The Detroit–Windsor tunnel (French: tunnel de Détroit-Windsor), also known as the Detroit–Canada tunnel,[2] is an international highway tunnel connecting the cities of Detroit, Michigan, United States and Windsor, Ontario, Canada. It is the second-busiest crossing between the United States and Canada, the first being the Ambassador Bridge, which also connects the two cities, which are situated on the Detroit River.
 | |
| Overview | |
|---|---|
| Status | Open |
| Crosses | Detroit River |
| Start | Detroit, Michigan |
| End | Windsor, Ontario |
| Operation | |
| Work begun | 1928 |
| Opened | November 3, 1930 |
| Owner | Cities of Detroit and Windsor |
| Operator | Detroit-Windsor Tunnel Company, LLC (Detroit Plaza) & Windsor Detroit Borderlink Limited (Windsor Plaza) |
| Traffic | Automotive |
| Toll | US$6.75/C$6.75 (autos travelling into US) US$7.50/C$7.50 (autos travelling into Canada)[1] |
| Vehicles per day | 12,000 |
| Technical | |
| Design engineer | Parsons, Klapp, Brinckerhoff & Douglas |
| Length | 5,160 feet (1,570 m) |
| No. of lanes | 2 |
| Tunnel clearance | 12 feet 8 inches (3.86 m) |
| Width | 22 feet (6.7 m) |
| Depth of tunnel below water level | 45 feet (14 m) |
Overview
editThe tunnel is 5,160 feet (1,573 m) long (nearly a mile). At its lowest point, the two-lane roadway is 75 feet (23 m) below the river surface.[3] There is a wide no-anchor zone enforced on river traffic around the tunnel.
The tunnel has three main levels. The bottom level brings in fresh air under pressure, which is forced into the mid level, where the traffic lanes are located. The ventilation system forces vehicle exhaust into the third level, which is then vented at each end of the tunnel.[3]
History
editConstruction
editConstruction began on the tunnel in the summer of 1928.[3]
The Detroit–Windsor tunnel was built by the firm Parsons, Klapp, Brinckerhoff and Douglas (the same firm that built the Holland Tunnel).[4] The executive engineer was Burnside A. Value, the engineer of design was Norwegian-American engineer Søren Anton Thoresen, while fellow Norwegian-American Ole Singstad consulted, and designed the ventilation.[5][6]
Three different methods were used to construct the tunnel.[7][3] The approaches were constructed using the cut-and-cover method. Beyond the approaches, a tunneling shield method was used to construct hand-bored tunnels. Most of the river section used the immersed tube method in which steam-powered dredgers dug a trench in the river bottom and then covered over with 4 to 20 feet (1.2 to 6.1 m) of mud. The nine 250 feet (76 m)-long tubes measured 35 feet (11 m) in diameter.[7]
The Detroit–Windsor tunnel was completed in 1930 at a total cost of approximately $25 million (around $363 million in 2023 dollars).[8][9] It was the third underwater vehicular tunnel constructed in the United States,[10] following the Holland Tunnel, between Jersey City, New Jersey, and downtown Manhattan, New York, and the Posey Tube, between Oakland and Alameda, California.
Its creation followed the opening of cross-border rail freight tunnels including the St. Clair Tunnel between Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario, in 1891 and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel between Detroit and Windsor in 1910.
The cities of Detroit and Windsor hold the distinction of jointly creating both the second and third tunnels between two nations in the world. The Detroit–Windsor tunnel is the world's third tunnel between two nations, and the first international vehicle tunnel. The Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, also under the Detroit River, was the second tunnel between two nations. The St. Clair Tunnel, between Port Huron, Michigan, and Sarnia, Ontario, under the St. Clair River, was the first.
