Lot Smith (May 15, 1830 – June 20, 1892) was a Mormon pioneer, soldier, lawman and American frontiersman. He became known as "The Horseman" for his exceptional skills on horseback as well as for his help in rounding up wild mustangs on Utah's Antelope Island.[5] He is most famous for his exploits during the 1857 Utah War.
Lot Smith | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Member of the Utah Assembly from Davis and Morgan Counties | |
| In office December 20, 1871 – 1874 | |
| Preceded by | Hector C. Haight |
| Succeeded by | Arthur Stayner |
| Member of the Utah Territorial House of Reprentives | |
| In office October 10, 1860 – 1861 | |
| 1st Sheriff of Davis County, Utah | |
| In office 1854–1859 | |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Phelemon C. Merrill |
| Personal details | |
| Born | May 15, 1830 Williamstown, New York, U.S. |
| Died | June 20, 1892 (aged 62) Tuba City, Arizona, U.S. |
| Resting place | Farmington City Cemetery Farmington, Davis County, Utah, USA |
| Political party | Independent |
| Occupation | Politician, rancher |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch/service | U.S. Army Union Army |
| Rank | Captain |
| Unit | U.S. Army
Nauvoo Legion Union Army |
| Commands | Lot Smith Cavalry Company Utah Territorial Militia |
| Battles/wars | Mexican-American War Battle at Fort Utah Utah War[1] American Civil War |
Smith practiced the Latter-day Saint doctrine of plural marriage, and had eight wives and 52 children.
Background
editBorn in 1830 in Williamstown, Oswego County, New York, Lot, with his parents and other children in the family, left New York to be with other members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The Smith family lived across the Mississippi River from Nauvoo, Illinois and were neighbors with Brigham Young's family. Lot was 14 years old when Joseph Smith, beloved as a prophet, was murdered. In 1846, while the family fled the continuing persecution of Mormons, Lot's mother was one of many Mormons who died and were buried in Iowa Territory.
Mormon Battalion
editAt sixteen, Smith joined the Mormon Battalion and served during the Mexican–American War making a journey, one of the most arduous overland marches in American history, from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas through the southwest to San Diego, where the battalion was mustered out of service.
Fortunes of Life
editAfter mustering out in California, other members of the Mormon Battalion worked at Sutter's Mill and discovered gold. Smith amassed a quantity of gold then came back across the mountains to the Great Salt Lake and Farmington, Utah, where he married, became a military leader in the Nauvoo Legion in Utah and was distinguished in campaigns to stop Indian depredations.[6]
Service in the Battle at Fort Utah
editIn 1850, when Brigham Young called for the extermination of the Timpanogos, Smith volunteered as part of the Mormon militia. On February 8, in what was known as the Battle at Fort Utah, the army attacked the Timpanogos village. On the second day of fighting, he was chosen as part of 16 men to make a charge on a Timpanogos log house, from which the Timpanogos were trying to defend themselves. They successfully took the log cabin, and the Timpanogos retreated.[7] They were able to pursue and kill around 100 Timpanogos people[8] and enslave around 40.[9]
Service in the Utah War 1857
editThe President and US Senate had chosen to remove then-governor Brigham Young from office based on reports from federal officials assigned to Utah who had abandoned their assignments and returned to the east. Young's replacement as governor of Utah territory Alfred Cumming was escorted by a contingent of 1,400 Federal troops led by Gen. Albert Johnston as part of what was called the Utah Expedition. The army's orders were to support the instalment of the new governor, using force as necessary as resistance was expected based on the official's reports.
Smith was sent on a special mission by Young, who hoped to delay the arrival of the troops in the hope that a diplomatic breakthrough could be reached before the troops reached Salt Lake City. Smith led a group of Nauvoo Legion rangers east across Wyoming along the stretch where the California, Oregon and Mormon Trails merge. Mormons, including Orrin Porter Rockwell harassed the army by burning the grass along the route, stampeding the army mules, and driving off their cattle. Fort Bridger, Wyoming was burned to the ground. Smith ordered the Union wagon trains of supplies to turn around but they complied only while he was in sight. Then, in one night, Smith and his men burned three wagon trains of supplies (food, clothing, gunpowder and whiskey for an entire army). Lot Smith and his rangers held off the Federal soldiers until an early blizzard and cold winter weather set in. The army was forced to winter near the ruins of Fort Bridger, Wyoming.
