Estonian

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Etymology

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Etymology unclear. Originally dialectal, revitalised by Estonian terminologist and lexicographer Johannes Voldemar Veski. Possibly from Proto-Finnic *-ma + Proto-Finnic *-o. Compare Finnish -mo.

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-mu (genitive -mu, partitive -mut)

  1. Forms nouns indicating a place.
    valama (to pour) + ‎-mu → ‎valamu (sink, basin)
    vara (asset) + ‎-mu → ‎varamu (collection of assets with a high value)
    püha (sacred, holy, saint) + ‎-mu → ‎pühamu (sanctuary)
    era- (private) + ‎-mu → ‎eramu (private house)

Declension

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Declension of -mu (ÕS type 1/ohutu, no gradation)
singular plural
nominative -mu -mud
accusative nom.
gen. -mu
genitive -mute
partitive -mut -muid
illative -musse -mutesse
-muisse
inessive -mus -mutes
-muis
elative -must -mutest
-muist
allative -mule -mutele
-muile
adessive -mul -mutel
-muil
ablative -mult -mutelt
-muilt
translative -muks -muteks
-muiks
terminative -muni -muteni
essive -muna -mutena
abessive -muta -muteta
comitative -muga -mutega

Derived terms

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Indonesian

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Malay -mu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mu, from Proto-Austronesian *mu.

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-mu

  1. (casual or informal, usually singular) Second person oblique enclitic personal pronoun.
    1. As an possesive adjective.
      temanmuyour friend
    2. As an direct or indirect object
      mereka sedang mencarimuthey're looking for you
      ayah akan memberimu uangFather will give you money
    3. As an object of a preposition, with the exception for 'di', 'ke', and 'dalam'.
      hadiah ini untukmuthis gift is for you

Usage notes

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As with other enclitic pronouns in the language, this enclitic is optional.

See also

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Further reading

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Kambera

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Pronoun

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-mu

  1. second person singular genitive enclitic

See also

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Laboya

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Pronoun

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-mu

  1. second person singular subject enclitic
  2. second person singular possessive enclitic

See also

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Malay

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Etymology

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From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *mu, from Proto-Austronesian *mu.

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-mu

  1. your.
    Aku telah memulangkan penselmu.
    I've returned your pencil.
  2. you. (object)
    Aku rela berada bersamamu.
    I'd rather be with you.

See also

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Malay personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person standard sayaساي
akuاکو, ku-كو- (informal/towards God)
-ku-كو (informal possessive)
hambaهمبا (dated)
kamiکامي (exclusive)
kita orangكيت اورڠ (informal exclusive)
kitaکيت (inclusive)
royal betaبيتا
2nd person standard kamuکامو
andaاندا (formal)
engkauاڠکاو, kau-كاو- (informal/towards God)
awakاوق (friendly/older towards younger)
-mu-مو (possessive)
awak semuaاوق سموا
kamu semuaكامو سموا
kalianکالين (informal)
kau orangكاو اورڠ (informal)
royal tuankuتوانكو
3rd person standard diaدي
iaاي
beliauبلياو (honorific)
-nya (possessive)
merekaمريک
dia orangدي اورڠ (informal)
royal bagindaبݢيندا

Northern Ohlone

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Suffix

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-mu

  1. (Marks comitative case of nouns), with, alongside, in the company of
    • 1921, María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington, Chochenyo Field Notes[1]:
      Hippiš wattinekne nuhhu i-šuyakmamu
      He only went there with his relatives
  1. (Marks personal locative in pronouns, takes place of -tak which is only used for nouns), with, alongside, toward (someone)
    • 1921, María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington, Chochenyo Field Notes[2]:
      hajji nommo kaanamu
      come here with me

Quechua

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Suffix

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-mu

  1. cislocative, translocative.
    apay (to carry)apamuy (to bring; to take)
    tiyay (to sit)tiyamuy (to come sit; to go sit)

Uneapa

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Etymology

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From Proto-Oceanic *-mu, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-mu, from Proto-Austronesian *-amu.

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-mu

  1. A second-person plural possessive suffix.

Further reading

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  • Terry Crowley et al, The Oceanic Languages (2013), page 365