Operations since 2007
editIn 2007, billionaire Manuel Moroun, owner of the nearby Ambassador Bridge, attempted to purchase the American side of the tunnel.[11] In 2008, the City of Windsor controversially attempted to purchase the American side for $75 million, but the deal fell through after a scandal involving then-Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick.[11][12]
Soon afterward, the city's finances were badly hit in a recession and the tunnel's future was in question. Following Detroit's July 2013 bankruptcy filing, Windsor Mayor Eddie Francis said that his city would consider purchasing Detroit's half of the tunnel if it was offered for sale.[13]
On July 25, 2013, the lessor, manager and operator of the tunnel, Detroit Windsor Tunnel LLC, and its parent company, American Roads, LLC, voluntarily filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York.[14] The American lease was eventually purchased by Syncora Guarantee, a Bermuda-based insurance company.[11] Soon afterward, the lease with Detroit was extended to 2040.[11] Both Syncora and Windsor retained the Windsor-Detroit Tunnel Corporation to manage the daily operations and upkeep of the tunnel. In May 2018, Syncora sold its interest in American Roads, LLC for $220 million to DIF Capital Partners, a Dutch-based investment fund management company specializing in infrastructure assets.[15]
A $21.6 million renovation of the tunnel began in October 2017 to replace the aging concrete ceiling, along with other improvements to the infrastructure. Completion of the project was initially scheduled for June 2018,[16] but is ongoing as of 2021.[17]
Usage
editThe Detroit–Windsor tunnel crosses the Canada–United States border; an International Boundary Commission plaque marking the boundary in the tunnel is between flags of the two countries.[18] The tunnel is the second-busiest crossing between the United States and Canada after the nearby Ambassador Bridge. A 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the region and $13 billion (U.S.) in annual production depend on the Windsor-Detroit international border crossing.[19] Between 2001 and 2005, profits from the tunnel peaked, with the cities receiving over $6 million annually. A steep decline in traffic eliminated profits from the tunnel from 2008 until 2012, with a modest recovery in the years since.[11]
Traffic
editAbout 13,000 vehicles a day use the tunnel despite having one lane in each direction and not allowing large trucks.[18] Historically, the tunnel carried a smaller amount of commercial traffic than other nearby crossings because of physical and cargo restraints, as well as limits on accessing roadways.[20] Passenger automobile traffic on the tunnel increased from 1972, until it peaked in 1999 at just under 10 million vehicle crossings annually.[20] After 1999, automobile crossings through the tunnel declined, dropping under 5 million for the first time in over three decades in 2007.[20] Traffic on the tunnel later recovered slightly in the following years when the economy began to improve after 2008.[11]
Tolls
editTolls were last increased on the Canadian side in July 2021, 37% for those using Canadian currency and 11% using American currency.[21] Standard tolls for non-commercial Canada-bound vehicles are US$7.50 and C$7.50; United States-bound tolls are also US$6.75 but C$6.75. For frequent crossers, the Nexpress Toll Card for cheaper rates.[1] Commercial vehicles and buses are charged higher rates. Motorcycles, scooters and bicycles are prohibited.[1]
Features
editTunnel truck for disabled vehicles
editWhen the tunnel first opened in the 1930s the operators had a unique rescue vehicle to tow out disabled vehicles without having to back in or turn around to perform this role. The vehicle had two drivers, one facing in the opposite direction of the other. The vehicle was driven in, the disabled vehicle was hooked up, then the driver facing the other way drove it out. This emergency vehicle also had 600 feet (180 m) of water hose with power drive and chemical fire extinguishers.[22]
CKLW, WJR and the tunnel
editIn the late 1960s, Windsor radio station CKLW AM 800 engineered a wiring setup which has allowed the station's signal to be heard clearly by automobiles traveling through the tunnel. Currently Detroit radio station WJR AM 760 can be heard clearly in the tunnel.
Ventilation
editThe upper and lower levels of the tunnel are used as exhaust and intake air ducts. One hundred-foot ventilation towers[clarification needed] on both ends of the tunnel enable air exchange once every 90 seconds.[23]
Photo gallery
edit-
The point of international crossing is marked.