Smith's efforts and the weather stopped the army - without Mormon troops harming any soldiers on the Federal side. A diplomatic settlement brokered by Col. Thomas L. Kane and the Utah War Peace Commission, allowed Governor Cumming to take office peaceably and protected the civilian population from the army.[10]
Service in the Civil War
editLot Smith led a contingent of the Nauvoo Legion that, at the request of Abraham Lincoln, guarded the telegraph line in conjunction with the U.S. Army during the Civil War. He commanded the Lot Smith Cavalry Company.[11]
Elected to public office
editLot Smith was the first sheriff of Davis County, Utah. He also served in the Utah Territorial Legislature, serving in the lower house and upper house of the legislature.[12][13][14]
Settlement in Northern Arizona
editSmith was asked to help the development of the Mormon settlement along the Little Colorado River. Smith led a large group that arrived in the spring of 1876 settling Sunset, Arizona and Brigham City, Arizona near present-day Winslow. Up river, Obed and St. Joseph (now Joseph City, Arizona) were colonized. Local Indians were befriended, Lot Smith became highly respected among the Navajo Indians. The establishment of settlements at the Sunset Crossing of the Little Colorado River was important in facilitating the subsequent Mormon colonization of eastern and central and southern Arizona, eastern New Mexico and even northern Mexico and southern Colorado. All branches of the Honeymoon Trail fanned out from this point. Lot Smith established a United Order at Sunset and became the first LDS Stake President in Arizona. Flash floods, droughts, crop failures, internal dissension, anti-Mormon sentiment and prosecution of polygamous leaders, and the Aztec Land & Cattle Company or Hashknife Outfit all took their toll on the small settlements. Tensions rose. Although Smith's inspiring oratory was appreciated, some ran afoul of his temper and others found him heavy-handed and resented his domineering.
Residents gravitated toward the timbered land closer to the Mogollon Rim. Lot Smith built a home at Smith Spring near Mormon Lake and directed the establishment of a dairy, sawmill and ranching operations in the area.
Gunplay
editSeeking to displace the Circle S ranching operations, a sheepman named Daggs hired a Hashknife cowboy/gunman named Thistle to eliminate Lot Smith. The strategy was to pick a fight with the targeted person, get him to draw, then shoot him and claim self-defense. Daggs and Thistle encountered Smith working livestock in his corral with two young sons. Thistle proceeded to goad Smith to anger. Smith turned and began walking to his house to get a firearm. Daggs urged Thistle to "Shoot him now." Thistle declined to shoot an unarmed man in the back. Smith returned with a rifle and saw Thistle's pistol and hand starting to come out from where Thistle had taken cover. Shooting from the hip, Smith hit Thistle's pistol and amputated one of Thistle's fingers. That was the end of the gunfight but not the end of the trouble. Knowing Lot Smith was already subject to a federal warrant for polygamy, Daggs instigated another warrant for the arrest of Smith for the "assault" on Thistle. Smith, respected by local lawmen, was able to appear in court for an acquittal and avoid federal arrest. Daggs moved his sheep away and into the Tonto Basin, fueling the smoldering Tewksberry - Graham feud into the conflagration of the Pleasant Valley War.
Death
editAfter 1886, with the collapse of the Sunset community and Smith's release from presiding church office, along with crippling injuries from farm machinery and continuing threat of prosecution for polygamy, Smith's star was descendant. In 1892 he had taken up residence in cabins with two wives in Big Canyon, east of Tuba City, Arizona where Mormons had early proselytized local Hopi and Navajo Native Americans.
Although relations with the Indians, especially the Hopi, were initially cooperative, the growing numbers of Mormons in the Tuba City area began to cause friction in an area with limited water, grazing and farming resources. Non-Mormons were also jealous of the Mormon influence in the area. Another plot was hatched[by whom?] to eliminate the old Mormon, Lot Smith, and to spark conflict between the Mormons and the Native Americans. This time some of the war-like Navajo were chosen[by whom?] as pawns and scapegoats.[15]
On June 20, 1892, Smith found a flock of sheep turned into his fenced field of new barley by Navajo sheepherders. Horseback, Smith tried to drive the sheep out but Navajos at the gate repeatedly used their blankets to shoo the animals back in. Angered, Smith returned to his cabin to get his pistol. His wife, fearful of the consequences, pleaded with him not to go back. His ire kindled, Smith returned to his barley crop and again tried to drive the sheep out. Now, each time a sheep was shooed back from the gate, Smith would shoot the animal. The Indians retaliated in kind, shooting several of Smith's nearby milch cows.
