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Biodiversity in the Amazon: Origin Hypotheses, Intrinsic Capacity of Species Colonization, and Comparative Phylogeography of River Otters (Lontra longicaudis and Pteronura brasiliensis, Mustelidae, Carnivora) and Pink River Dolphin (Inia sp., Iniidae, Cetacea)

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Abstract

We sequenced mitochondrial genes of otter (Lontra longicaudis and Pteronura brasiliensis) and dolphin (Inia sp.) species to provide new systematics data and to test hypotheses that offer explanations as to the Amazon’s biodiversity. Four of the 11 hypotheses tested --Paleogeography (PH), Recent Lagoon (RLH), Hydrogeological Recent Change (HRCH), and Refugia (RH)-- support the evolution of these three species. As part of this comparative phylogenetic study, we also considered the degree of water dependence of each species. For the least water dependent of the three species, L. longicaudis, only HRCH and RH had an influence on genetic structure, although it was relatively minor. For the more water dependent otter species, P. brasiliensis, our analyses stressed the significance of a single PH event along with two lesser important PH events. However, its gene diversification basically occurred during the Pleistocene and our analyses did detect a relatively small influence of HRCH and RH. For the completely water dependent species, Inia, we detected two significant PH events. Its genetic structure was considerably more developed than in either otter species, although the Pleistocene was a very important period of genetic diversification for the pink river dolphins (HRCH and RLH). Each species has ancestors with different geographical origins and genomes with different capacities to colonize—making it difficult to rely on a generalized hypothesis to understand the origins of the Amazon’s extremely rich biodiversity.

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Acknowledgments

Economic resources to carry out this study were obtained from Colciencias (Grant 1203-09-11239; Geographical population structure and genetic diversity of two river dolphin species, Inia boliviensis and Inia geoffrensis, using molecular markers) and the Fondo para la Accion Ambiental (US-Aid) (120108-E0102141; Structure and Genetic Conservation of river dolphins, Inia and Sotalia, in the Amazon and Orinoco basins). Many thanks go to Dr. Diana Alvarez (Colombia), Luisa Castellanos (Colombia), Ariel Rodriguez (Colombia), Esteban Payán (Colombia), Carlos Vergara (Colombia), Maria Fernanda Gómez (Colombia), Nathalí Romero (Colombia), Mariana Escovar (La Paz, Bolivia), Juanito, and Angelito (Iquitos, Peru), and to Isaias, and his sons (Requena, Peru), who participated in the capture of the pink river dolphins herein studied. Also, diverse Peruvian Indian communities collaborated with our pink river dolphin and otter captures throughout the Peruvian rivers (Bora, Ocaina, Shipigo-Comibo, Capanahua, Angoteros, Orejón, Cocama, Kishuarana, and Alamas) and also to diverse Bolivian communities, who helped to capture dolphins and otters throughout the Mamoré river and other Bolivian Amazon tributaries (Sirionó, Canichana, Cayubaba and Chacobo). Dr. Fernando Trujillo (Omacha Foundation) gently offered some dolphin samples from the Colombian Orinoco, and Amazon. Additional thanks go to Hugo Gálvez (Iquitos, Perú), and Armando Castellanos (Quito, Ecuador) to collaborate in collection permits in both countries. Similarly, many thanks go to the Bolivian, Peruvian and Ecuadorian Ministry of Environment, to the Dirección General de Biodiversidad and CITES from Bolivia, PRODUCE, Dirección Nacional de Extracción and Procesamiento Pesquero and to the Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales (INRENA) from Perú for their role in facilitating the obtainment of the collection permits. Special thanks goes to the Colección Boliviana de Fauna (Dr. Julieta Vargas) in La Paz (Bolivia). Thanks also to the Fundación Sociedad Portuaria de Santa Marta (Colombia) for its logistical support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones Molecular y Biología Evolutiva, Unidad de Genética, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cra 7ª No 43-82, Bogotá, DC, Colombia

    Manuel Ruiz-García, Pablo Escobar-Armel, Maria Martínez-Agüero & Myreya Pinedo-Castro

  2. Association Kwata, Cayenne, French Guiana

    Benoit de Thoisy

  3. Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana

    Benoit de Thoisy

  4. Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, DC, Colombia

    Maria Martínez-Agüero

  5. Department of Math Science and Technology, University of Minnesota Crookston, Crookston, MN, 56716, USA

    Josep Mark Shostell

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  1. Manuel Ruiz-García
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  2. Pablo Escobar-Armel
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  3. Benoit de Thoisy
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  4. Maria Martínez-Agüero
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  5. Myreya Pinedo-Castro
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  6. Josep Mark Shostell
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Correspondence to Manuel Ruiz-García.

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Ruiz-García, M., Escobar-Armel, P., de Thoisy, B. et al. Biodiversity in the Amazon: Origin Hypotheses, Intrinsic Capacity of Species Colonization, and Comparative Phylogeography of River Otters (Lontra longicaudis and Pteronura brasiliensis, Mustelidae, Carnivora) and Pink River Dolphin (Inia sp., Iniidae, Cetacea). J Mammal Evol 25, 213–240 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-016-9375-4

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