] ], 0]
Mod[ Count[ #, 1 ]& /@Table[ IntegerDigits[ i, 2 ], {i, 0, 2^7 - 1} ], 2 ] (* Harlan J. Brothers, Feb 05 2005 *) Nest[ Flatten[ # /. {0 -> {0, 1}, 1 -> {1, 0}}] &, {0}, 7] (* Robert G. Wilson v Sep 26 2006 *) a[n_] := If[n == 0, 0, If[Mod[n, 2] == 0, a[n/2], 1 - a[(n - 1)/2]]] (* Ben Branman, Oct 22 2010 *) a[n_] := Mod[Length[FixedPointList[BitAnd[#, # - 1] &, n]], 2] (* Jan Mangaldan, Jul 23 2015 *) Table[2/3 (1 - Cos[Pi/3 (n - Sum[(-1)^Binomial[n, k], {k, 1, n}])]), {n, 0, 100}] (* or, for version 10.2 or higher *) Table[ThueMorse[n], {n, 0, 100}] (* Vladimir Reshetnikov, May 06 2016 *) ThueMorse[Range[0, 100]] (* The program uses the ThueMorse function from Mathematica version 11 *) (* Harvey P. Dale, Aug 11 2016 *) Nest[Join[#, 1 - #] &, {0}, 7] (* Paolo Xausa, Oct 25 2024 *)
PROG
(Haskell)
a010060 n = a010060_list !! n
a010060_list =
0 : interleave (complement a010060_list) (tail a010060_list)
where complement = map (1 - )
interleave (x:xs) ys = x : interleave ys xs
-- Doug McIlroy (doug(AT)cs.dartmouth.edu), Jun 29 2003
(PARI) a(n)=if(n<1, 0, sum(k=0, length(binary(n))-1, bittest(n, k))%2)
(PARI) a(n)=if(n<1, 0, subst(Pol(binary(n)), x, 1)%2)
(PARI) default(realprecision, 6100); x=0.0; m=20080; for (n=1, m-1, x=x+x; x=x+sum(k=0, length(binary(n))-1, bittest(n, k))%2); x=2*x/2^m; for (n=0, 20000, d=floor(x); x=(x-d)*2; write("b010060.txt", n, " ", d)); \\ Harry J. Smith, Apr 28 2009 (Python)
for _ in range(14):
(Python)
(R)
maxrow <- 8 # by choice
b01 <- 1
for(m in 0:maxrow) for(k in 0:(2^m-1)){
b01[2^(m+1)+ k] <- b01[2^m+k]
b01[2^(m+1)+2^m+k] <- 1-b01[2^m+k]
}
(b01 <- c(0, b01))
CROSSREFS
Cf. A004128, A053838, A059448, A171900, A161916, A214212, A005942 (subword complexity), A010693 (Abelian complexity), A225186 (squares), A228039 (a(n^2)), A282317. Sequences mentioned in the Allouche et al. "Taxonomy" paper, listed by example number: 1: A003849, 2: A010060, 3: A010056, 4: A020985 and A020987, 5: A191818, 6: A316340 and A273129, 18: A316341, 19: A030302, 20: A063438, 21: A316342, 22: A316343, 23: A003849 minus its first term, 24: A316344, 25: A316345 and A316824, 26: A020985 and A020987, 27: A316825, 28: A159689, 29: A049320, 30: A003849, 31: A316826, 32: A316827, 33: A316828, 34: A316344, 35: A043529, 36: A316829, 37: A010060.
Period 2: repeat [1, 2]; a(n) = 1 + (n mod 2).
(Formerly M0089)
+10
139
1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2
COMMENTS
The sequence 1,-2,-1,2,1,-2,-1,2,... with g.f. (1-2x)/(1+x^2) has a(n) = cos(Pi*n/2)-2*sin(Pi*n/2). - Paul Barry, Oct 18 2004 Hankel transform is [1,-3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,...]. - Philippe Deléham, Mar 29 2007 Let A be the Hessenberg matrix of order n, defined by: A[1,j]=A[i,i]:=1, A[i,i-1]=-1, and A[i,j]=0 otherwise. Then, for n>=1, a(n-1) = charpoly(A,2). - Milan Janjic, Jan 24 2010 Denominator of the harmonic mean of the first n triangular numbers. - Colin Barker, Nov 13 2014 This is the lexicographically earliest sequence of positive integers such that no polynomial of degree d can be fitted to d+2 consecutive terms (equivalently, such that no iterated difference is zero). - Pontus von Brömssen, Dec 26 2021 [See A300002 for the case where not only consecutive terms are considered. - Pontus von Brömssen, Jan 03 2023] Number of maximum antichains in the power set of {1,2,...,n} partially ordered by set inclusion. For even n, there is a unique maximum antichain formed by all subsets of size n/2; for odd n, there are two maximum antichains, one formed by all subsets of size (n-1)/2 and the other formed by all subsets of size (n+1)/2. See the David Guichard link below for a proof. - Jianing Song, Jun 19 2022
REFERENCES
Jozsef Beck, Combinatorial Games, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
J.-M. De Koninck and A. Mercier, 1001 Problèmes en Théorie Classique des Nombres, Problème 545 pages 73 and 260, Ellipses, Paris 2004.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
LINKS
Glen Joyce C. Dulatre, Jamilah V. Alarcon, Vhenedict M. Florida and Daisy Ann A. Disu, On Fractal Sequences, DMMMSU-CAS Science Monitor (2016-2017) Vol. 15 No. 2, 109-113.