-
Entering from the Canadian side at Goyeau Street
-
Entering from the US side at Jefferson Ave
-
Transit Windsor's "tunnel bus" is a municipally operated bus that regularly crosses the border; it waits in Detroit as passengers go through U.S. Customs.
-
U.S. Customs and Border Protection Checkpoint
-
Detroit portal of the tunnel
-
Video of drive through tunnel from Windsor to Detroit in 2010
See also
edit- Ambassador Bridge
- Gordie Howe International Bridge, a second bridge crossing currently under construction
- Detroit International Riverfront
- Transportation in metropolitan Detroit
- Detroit–Windsor
References
edit- ^ a b c "Toll Rates August 2021" (PDF). windsortunnel.com. Windsor Detroit Borderlink Limited. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ "The Detroit-Canada Tunnel | Windsor Public Library". www.windsorpubliclibrary.com. Windsor Public Library. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
- ^ a b c d "History". Detroit Windsor Tunnel. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
- ^ "Detroit & Canada Tunnel Company 1931". Scripophily. Archived from the original on 2008-06-03.
- ^ Bjork, Kenneth (1947), Saga in Steel and Concrete: Norwegian Engineers in America, Norwegian-American Historical Association, pp. 191–202, archived from the original on June 3, 2008
- ^ Scandinavian East Coast Museum, Genealogical Listings Archived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Jones, Jenny (Jan 2011). "An International Connection: The Detroit-Windsor Tunnel". Civil Engineering. Vol. 81. ASCE. pp. 44–45. doi:10.1061/ciegag.0000546. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
- ^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
- ^ "A $25,000,000 Mile Tunnel" Popular Mechanics, December 1930, pp 889-890 detailed article with photos and drawings on construction
- ^ Berlow, Lawrence (2015-04-22). Reference Guide to Famous Engineering Landmarks of the World: Bridges, Tunnels, Dams, Roads and Other Structures. Routledge. ISBN 9781135932619.
- ^ a b c d e f Battagello, Dave (July 27, 2015). "City of Windsor moves to secure tunnel's long-term fate". The Windsor Star. Archived from the original on 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2015-10-01.
- ^ DetNews.com. Council overrides mayor's veto on Detroit-Windsor tunnel sale. July 29, 2008.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Gallagher, John (July 19, 2013). "Windsor mayor: We would consider buying tunnel to Canada if it's sold in bankruptcy". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on November 2, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
- ^ "American Roads, LLC – Owner/Lessor & Operator of Toll Roads in Alabama and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel – Files for Bankruptcy – Chapter 11 Cases". Archived from the original on 2013-07-25. Retrieved 2013-07-25.
- ^ Gallagher, John (7 May 2018). "Company that operates Detroit-Windsor Tunnel is sold". Detroit Free Press. Michigan.com. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
- ^ Ramirez, Charles E. (26 October 2017). "First look at Detroit-Windsor Tunnel renovations". The Detroit News. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
- ^ Champion, Brandon (15 May 2020). "Detroit-Windsor Tunnel increasing overnight closures to speed up $22M renovation project". MLive.com. Advance Local Media LLC. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
- ^ a b "Chapter 4: The Watery Boundary". United Divide: A Linear Portrait of the USA/Canada Border. The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Winter 2015.
- ^ Detroit Regional Chamber (2006) Detroit/Windsor Border Update: Part I-Detroit River International Crossing Study Archived 2006-03-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c "Detroit River International Crossing Project Forecast Refresh and Update" (PDF). February 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Schmidt, Doug (28 July 2021). "Reopened border tunnel to greet visitors with higher tolls". Windsor Star. PostMedia Network. MSN. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
- ^ "Tunnel Truck Has Two Front Ends." Popular Science, November 1930, p. 71, bottom of page.
- ^ Duffy, Kaylie. "Today in Engineering History: Subaqueous Detroit-Windsor Tunnel Opens". Product Design & Development. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.