An epiphysis (from Ancient Greek ἐπί (epí) 'on top of' and φύσις (phúsis) 'growth'; pl.: epiphyses) is one of the rounded ends or tips of a long bone that ossify from one or more secondary centers of ossification.[3][4] Between the epiphysis and diaphysis (the long midsection of the long bone) lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate (growth plate). During formation of the secondary ossification center, vascular canals (epiphysial canals) stemming from the perichondrium invade the epiphysis, supplying nutrients to the developing secondary centers of ossification.[5][6] At the joint, the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage; below that covering is a zone similar to the epiphyseal plate, known as subchondral bone. The epiphysis is mostly found in mammals but it is also present in some lizards.[7] However, the secondary center of ossification may have evolved multiple times, having been found in the Jurassic sphenodont Sapheosaurus as well as in the therapsid Niassodon mfumukasi.[8][9]
| Epiphysis | |
|---|---|
 Structure of a long bone, with epiphysis labeled at top and bottom. | |
| Details | |
| Pronunciation | /ɛˈpɪfɪsɪs/[1][2] |
| Part of | Long bones |
| Identifiers | |
| MeSH | D004838 |
| TA98 | A02.0.00.018 |
| TA2 | 393 |
| FMA | 24012 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
The epiphysis is filled with red bone marrow, which produces erythrocytes (red blood cells).
Structure
editThere are four types of epiphyses:
- Pressure epiphysis: The region of the long bone that forms the joint is a pressure epiphysis (e.g. the head of the femur, part of the hip joint complex). Pressure epiphyses assist in transmitting the weight of the human body and are the regions of the bone that are under pressure during movement or locomotion. Another example of a pressure epiphysis is the head of the humerus which is part of the shoulder complex. Condyles of femur and tibia also come under the pressure epiphysis.
- Traction epiphysis: The regions of the long bone which are non-articular, i.e. not involved in joint formation. Unlike pressure epiphyses, these regions do not assist in weight transmission. However, their proximity to the pressure epiphysis region means that the supporting ligaments and tendons attach to these areas of the bone. Traction epiphyses ossify later than pressure epiphyses. Examples of traction epiphyses are tubercles of the humerus (greater tubercle and lesser tubercle), and trochanters of the femur (greater and lesser).
- Atavistic epiphysis: A bone that is independent phylogenetically but is fused with another bone in humans. These types of fused bones are called atavistic, e.g., the coracoid process of the scapula, which has been fused in humans, but is separate in four-legged animals. os trigonum (posterior tubercle of talus) is another example for atavistic epiphysis.
- Aberrant epiphysis: These epiphyses are deviations from the norm and are not always present. For example, the epiphysis at the head of the first metacarpal bone and at the base of other metacarpal bones
Bones with an epiphysis
editMany bones in the body contain an epiphysis, a region critical for growth and articulation. The humerus, for example, is situated between the shoulder and elbow and contributes significantly to upper limb movement. Below the elbow are the radius and ulna, two bones that run parallel to each other. In anatomical position, the radius is positioned laterally, while the ulna lies medially. Both bones are essential in forelimb structure and motion.
Distal to the forearm bones are the metacarpal bones, which reside in the forelimb. These bones are located just beyond the wrist and serve as a link to the phalanges, or finger bones, at the end of the limbs.
In the lower body, the femur is a prominent bone positioned between the hip and knee. As the longest bone in the human body, it plays a pivotal role in forming the upper part of the knee joint. In the lower leg, the tibia and fibula are two parallel bones that complete the lower half of the knee joint. The tibia, located medially, bears most of the body's weight, while the fibula, positioned laterally, is smaller and supports leg structure. Further down the leg are the metatarsal bones, found near the distal end of the hindlimb. These bones are positioned proximal to the toe bones, or phalanges, providing support and structure in the foot.
Pseudo-epiphysis
editA pseudo-epiphysis is an epiphysis-looking end of a bone where an epiphysis is not normally located.[11] A pseudo-epiphysis is delineated by a transverse notch, looking similar to a growth plate.[11] However, these transverse notches lack the typical cell columns found in normal growth plates, and do not contribute significantly to longitudinal bone growth.[12] Pseudo-epiphyses are found at the distal end of the first metacarpal bone in 80% of the normal population, and at the proximal end of the second metacarpal in 60%.[11]
Clinical significance
editPathologies of the epiphysis include avascular necrosis and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). OCD involves the subchondral bone.
Epiphyseal lesions include chondroblastoma and giant-cell tumor.[13]
Additional images
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Long bone
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Longitudinal section of head of left humerus.
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References
edit- ^ OED 2nd edition, 1989 as /εˈpɪfɪsɪs/.
- ^ Entry "epiphysis" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
- ^ Chaurasia BD (2009). B D Chaurasia's Handbook of General Anatomy (4th ed.). Delhi, India: CBS. p. 41. ISBN 978-8123916545. OCLC 696622496.
- ^ "Epiphysis | Definition, Anatomy, & Function". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-01-28.
- ^ Xie M, Chagin AS (January 2021). "The epiphyseal secondary ossification center: Evolution, development and function". Bone. 142: 115701. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2020.115701. PMID 33091640.
- ^ Estefa J, Tafforeau P, Clement AM, Klembara J, Niedźwiedzki G, Berruyer C, et al. (March 2021). Tautz D, Blumer M, Woodward H (eds.). "New light shed on the early evolution of limb-bone growth plate and bone marrow". eLife. 10: e51581. doi:10.7554/eLife.51581. PMC 7924947. PMID 33648627.
- ^ Haines RW (April 1941). "Epiphysial structure in lizards and marsupials". Journal of Anatomy. 75 (Pt 3): 282–294. PMC 1252641. PMID 17104861.
- ^ Xie M, Chagin AS (January 2021). "The epiphyseal secondary ossification center: Evolution, development and function". Bone. 142: 115701. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2020.115701. PMID 33091640.
- ^ Castanhinha R, Araújo R, Júnior LC, Angielczyk KD, Martins GG, Martins RM, et al. (2013-12-04). "Bringing dicynodonts back to life: paleobiology and anatomy of a new emydopoid genus from the Upper Permian of Mozambique". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e80974. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880974C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080974. PMC 3852158. PMID 24324653.
- ^ Mathis SK, Frame BA, Smith CE (August 1989). "Distal first metatarsal epiphysis. A common pediatric variant". Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 79 (8): 375–379. doi:10.7547/87507315-79-8-375. PMID 2681682.
- ^ a b c Guglielmi G, Van Kuijk C (2001). "Chapter 9.6.1.2: Pseudo-epiphysis". Fundamentals of Hand and Wrist Imaging. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 163. ISBN 9783540678540.
- ^ Ogden JA, Ganey TM, Light TR, Belsole RJ, Greene TL (January 1994). "Ossification and pseudoepiphysis formation in the "nonepiphyseal" end of bones of the hands and feet". Skeletal Radiology. 23 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1007/BF00203694. PMID 8160033. S2CID 12682490.
- ^ "Introductory Course". Archived from the original on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
Further reading
edit- Lio TM, Koesbardiati T, Yudianto A, Setiawati R (2017). "Waktu Penutupan Epifisis Tulang Radius dan Ulna Bagian Distal" [Time of Closure of the Distal Radius and Ulna Epiphyses.] (PDF). Jurnal Biosains Pascasarjana (in Indonesian). 19 (1): 55–67. doi:10.20473/jbp.v19i1.2017.55-67.