At an impasse, Smith began to ride away back to his cabin. Along the way a pistol-packing Navajo, Cat-chose, had set up to ambush Smith. Nearly simultaneously, Smith was shot in the back by a rifle and mortally wounded. Smith died that evening, accompanied by keening mourning of a crowd of Native American friends and onlookers. Although the plotters[who?] succeeded in killing Lot Smith, they were thwarted in their attempt to spark a conflict between the Mormons and the Native Americans. The local Mormon community was stunned and saddened by the loss of a patriarch, but revenge was forestalled by the local Mormon bishop who advised the community to "do nothing and say nothing."[16]
Smith was buried near his cabin. A decade later, due to his grave being full of natural spring water, his remains were returned with great pomp and ceremony to Farmington, Utah where his grave became something of a symbol of the Mormon pioneer as frontiersman, soldier, and Indian fighter.[17]
References
edit- ^ Served with allegiance to the State of Deseret
- ^ When the main group of saints left and steeled in Utah, the Deseret Territorial Militia was formed, however this was not federally authorized.
- ^ During the Utah war the Nauvoo legion was declared in rebellion. Lot Smith led raids against the US
- ^ After the Utah territory was founded, the militias in Utah where formed into a federally authorized milita
- ^ "Lot Smith papers - Archives West". archiveswest.orbiscascade.org. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
- ^ MSS SC 2234; Utah Indian war records; 20th Century Western and Mormon Manuscripts; L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University.
- ^ Edward William Tullidge (1850). The History of Salt Lake City and Its Founders. p. 70.
- ^ Farmer, Jared (2008). On Zion's Mount: Mormons, Indians, and the American Landscape. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674027671.
- ^ Stansbury, Howard; Spencer Fullerton Baird; Charles Girard; Samuel Stehman Haldeman; John Torrey; James Hall (1852). Exploration and survey of the valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah, including a reconnaissance of a new route through the Rocky Mountains. Lippincott, Grambo & Co.
- ^ Magazine, Smithsonian. "The Brink of War". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
- ^ "The Lot Smith Cavalry Company: Utah Goes to War | Religious Studies Center". rsc.byu.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-04.
- ^ "History".
- ^ "Lot Smith papers, 1854-1890". www.azarchivesonline.org. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
- ^ "Our History | Utah Senate". senate.utah.gov. Retrieved 2024-01-03.
- ^ Robert E. L. Michie, Report on Lot Smith Killing, July 13, 1892, 3.
- ^ David L. Brinkerhoff, letter to Jesse N. Smith, July 5, 1892
- ^ Seymour B. Young of the First Council of the Seventy, “Lest We Forget, Captain Lot Smith (Concluded),” Improvement Era 25, no. 11 (1922): 1006.
- Peterson, Charles S., Take Up Your Mission: Mormon Colonizing Along the Little Colorado, 1870-1900 (1973)
- Peterson, Charles S., "A Mighty Man Was Brother Lot: A Portrait of Lot Smith, Mormon Frontiersman," Western Historical Quarterly (Vol. 1, No. 4) October 1970 Published by: Western Historical Quarterly, Utah State University on behalf of The Western History Association.
- Schindler, Harold, Orrin Porter Rockwell: Man of God, Son of Thunder (1983)
- Smith, Grant Gill, The Living Words of Alice Ann Richards Smith (1968)
- Pavlik, Steve (Spring 1992). "Of Saints and Lamanites: An Analysis of Navajo Mormonism". Wíčazo Ša Review. 8 (1): 21–30. doi:10.2307/1409360. JSTOR 1409360.
- McPherson, Robert S. The Northern Navajo Frontier, 1860-1900: Expansion Through Adversity. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988.
- Smith, Carmen R. and Hooper, Talana S. “LOT SMITH Mormon Pioneer and American Frontiersman.” Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2018.