FORMULA
G.f.: (1+2*x)/(1-x^2).
a(n) = 2^((1-(-1)^n)/2) = 2^(ceiling(n/2) - floor(n/2)). - Paul Barry, Jun 03 2003 a(n) = (3-(-1)^n)/2; a(n) = 1 + (n mod 2) = 3-a(n-1) = a(n-2) = a(-n).
a(n) = if(n=0,1,if(mod(a(n-1),2)=0,a(n-1)/2,(3*a(n-1)+1)/2)). See Collatz conjecture. - Paul Barry, Mar 31 2008 Dirichlet g.f.: zeta(s)*(1 + 1/2^s). - Mats Granvik, Jul 18 2016 Limit_{n->oo} (1/n)*Sum_{k=1..n} a(k) = 3/2 (De Koninck reference). - Bernard Schott, Nov 09 2021
MATHEMATICA
Nest[ Flatten[# /. { 0 -> {1}, 1 -> {2}, 2 -> {1, 2, 1} }] &, {1}, 8] (* Robert G. Wilson v, May 20 2014 *)
PROG
(PARI) a(n)=1+n%2
(Haskell)
a000034 = (+ 1) . (`mod` 2)
a000034_list = cycle [1, 2]
(Python)
CROSSREFS
Cf. A000035, A003945 (binomial transf), A007089, A010693, A010704, A010888, A032766, A040001, A123344, A134451, A300002. Cf. sequences listed in Comments section of A283393.
Numbers that are congruent to {0, 2} mod 5.
+10
35
0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 22, 25, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 40, 42, 45, 47, 50, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62, 65, 67, 70, 72, 75, 77, 80, 82, 85, 87, 90, 92, 95, 97, 100, 102, 105, 107, 110, 112, 115, 117, 120, 122, 125, 127, 130, 132, 135, 137, 140, 142, 145, 147, 150, 152, 155, 157
COMMENTS
Number of partitions of 5n into exactly 2 parts. - Colin Barker, Mar 23 2015 Numbers k such that k^2/5 + k*(k + 1)/5 = k*(2*k + 1)/5 is a nonnegative integer. - Bruno Berselli, Feb 14 2017
FORMULA
a(n) = floor(5*n/2).
G.f.: x*(2 + 3*x)/((1 + x)*(1 - x)^2).
a(n) = 5*n/2 + ((-1)^n-1)/4.
a(n+1) - a(n) = A010693(n+1). (End) Sum_{n>=1} (-1)^(n+1)/a(n) = log(5)/4 - sqrt(5)*log(phi)/10 + sqrt(1-2/sqrt(5))*Pi/10, where phi is the golden ratio ( A001622). - Amiram Eldar, Dec 07 2021 E.g.f.: (5*x*exp(x) - sinh(x))/2. - David Lovler, Aug 22 2022
MATHEMATICA
Table[Floor[5 n/2], {n, 0, 100}] (* or *) LinearRecurrence[{1, 1, -1}, {0, 2, 5}, 101] (* Vladimir Joseph Stephan Orlovsky, Jan 28 2012 *)
PROG
(Magma) [(5*n - (n mod 2))/2: n in [1..100]]; // G. C. Greubel, Jun 23 2024 (SageMath) [int(5*n//2) for n in range(1, 101)] # G. C. Greubel, Jun 23 2024
Periodic sequence: Repeat 3, 2.
+10
22
3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3
COMMENTS
Also continued fraction expansion of (3+sqrt(15))/2.
Also decimal expansion of 32/99.
Essentially first differences of A047218. Binomial transform of 3 followed by - A122803. Inverse binomial transform of 3 followed by A020714. Second inverse binomial transform of A057198 without initial term 1.
