Kumhrar or Kumrahar is the area of Patna where remains of the ancient city of Pataliputra were excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India starting from 1913. It is located 5 km east of Patna Railway Station.[1]
Kumhrar | |
|---|---|
Neighbourhood | |
 Ruins of Arogya Vihar, ancient city of Pataliputra, Kumhrar | |
  Kumhrar Location in Patna, India | |
| Coordinates: 25°35′56″N 85°11′5″E / 25.59889°N 85.18472°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State | Bihar |
| Metro | Patna |
| Languages | |
| • Spoken | Hindi, Magadhi |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 800026 |
| Planning agency | Patna Regional Development Authority |
| Civic agency | Patna Municipal Corporation |
| Website | patna.nic.in |
Archaeological remains of the Mauryan period (322–185 BCE) have been discovered here,[2] this include the ruins of a hypostyle 80-pillared hall[3][4] The excavation finding here dates back to 600 BCE,[5] and marks the ancient capital of Ajātasattu, Chandragupta and Ashoka, and collectively the relics range from four continuous periods from 600 BCE to 600 CE.[5]
Assembly Hall of 80-pillars
editFollowing the excavation of nearby Bulandi Bagh by L.A. Waddell in 1895,[6] American archaeologist David Brainard Spooner excavated in 1912–1913 in Kumhrar one pillar of polished stone, and a very large number of fragments. The excavators were able to trace 72 'pits' of ash and rubble on the site which marked the position in which other pillars must once have stood. During the subsequent excavation, done by K P Jaiswal, 1951–1955, eight more such pits were found, giving the hall its present name – "Assembly hall of 80 pillars"...
The pillars are arranged in 8 rows of 10 pillars each. The pillars are separated with each other by a distance of 4.57 meters. Each pillar is made of black spotted buff sandstone monoliths, and was 9.75 meters in height, of which 2.74 meters were below the surface for grounding. Since no other stone works were recovered, it is thought that the pillars sustained a wooden roof, and that there were no surrounding walls, making it an open-air hall. South of the pillared hall, seven wooden platforms were excavated, which are thought to have supported a staircase going into the canal to welcome guests.[7]
All the ruins are attributed to the Mauryan period, though historians vary regarding the use of the 80-pillar hall, some suggest that it was in this hall that Third Buddhist Council was held,[4] in 250 BCE, at Ashokarama in Patiliputta (Pataliputra), under the reign of Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka (r. 273-232 BCE). The pillared hall seems to have been located about 350 meters south of the wooden palisades of the city of Pataliputra (discovered in the area of Bulandi Bagh), and was standing by the banks of the former Son river, and therefore cannot have been the Mauryan palace, but probably only "a pleasure hall outside the city walls".[8]
Spooner initially thought that the pillars that were not found had sunk into the ground, but later research by Indian archaeologist Altekar showed that instead they had been removed by locals and reused for construction purposes. Altekar also thought that the compound was an isolated structure outside the city of Pataliputra, with not much around it, and that it had been burnt down during the time of the Sunga.[9]
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Mauryan ruins at the Kumhrar site of Pataliputra. The unique pillar that was found can be seen in the middle of the photograph.
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Ruins of the pillared hall at the Kumhrar site of Pataliputra.
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Wooden platforms just south of the hall, thought to have supported a staircase to the canal.
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Locations of Kumhrar and Bulandi Bagh respective to ancient Pataliputra and modern Patna.[8]
Other structures
editAnand Bihar: The foundations of the brick Buddhist monastery were excavated, apart from wooden beams and clay figures, which are now kept for public display in the surrounding park.[5]
Arogya Vihar: Also found during the excavations, are the presence of an Arogya Vihar headed by Dhanvantari, an early Indian medical practitioner, considered the source of Ayurveda.[4]
Durakhi Devi Temple – Excavations in 1890s, by Laurence Waddell, revealed a detached piece of a carved stone railing of a stupa, with female figures on both the sides, giving it the name, 'Durukhi' or 'Durukhiya' (double faced) Devi, a specimen of Shunga art 2-1st century BCE. The figures are shown grabbing and breaking branches of trees, are Shalabhanjikas (the breaker of branches), the young women under a fertility ritual. These images were later brought to their present location, at Naya Tola (Kankarbagh), a kilometer west to the site, where they are presently worshipped in a temple-like structure; a replica of these figures has also been kept in Patna Museum.
Kumhrar is going to have a[10] metro station under[11] the Patna Metro plan.[12]
See also
edit- Agam Kuan (Ashoka's Hell chambers)
- Barabar Caves
- Bulandi Bagh (location of the city palisade, and the Pataliputra capital)
- Zoombla
Further reading
edit- Altekar, A. S. Coins in Kumrahar and Bulandibag (Pataliputra) Excavations in 1912–13. (1951).
- Stewart, M. (1993) "D. B. Spooner at Kumrahar: The Persepolitan Legacy", Bulletin of the Asia Institute, pp. 193–201. JSTOR 24048442
- Altekar, A. S. and Mishra, V. (1959) Report on Kumrahar Excavations 1951–1955, Historical Research Series vol.III. Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute. Available at: https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.28541.
References
edit- ^ "Destinations :: Patna". Archived from the original on 18 September 2014.
- ^ "Experts' meet to preserve Kumhrar on Dec 29 - Times of India". The Times of India. 26 December 2006. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ^ Devise plan to save Kumhrar site:HC The Times of India, 1 February 2002.
- ^ a b c Experts' meet to preserve Kumhrar The Times of India, 26 December 2006
- ^ a b c Ancient city of Pataliputra Archived 10 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Patna Official website.
- ^ "It took 40 yrs to find first traces of Ashoka's Pataliputra. Now, we must find the rest". ThePrint. 18 September 2023.
- ^ Museum notice on the location of the remains Archived 26 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Fortified Cities of Ancient India: A Comparative Study, p.11 p.40-43 Dieter Schlingloff, Anthem Press, 2014 Schlingloff, Dieter (December 2014). Fortified Cities of Ancient India: A Comparative Study. Anthem Press. ISBN 9781783083497. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ^ A. S. Altekar and V. Mishra, Report on Kumrahar Excavations 1951-1955 (Patna, 1963), pp. 14-15.
- ^ Metro Route Archived 2013-11-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Patna Metro Archived 25 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ An overview of archaeological importance of Bihar Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Directorate of Archaeology, Govt. of Bihar.