Krisis minyak 1973
Krisis minyak 1973 bermula pada Oktober 1973 apabila ahli-ahli Pertubuhan Negara Pengeksport Petroleum Arab mengeluarkan satu embargo minyak. Pemberhentian itu disasarkan kepada negara-negara yang dianggap sebagai menyokong Israel semasa Perang Yom Kippur.[1] Negara-negara awal yang disasarkan ialah Kanada, Jepun, Belanda, United Kingdom dan Amerika Syarikat dengan embargo juga kemudiannya diperluaskan ke Portugal, Rhodesia dan Afrika Selatan. Menjelang akhir embargo pada Mac 1974,[2] harga minyak telah meningkat hampir 400%, dari AS $ 3 setong kepada hampir $ 12 di peringkat global; Harga AS jauh lebih tinggi. Pemberhentian itu menyebabkan krisis minyak, atau "kejutan", dengan banyak kesan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang terhadap politik global dan ekonomi global.[3] Ia kemudiannya dikenali sebagai "kejutan minyak pertama", diikuti oleh krisis minyak 1979, yang disebut sebagai "kejutan minyak kedua".
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Smith, Charles D. (2006), Palestine and the Arab–Israeli Conflict, New York: Bedford, p. 329.
- ^ "OPEC Oil Embargo 1973–1974". U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada March 6, 2014. Dicapai pada August 30, 2012.
- ^ "The price of oil – in context". CBC News. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada June 9, 2007. Dicapai pada May 29, 2007.
Bacaan lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Ammann, Daniel (2009). The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-57074-3.
- Blinder, Alan S. (1979). Economic Policy and the Great Stagflation. New York: Academic Press.
- Bromley, Simon. (1991). American Hegemony and World Oil: The Industry, the State System, and the World Economy (Pennsylvania State UP)
- Eckstein, Otto (1979). The Great Recession. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
- Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04195-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Ikenberry, G. John (1986). "The Irony of State Strength: Comparative Responses to the Oil Shocks in the 1970s". International Organization. 40 (1): 105–137. doi:10.1017/S0020818300004495.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Lenczowski, George (1990). American Presidents and the Middle East. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0972-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Licklider, Roy (1988). "The Power of Oil: The Arab Oil Weapon and the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Canada, Japan, and the United States". International Studies Quarterly. 32 (2): 205–226. doi:10.2307/2600627. JSTOR 2600627.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Masouros, Pavlos E. (2013). Corporate Law and Economic Stagnation: How Shareholder Value and Short-termism Contribute to the Decline of the Western Economies. Eleven International Publishing.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Painter, David S. (2014) "Oil and geopolitics: The oil crises of the 1970s and the cold war." Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung (2014): 186–208. online
- Randall, Stephen J. United States foreign oil policy since World War I: For profits and security (Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2005).
- Rupert, Mark E.; Rapkin, David P. (1985). "The Erosion of U.S. Leadership Capabilities", in Johnson, Paul M.; Thompson, William R., eds. Rhythms in Politics and Economics. New York: Praeger.
- Stern, Roger J. (2016) "Oil Scarcity Ideology in US Foreign Policy, 1908–97." Security Studies 25.2 (2016): 214–257. online
- Yergin, Daniel (2008). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon and Schuster.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
Pautan luar
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Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Krisis minyak 1973 |
- Hakes, Jay (2008). 35 Years After the Arab Oil Embargo, Journal of Energy Security.
- Morgan, Oliver; Islam, Faisal (2001). Saudi dove in the oil slick, The Guardian. Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani, former oil minister of Saudi Arabia, gives his personal account of the 1973 energy crisis.
- Oppenheim, V.H. (1976). Why Oil Prices Go Up: The Past: We Pushed Them, Foreign Policy.
- US Energy Information Administration (1998). 25th Anniversary of the 1973 Oil Embargo