FORMULA
a(n) = (5+(-1)^n)/2.
a(n) = a(n-2) for n > 1; a(0) = 3, a(1) = 2.
a(n) = -a(n-1)+5 for n > 0; a(0) = 3.
a(n) = 3*((n+1) mod 2)+2*(n mod 2).
G.f.: (3+2*x)/((1-x)*(1+x)).
PROG
(Magma) &cat[ [3, 2]: n in [0..52] ];
[ (5+(-1)^n)/2: n in [0..104] ];
(Haskell)
(Haskell)
CROSSREFS
Cf. A010701 (all 3's sequence), A007395 (all 2's sequence), A176058 (decimal expansion of (3+sqrt(15))/2), A010693 (repeat 2, 3), A047218 (congruent to {0, 3} mod 5), A122803 (powers of -2), A020714 (5*2^n), A057198 ((5*3^(n-1)+1)/2, n > 0).
Ratios of successive terms are 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, ...
+10
17
1, 2, 6, 12, 36, 72, 216, 432, 1296, 2592, 7776, 15552, 46656, 93312, 279936, 559872, 1679616, 3359232, 10077696, 20155392, 60466176, 120932352, 362797056, 725594112, 2176782336, 4353564672, 13060694016, 26121388032, 78364164096, 156728328192, 470184984576, 940369969152
COMMENTS
Appears to be the number of permutations p of {1,2,...,n} such that p(i)+p(i+1)>=n for every i=1,2,...,n-1 (if offset is 1). - Vladeta Jovovic, Dec 15 2003 Equals eigensequence of a triangle with 1's in even columns and (1,3,3,3,...) in odd columns. a(5) = 72 = (1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1) dot (1, 1, 2, 6, 12, 36) = (1 + 3 + 2 + 18 + 12 + 36), where (1, 3, 1, 3, 1, 1) = row 5 of the generating triangle. - Gary W. Adamson, Aug 02 2010 Satisfies Benford's law [Theodore P. Hill, Personal communication, Feb 06, 2017]. - N. J. A. Sloane, Feb 08 2017 For n >= 2, a(n) is the least k > a(n-1) such that both k and a(n-2) + a(n-1) + k have exactly n prime factors, counted with multiplicity. - Robert Israel, Aug 06 2024
REFERENCES
Arno Berger and Theodore P. Hill, An Introduction to Benford's Law, Princeton University Press, 2015.
FORMULA
Equals T(n, 0) + T(n, 1) + ... + T(n, 2n), T given by A026536. a(n) = (1/2)*(3 - (-1)^n)*6^floor(n/2), or a(n) = 6*a(n-2). - Vincenzo Librandi, Jun 08 2011 a(n) = 1/a(-n) if n is even and (2/3)/a(-n) if n is odd for all n in Z. - Michael Somos, Apr 09 2022
EXAMPLE
G.f. = 1 + 2*x + 6*x^2 + 12*x^3 + 36*x^4 + 72*x^5 + 216*x^6 + ... - Michael Somos, Apr 09 2022
MAPLE
seq(seq(2^i*3^j, i=j..j+1), j=0..30); # Robert Israel, Aug 06 2024
MATHEMATICA
LinearRecurrence[{0, 6}, {1, 2}, 30] (* Harvey P. Dale, May 29 2016 *)
PROG
(Magma) [(1/2)*(3-(-1)^n)*6^Floor(n/2): n in [0..30]]; // Vincenzo Librandi, Jun 08 2011 (Haskell)
a026549 n = a026549_list !! n
a026549_list = scanl (*) 1 $ a010693_list
(SageMath) [(1+(n%2))*6^(n//2) for n in (0..30)] # G. C. Greubel, Apr 09 2022 (PARI) {a(n) = 6^(n\2) * (n%2+1)}; /* Michael Somos, Apr 09 2022 */
Multiples of 2 and of 3 interleaved: a(2n-1) = 2n, a(2n) = 3n.
+10
13
2, 3, 4, 6, 6, 9, 8, 12, 10, 15, 12, 18, 14, 21, 16, 24, 18, 27, 20, 30, 22, 33, 24, 36, 26, 39, 28, 42, 30, 45, 32, 48, 34, 51, 36, 54, 38, 57, 40, 60, 42, 63, 44, 66, 46, 69, 48, 72, 50, 75, 52, 78, 54, 81, 56, 84, 58, 87, 60, 90, 62, 93, 64, 96, 66, 99, 68, 102
FORMULA
Pair(2*n, 3*n).
G.f.: x*(2+3*x)/(1-x^2)^2.
a(n) = (5*n+(n-2)*(-1)^n+2)/4.
a(n) = 2*a(n-2) - a(n-4) = a(n-2) + A010693(n-1).
MATHEMATICA
With[{r = Range[50]}, Riffle[2*r, 3*r]] (* or *)
LinearRecurrence[{0, 2, 0, -1}, {2, 3, 4, 6}, 100] (* Paolo Xausa, Feb 09 2024 *)
PROG
(Magma) &cat[[2*n, 3*n]: n in [1..34]]; // Bruno Berselli, Sep 25 2011 (Haskell)
import Data.List (transpose)
a195013 n = a195013_list !! (n-1)
a195013_list = concat $ transpose [[2, 4 ..], [3, 6 ..]]
CROSSREFS
Cf. A111712 (partial sums of this sequence prepended with 1).
Number of colors needed to paint n sectors of a circle.
+10
10
0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2
COMMENTS
No pair of adjacent sectors can have the same color.
For n > 0: smallest prime factor of A098548(n).
FORMULA
G.f.: x*(1+2*x+2*x^2)/(1-x^2).
E.g.f.: 2*cosh(x) + 3*sinh(x) - 2*(1 + x). - Stefano Spezia, Mar 24 2020
MATHEMATICA
Join[Range[0, 1], ConstantArray[{2, 3}, 20]] // Flatten (* Robert Price, Jun 15 2020 *)
PROG
(PARI) a(n)=if(n<4, n, 2+n%2)
(Haskell)
a158478 n = if n < 4 then n else 2 + mod n 2
a158478_list = [0..3] ++ cycle [2, 3]
0, 27, 216, 729, 1728, 3375, 5832, 9261, 13824, 19683, 27000, 35937, 46656, 59319, 74088, 91125, 110592, 132651, 157464, 185193, 216000, 250047, 287496, 328509, 373248, 421875, 474552, 531441, 592704
FORMULA
G.f.: 27*x*(1+4*x+x^2)/(x-1)^4 . - R. J. Mathar, Jul 07 2017 E.g.f.: 27*x*(1 + 3*x + x^2)*exp(x). - G. C. Greubel, Sep 15 2018
EXAMPLE
G.f. = 27*x + 216*x^2 + 729*x^3 * 1728*x^4 + 3375*x^5 + 5832*x^6 + ... - Michael Somos, Sep 16 2018
A Horadam-Jacobsthal sequence.
+10
8
0, 1, 6, 13, 30, 61, 126, 253, 510, 1021, 2046, 4093, 8190, 16381, 32766, 65533, 131070, 262141, 524286, 1048573, 2097150, 4194301, 8388606, 16777213, 33554430, 67108861, 134217726, 268435453, 536870910, 1073741821, 2147483646, 4294967293, 8589934590
COMMENTS
This is the sequence A(0,1;1,2;5) of the family of sequences [a,b:c,d:k] considered by G. Detlefs, and treated as A(a,b;c,d;k) in the W. Lang link given below. - Wolfdieter Lang, Oct 18 2010 Except for the initial three terms, the decimal representation of the x-axis, from the left edge to the origin, of the n-th stage of growth of the two-dimensional cellular automaton defined by "Rule 961", based on the 5-celled von Neumann neighborhood, initialized with a single black (ON) cell at stage zero. - Robert Price, Mar 27 2017 Named after the Australian mathematician Alwyn Francis Horadam (1923-2016) and the German mathematician Ernst Jacobsthal (1882-1965). - Amiram Eldar, Jun 10 2021
REFERENCES
Stephen Wolfram, A New Kind of Science, Wolfram Media, 2002; p. 170.
FORMULA
a(n) = (2^(n+2) + (-1)^n - 5)/2.
G.f.: x*(1+4*x)/((1-x)*(1+x)*(1-2*x)).
a(n) = a(n-1) + 2*a(n-2) + 5.
a(n) = 2*a(n-1) + a(n-2) - 2*a(n-3).
a(2n+1) - a(2n) = 1, 7, 31, ... = A083420. a(2n+1) - 2*a(2n) = 1.
a(n) = 2*a(n-1) + a(n-2) - 2*a(n-3) for n>2. - Colin Barker, Mar 28 2017 a(n) = (1/2) * Sum_{k=1..n} binomial(n+1,k) * (2+(-1)^k). - Wesley Ivan Hurt, Sep 23 2017
MATHEMATICA
LinearRecurrence[{2, 1, -2}, {0, 1, 6}, 40] (* Harvey P. Dale, Jul 08 2014 *)
PROG
(PARI) concat(0, Vec(x*(1+4*x)/((1-x)*(1+x)*(1-2*x)) + O(x^30))) \\ Colin Barker, Mar 28 2017
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